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- Herausgeber: Charles River Editors
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
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Seitenzahl: 604
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018
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QUANTRILL AND THE BORDER WARS
William Elsey Connelley
CHIOS CLASSICS
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This book is a work of nonfiction and is intended to be factually accurate.
All rights reserved. Aside from brief quotations for media coverage and reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in any form without the author’s permission. Thank you for supporting authors and a diverse, creative culture by purchasing this book and complying with copyright laws.
Copyright © 2015 by William Elsey Connelley
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Quantrill and the Border Wars
PREFACE
CHAPTER I.THE QUANTRILL FAMILY
CHAPTER II.EARLY LIFE OF QUANTRILL
CHAPTER III.FROM OHIO TO KANSAS
CHAPTER IV.QUANTRILL IN KANSAS AND UTAH
CHAPTER V.QUANTRILL AS A KANSAS TEACHER
CHAPTER VI.QUANTRELL AS CHARLEY HART LAWRENCE
CHAPTER VII.QUANTRILL AS CHARLEY HART—A BORDER-RUFFIAN AT LAWRENCE
CHAPTER VIII.QUANTRILL AS CHARLEY HART—A JAYHAWKER AT LAWRENCE
CHAPTER IX.QUANTRILL AS CHARLEY HART—THE TRAITOR—THE MORGAN WALKER RAID
CHAPTER X.QUANTRILL AS CHARLEY HART—THE TRAITOR—THE MORGAN WALKER RAID
CHAPTER XI.QUANTRILL THE FORSWORN—WHAT HE TOLD THE MISSOURIANS
CHAPTER XII.AFTERMATH OF THE MORGAN WALKER RAID
CHAPTER XIII.QUANTRILL’S RETURN TO KANSAS—HIS ESCAPE
CHAPTER XIV.QUANTRILL BECOMES A GUERRILLA
CHAPTER XV.CONDITIONS IN MISSOURI
CHAPTER XVI.QUANTRILL BECOMES NOTORIOUS—AUBRY AND OTHER SKIRMISHES
CHAPTER XVII.QUANTRILL OUTLAWED—BIG BLUE BRIDGE—TATE HOUSE
CHAPTER XVIII.QUANTRILL, THE GUERRILLA CHIEF—PINK HILL—THE CLARK FARM—AT THE SNI FORD—THE LOWE HOUSE
CHAPTER XIX.QUANTRILL IN THE SUMMER OF 1862
CHAPTER XX.QUANTRILL AT INDEPENDENCE
CHAPTER XXI.QUANTRILL A CONFEDERATE CAPTAIN
CHAPTER XXII.QUANTRILL GOES TO RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
CHAPTER XXIII.THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE
CHAPTER XXIV.THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE
CHAPTER XXV.THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE
CHAPTER XXVI.THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE
CHAPTER XXVII.THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE
CHAPTER XXVIII.THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE
CHAPTER XXIX.THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE—INCIDENTS OF THE MASSACRE
CHAPTER XXX.THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE DEPARTURE OF THE GUERRILLAS
CHAPTER XXXI.THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE—PURSUIT OF THE GUERRILLAS
CHAPTER XXXII.THE BAXTER SPRINGS MASSACRE
CHAPTER XXXIIIDISINTEGRATION OF THE QUANTRILL BAND
CHAPTER XXXIV.QUANTRILL IN THE SUMMER OF 1864
CHAPTER XXXV.QUANTRILL LEAVES MISSOURI
CHAPTER XXXVI.QUANTRILL IN KENTUCKY
CHAPTER XXXVII.QUANTRILL THE FATALIST
CHAPTER XXXVIII.THE LAST BATTLE
CHAPTER XXXIX.DEATH
QUANTRILL AND THE BORDER WARS
By
William Elsey Connelley
PREFACE
THE BORDER WARS MUST BE taken to constitute a phase of that critical period in American history when two antagonistic fundamentals of government contended for supremacy. The devotion of adherents to respective principles was fanatical and fierce, and unusual animosities were engendered.
By stormy conventions the two ideas of the destiny of our common country were reconciled in our growth to the Mississippi. Newly bound and hedged about, they were flung upon the soil of Missouri. But the compromise of a principle is a crime, and the feeble barriers set by time-serving statesmen became tense and strained. The advance-guard of a higher national life burst them asunder and emerged upon the Great Plains. There the contest to maintain itself became a grapple for the existence of the government, and ended in civil war.
The story of the border is the history of preliminary forays and the shock of army upon army in the national contest. It covers ten years. In wealth of romantic incidents, stirring adventures, hair-breadth escapes, sanguinary ambuscades, deadly encounters, individual vengeance, relentless desolation of towns and communities, and bloody murder, no other part of America can compare with it. Some future Scott will make himself immortal by telling this wonderful story.
This is the first effort, it is believed, to make any serious study of the conditions prevailing on the border. The state of society about Lawrence as shown in the year 1860 may be accepted as representative of the general conditions found in’ Kansas up to the Civil War, and no attempt to describe them has been found. The state of disorder in Missouri was the result in some degree of the reaction upon itself of its course in Kansas. The time has not yet come when a dispassionate study of the conditions which existed in Missouri will be acceptable to all the people of that great commonwealth. But the position that the Missourian suffered most from his brother Missourian is founded on facts and will be sustained by future writers.
Nothing has been written in a sensational way. The simple statement of what occurred is sensational enough, and the old idea that truth is stranger than fiction is demonstrated.
Except the men at the heads of the respective governments, and some of the leading generals, Quantrill is the most widely-known man connected with the Civil War. His place in the public estimation of the South was based upon a misapprehension of his life and motives. He voluntarily imposed himself on the South. He told little of his prior life, and that which he did tell was wholly untrue. It is due to the South that his life be revealed as it actually was. That done, his character and his motives stand clearly outlined. Heretofore there has been nothing on which to base a reason for many incidents in the warfare of the border.
It is one of the strange decrees of fate that the normal man is rarely mentioned in history or literature. The citizen who labors diligently to support his family, to build up his city, to sustain his state, gets little or no notice in the annals of his time. It is the abnormal man, the man in desperate extremity, who is portrayed for the amusement or instruction of mankind.
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This work could never have been written fully but for the preliminary labors of the late W. W. Scott, editor of the Iron Valley Reporter, Canal Dover, Ohio. He grew up with Quantrill, and it was his desire to write an account of the life of the noted guerrilla. He secured from Mrs. Quantrill the letters written her by her son. He traveled extensively to secure facts. He located the grave and removed the body. Mrs. Quantrill stipulated that the story of her son should not be written in her lifetime. But she outlived Mr. Scott, and he never got beyond the point of gathering material. After his death the author bought his papers.
Many of the most stirring events of the border wars do not properly fall within the scope of this work. It is the intention of the author to publish another book in which will appear adequate accounts of the transactions and doings in the Border Wars of Atchison, Lane, Brown, Robinson, Thayer, Shelby, Jennison, Hoyt, Bill Anderson, Clements, the Youngers, the James boys, George Todd, Senator Steven B. Elkins, Captain William H. Gregg, and the operations generally of Free-State pioneers, border-ruffians, Red Legs, Guerrillas, and Jayhawkers in the disorders on the border.
_________
The author realizes that there may be some objection to the repetition of the statement in the notes that documents cited as authority may be found in his Collection. But long and persistent effort failed to devise a better plan.
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This is not designed to be a “Life” of Quantrill, but an account of those incidents of the Border Wars in which he and his men were the leading characters. All that could be learned of the famous outlaw and his family has been set down. It was necessary that this work should be written. Little of the story has ever been told. There has been no definite information. All has been myth, doubt, assertion, beautiful generalization, conjecture. In a general way it has been known that banditti infested the border, that ruthless hands were red with blood, that many a night flared red with burning homes and sacked towns. But of the family and parentage of Quantrill, his life in Illinois, Indiana, Kansas of his trip to Utah and Pike’s Peak, his school, his life at Lawrence, and the Morgan Walker raid of the organization of his band of guerrillas, its operations in Missouri, Kansas, Texas, and what is now Oklahoma, of his expulsion therefrom and the disintegration thereof of his life with Kate Clarke, his expedition to Kentucky and his operations there of his death, burial, and exhumation of these things no man has been able to speak with confidence, for knowledge of them was not at hand. And the importance of this information is realized when we remember that it embraces much of the history of four states in the Civil War and portrays the bloodiest man known to the annals of America.
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There is no good portrait of Quantrill. He had a tin-type made at the beginning of the war. It was lost in the yard of one Fields, in Jackson county, who found it and preserved it until Thomson Quantrill came to Missouri. He demanded the picture and it was given to him, but it was first photographed. The photographs made from this tin-type, which had lain in the ground some time, are all the portraits known of Quantrill. Some one supposed he wore a mustache, and with a brush supplied one. E. P. DeHart had the portrait painted in Confederate uniform in company with a character known as “Indian Jim,” no copy of which has been found. A. M. Winner, Kansas City, Mo., had it painted in Confederate uniform, rank of Colonel, prints of which are common.
WILLIAM E. CONNELLEY
816 Lincoln Street
Topeka, Kansas
July 3, 1909
CHAPTER I.THE QUANTRILL FAMILY
HAGERSTOWN, MARYLAND, SEEMS TO HAVE been the seat of the Quantrill family in America. No effort to trace its origin has been made, but from what information there is to be had on the subject and from a study of the Christian names, it would appear that the family is of English extraction. And Captain Thomas Quantrill boasted that his ancestors came from England to Maryland, and that they were pure English.
Thomas Quantrill was the captain of a company raised at Hagerstown for service in the War of 1812. It is of record that he was a brave soldier, and that he was wounded at the battle of North Point, as were two of his men, Lazarus B. Wilson and his brother Samuel. And a number were killed.
Captain Thomas Quantrill was a blacksmith at Hagerstown. He married Miss Judith Heiser, a sister of William Heiser, a man of high character, for many years the president of a bank at Hagerstown, and a man of wealth.
A number of children were born to Captain Thomas Quantrill at Hagerstown, among them William (so named for his Uncle William Heiser), Archibald, Thomas Henry, and Jesse Duncan. The last named died when eight or nine years old, and William’s name was changed to Jesse Duncan. There were other sons, the names of whom are not remembered. One of them, it is said, became a pirate on the high seas, operating many years on the Gulf of Mexico between Galveston Island and the mouth of the Sabine; but this may have been a brother of Captain Thomas Quantrill.
Captain Thomas Quantrill often visited his son Thomas Henry, in Canal Dover, where he was regarded as a man of fine appearance. He moved to Washington City, where he died of apoplexy. He was stricken in front of the Treasury building and died suddenly.
Jesse Duncan Quantrill was sent to New York City to attend school. He returned to Hagerstown with two accomplishments boxing and great skill with a pen. He was his father’s favorite, was indulged, and grew up in idleness and mischief. He was a sort of fop or dandy with criminal instincts and tendencies, a dashing, handsome man, wholly devoid of moral character. Mary Lane, daughter of Seth Lane, said to have been one of the foremost citizens of Hagerstown, became infatuated with him, and they were clandestinely married. She was to inherit a considerable sum of money at a certain age which she had not attained by a year when married. By making a very full and sweeping relinquishment he secured this money from the bank in which it had been deposited, and which, it was affirmed, belonged in part to Seth Lane and his son. When his wife had attained her majority he endeavored to collect the money again, alleging that the bank had no legal right to pay the money at the time it had been paid.
With the money of his wife he had engaged in the grocery business at Williamsport, Md. This business was a failure, and the money was lost. He then determined to engage in larger operations. He went to New York City, where he represented himself to be the son of a wealthy Virginia merchant well known there, and purchased on credit a large stock of goods, which he caused to be shipped to himself at Baltimore. This swindle was discovered by the merchants in time to stop a portion of the shipment and save some of the goods. But he succeeded in disposing of a part of the merchandise in a way which baffled all attempts to trace it. To avoid the consequences of this transaction he availed himself of the benefit of the law for bankrupts, but as his action was based on fraud he was cast into prison. For six months his beautiful wife shared his cell. He finally secured an acquittal and was released. While in prison he had read law under directions from William Price, one of the leading lawyers of Western Maryland.
From Maryland Jesse D. Quantrill went to St. Louis, Mo., where he was soon in trouble and in jail, securing his release finally through the efforts of his wife, who still clung to him. Upon his release he took boat for Cincinnati, and while on board committed a forgery which seems to have been discovered at once, and for which he escaped punishment. From Cincinnati he went to New Orleans, where he became dissipated and began to neglect and abuse his wife. She fell ill, and her condition appeared to work a change in him. He started by boat to take her home to Maryland; but while the boat was yet on the Mississippi river he committed a forgery on a Cincinnati bank. He was soon detected in this crime, was taken to Cincinnati and thrown into jail. After a confinement in prison of seven months his wife succeeded in securing him bail, which he forfeited by not appearing for trial, deserting his wife at that place. She next heard of him at Hagerstown, where he was in trouble for a forgery he committed there, but for which he escaped conviction. He then went to Pennsylvania, where he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment in the penitentiary for forgery, and he served three years. While serving this sentence his wife secured a divorce from him, it is said, by the act of the Maryland Legislature. When he heard of her action in procuring the divorce he made many savage threats against her life. But upon his release from prison he married a Pennsylvania lady, and was soon thereafter arrested for another forgery, for which he was sentenced to a term of seven years in the penitentiary.
Meanwhile, Mrs. Quantrill had married Mr. A. Cowton, proprietor of the United States Hotel, Cumberland, Maryland, with whom she was living happily. Quantrill was released from the Pennsylvania penitentiary in 1848. In March, 1849, he appeared in Cumberland. On the fifth of that month Mrs. Cowton was in her apartments, when a servant showed up a gentleman who had just arrived in the city. He dismissed the servant, and closed and locked the door. He then turned to Mrs. Cowton, who was horrified to behold Quantrill, her former husband. There was murder in his looks, and she screamed for help. He told her that her hour had come, caught her by the throat, threw her to the floor, placed his knee upon her breast, and snapped a pistol in her face. When the pistol missed fire, and just as he was drawing a long knife, several persons who had been attracted by her screams, broke down the door and rescued Mrs. Cowton. For this attempt to murder he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment. He must have possessed a fascinating personality, for he soon obtained an unaccountable influence over the prison officials and was allowed considerable freedom, even acting as guard over other prisoners. In 1851 he was pardoned upon condition that he would leave the state and never return.
When Jesse D. Quantrill left Maryland he went to Canal Dover, Ohio, where his brother Thomas Henry then lived. There he was engaged for a time as jockey and horse-dealer, for or in connection with his father. And it is quite probable that the resident brother was interested in the business. The horses were purchased and prepared for the markets in the cities to the east. The tails of the horses were scored on the under side and then tied up in an elevated position to heal, usually suspended for a time from an over-head beam. This was a cruel process, resorted to for the purpose of causing the horse’s tail when healed to stand away from the body, giving it a graceful carriage, greatly improving the general appearance of the animal. After a year or two spent in this business at Canal Dover, Jesse D. Quantrill disappeared and never returned there, though intelligence of him and his doings reached the village for years afterwards. It was known that he assumed various names, one of which was Dr. Hayne; he was also known as Jesse Elliott and Jesse Elliott Quantrill. He married and deserted six women. There has been much said of a John Quantrill who was believed to have become a guerrilla in the West during the Civil War. It was supposed that he was in Missouri, from whence he found his way to Texas, where he was befriended by a brother Freemason named Imboden. He is credited with having been a dead shot, and with having killed thirty-eight men in one battle. It is asserted that he died in New Orleans of wounds, of which he received many. There is nothing positively known of this John Quantrill, and it is probable that he originated in the vague conjectures as to the identity of William C. Quantrill.
Archibald Quantill was a printer and was at one time a compositor on the National Intelligencer, Washington City. He must have been among the younger children of Captain Thomas Quantrill, for he married Miss Mary A. Sands, whose age is given as thirty-two in 1862. Mrs. Mary A. Quantrill was a staunch and loyal supporter of the Union during the Civil War. Her brother, George W. Sands, was a member of the Maryland Legislature and was U. S. collector of internal revenue under President Lincoln. In September, 1862, Stonewall Jackson parted from General Lee at Frederick, Maryland, on his way to besiege Harper’s Ferry. As Jackson passed through Frederick Mrs. Quantrill and her daughter Virginia, afterwards Mrs. Perry Brown, were standing at their gate waving a number of flags—the Stars and Stripes. The soldiers angrily ordered them to throw down the flags, and a lieutenant, with his sword, cut a flag from the hands of Virginia Quantrill. But she continued to wave Old Glory, and it was again cut from her hands by the lieutenant’s sword. Mrs. Quantrill then took up a large flag which she waved aloft until the army had passed through the town. Many of the Confederate officers and some of the soldiers applauded her, an officer saying with a salute and marked courtesy, “To you, madam, not to your flag.” Archibald Quantrill was in Washington City at the time at work at his trade. For this brave and patriotic act these women have not had proper credit. Indeed, they have been robbed of the fame of the deed by a great poet, and a decrepit and bed-ridden lady of Frederick given the honor for something she did not do.
Thomas Henry Quantrill was born at Hagerstown, Md., February 19, 1813. He was a tinker by trade. He afterwards He had relatives, the Heisers, living at Chambersburg, Pa., whom he visited, perhaps in the strolling vocation of tinker. With one of these he learned the tinner trade. While there he met Miss Caroline Cornelia Clarke (or Clark) and became engaged to marry her. Some relative had persuaded him that it would be to his advantage to settle at Canal Dover, Ohio, and he had determined to go there for that purpose in the fall of 1836. Several Hagerstown people were settling at Canal Dover about that time. It was his wish that Miss Clarke should accompany him as his wife, and they were married at Chambersburg, October 11, 1836. A little later he secured a contract to do some tin work in Canal Dover for Louis L. Lee, and as this work was to be done at once, the young people set out immediately. The contract was secured towards the latter part of November. They drove overland in their own buggy and arrived in December, stopping at first at the public house or tavern, where they remained but a short time, going to housekeeping hi what was locally known as the “Tom West house” with S. Scott and wife. This was a small one-story frame house near the corner of Factory and Fourth streets. It was afterwards in the Quantrill family, seemingly the property of Captain Thomas Quantrill, and, later, of Mrs. Caroline C. Quantrill, probably by deed from her father-in-law. It was the home of the Quantrills in Canal Dover until sold by Mrs. Quantrill about the year 1885.
Soon after his marriage Thomas Henry Quantrill wrote and published a “Lightning Calculator.” He was by instinct a mathematician, and one of high order, and for several years he traveled about and sold his “Calculator.” He finally opened a tin-shop in Canal Dover. He wrote a book called the “Tinman’s Guide” or the “ Tinner’s Guide,” embellished with drawings showing designs for various articles of tinware and such as could be made from sheet-iron—pans, pipes, cups, elbows, etc. This book was published with money belonging to the school-fund of the village, perhaps before the organization of the Union School. Quantrill was one of the trustees having this money in charge. By collusion with one of his colleagues the money was used to pay for printing the “Guide.” In some way H. V. Beeson discovered the misuse of the school-funds and called public attention to the matter. This angered Quantrill, and he threatened to kill Beeson, which, no doubt, he intended to do. One evening, late in autumn, he entered Beeson’s house with a cocked derringer in his hand. Beeson, at the time, was sitting before his fire heating the point of a large iron poker, which, when hot, he intended to plunge into a cup of cider which he held in his hand, preparatory to drinking, a very common method of that day for the treatment of cider and other liquors. When Quantrill entered, Beeson rose suddenly and struck him on the head with the poker before he could shoot, laying him unconscious on the floor with a long gash in his scalp. Neighbors came in and carried Quantrill to his own house, where he was some time recovering from the blow.
It was about that time that Quantrill had a difficulty with Mrs. Roscoe, the wife of a Frenchman who lived in Canal Dover. She gave lessons in painting and was a bright, vivacious woman. Quantrill made remarks derogatory to her character. These remarks were persistently repeated by him about the village and finally came to the ears of Mrs. Roscoe. She armed herself with an old-style “cowhide,” sought Quantrill on the streets, found him talking to a group of men in a public place, and there administered to him a sound whipping or “cowhiding.”
The Canal Dover Union School was organized in 1849. In 1850-51 Quantrill was an assistant to the principal. In the 1851-52 term he was the principal, in which capacity he was continued until his death, December 7, 1854. He died of consumption. He was a good teacher and was much beloved by his pupils.
The records in the Quantrill family Bible are as follows:
MARRIAGES
Thomas Henry Quantrill and Caroline Cornelia Clarke, October 11, 1836.
BIRTHS
William Clarke Quantrill—born July 31, 1837.
Mary Quantrill—born September 24, 1838.
Franklin Quantrill—born November 12, 1840.
MacLindley Quantrill—born December 18, 1841.
Cornelia Lisette Quantrill—born June 20, 1843.
Thomson Quantrill—born October 3, 1844.
Clarke Quantrill—born September 5, 1847.
Archibald Rollin Quantrill—born September 27, 1850.
DEATHS
MacLindley Quantrill—died August 26, 1842.
Cornelia Lisette Quantrill—died July 28, 1844.
Clarke Quantrill—died March, 1848.
Archibald Rollin Quantrill—died March 2, 1851.
Mary Quantrill suffered most of her life from curvature of the spine. She was a sweet-tempered girl of excellent character and followed dressmaking to help support her mother and the family. Her sufferings were great but she did not complain, and she worked faithfully and patiently until her death.
Franklin Quantrill was afflicted with a white swelling in one of his knees, which made him a cripple for life. He followed the business of fur-dresser, and perhaps bought and sold furs. Nothing whatever appears against his character.
Thomson Quantrill was a vile, base, worthless, despicable but petty scoundrel. In 1879 or 1880 he visited the former haunts of his brother William. For some time he was in Jackson county, Mo., and aided William H. Gregg to plant his crop of corn. He stopped with others of Quantrill’s old command and left impressions every time that he was a scurvy cur. He visited the Torreys at Paola, Kansas, and stole the pony of their daughter Lillie and the revolver of the hired man.
Thomson Quantrill became a vagabond rover, a tramp, a hobo, in the West. Letters from him show that he was at or near Tucson, Arizona, from February 10, 1888, to April 23, 1888. His mother, in the Courier-Journal interview, May 13, 1888, said: “Thomson lives in Montana where he has a family and is doing well.” She must have made that statement knowing it was not true, for some of the letters above mentioned were written to her, and she received them and turned them over to W. W. Scott.
The maiden-name of Quantrill’s mother was Caroline Cornelia Clarke. The little we know of her early life she told to newspaper writers. In an interview printed in the Courier-Journal, May 13, 1888, she said she was born in Somerset county, Pa., April 7, 1819, and “after my birth in Somerset county my father moved to Chambersburg, Pa., where I was reared and educated.” In a statement to W. W. Scott she contradicted the above so far as it relates to her father, saying that “her father & mother died when she was an infant, both [at the] same time, of an epidemic, at Stoyestown, Pa.”
Stoyestown is a small village, on Stony Creek, a tributary of the Conemaugh, in Somerset county, some twenty miles south of Johnstown. In the article above mentioned it was said by the reporter that Mrs. Quantrill had “bright light golden hair, blue eyes of most intelligent expression, a round face that must once have been beautiful, and in which the features of her noted son may be traced.” She was below the medium height, of good form without any approach to obesity, and a catlike manner which left the impression that her character was based upon treachery and cruelty.
In an interview printed in the Kansas City, Mo., Journal, May 12, 1888, she fixed the date of her birth as April 7, 1820, “in Pennsylvania.” That she lived at Chambersburg there is no doubt, for there Thomas Henry Quantrill met and married her, but the circumstances under which she was reared, educated, and was living there are not known. She said in the Courier-Journal interview already referred to, that Thomas Henry Quantrill had relatives living at Chambersburg, and that it was while visiting them that he met her. They had been engaged for some time before their wedding, starting for Canal Dover something more than a month later.
In Mrs. Quantrill’s life at Canal Dover there was nothing which is of much interest to this work. She was a good housewife. After the death of her husband she found it very difficult to support herself and her children. On this account she pushed her eldest son out into the world hoping that he would meet with success which would better the condition of all. Her temperament was brooding and full of jealousy and malice, and the hardships which fell upon her had already embittered her life before she was familiar with the criminal career of her son in the West. His leaving home was in effect an abandonment of his mother. He wrote occasional letters to her for two or three years, but he never sent her a cent of money in his life. At his death he left his money to be applied to the erection of a monument to himself, and to a former mistress with which to start a house of ill fame hi St. Louis—left nothing to his mother. She never heard from him after the Civil War began, except indirectly through the newspapers. “I never knew such unbounded surprise,” she said, “as when I began to hear of his war exploits. I received full accounts, the Ohio people who knew me as his mother never failing to send me Northern papers with their accounts of what my son William had done.” This statement cannot be reconciled with others she made on the subject. She was familiar with the scalawag character of some of the Quantrills, and perhaps she pretended to believe the deeds committed by her son were those of some of his relatives.
Some time after the war W. W. Scott, of Canal Dover, a schoolmate, began to investigate the career of W. C. Quantrill. Inquiry of the people at Paola, Kansas, with whom he had left Canal Dover and gone West, soon convinced him of the true identity of the guerrilla chieftain. It was the evidence which he obtained there which convinced Mrs. Quantrill. When sure that the guerrilla was her son she wished to visit the place where he had been killed and see the people who knew him in his last days. She went to Nelson and Spencer counties in Kentucky, and visited the people there with whom he had stopped while a bushwhacker in the state, also some of those who served under him. In that atmosphere she was soon proud of the course pursued by her son and came to believe him a hero and patriot. She remained with Captain A. D. Pence, sheriff of Nelson county, and his wife, all winter. But she made short sojourns with other men who had been in her son’s command. At first the people made quite a great-to-do over her, but in a few weeks their enthusiasm cooled. She settled down to the role of a heroine and expected due reverence, and the people had to show that they hoped she would soon move on. She wrote to Scott that Captain Pence seemed to have lost interest in her business and that the ladies would soon want to clean house, and urging him to take her to Missouri, where she hoped for a more lasting welcome. She visited the Wakefield farm where Quantrill was mortally wounded and talked with the people there who knew him in his last days of crime.
Scott consented to take Mrs. Quantrill to Missouri. On May 7, 1888, she went from Samuels’s Depot to Louisville to meet Scott, and on the 8th they left Louisville together for Jackson county, Mo., arriving at Independence on the 10th. There she was well received. The old guerrillas entertained her in their homes and furnished her with money. She made ineffectual efforts to secure some money from a Mrs. Cooper, of Lee’s Summit, alleging that Quantrill had left it with her. Mrs. Cooper denounced her as a fraud and paid over no money. Mrs. Quantrill remained in Jackson county more than a year and became so imbued with the greatness of her son William that she regarded her former friends as enemies and people of no consequence. Scott, her ever true friend, said she became a “hellcat” in Missouri. Her letters abuse him soundly and accuse him of the effort to connect himself with her and her son for the purpose of making money. She denounces all “Northern people” for their crimes against the South.
But Mrs. Quantrill finally wore out her welcome in Missouri. Her former enthusiastic friends tired of her presence and came to regard her as a mild sort of nuisance, and, later, a real active nuisance. She was compelled to turn again to Scott and return to Canal Dover. No Missouri or Kentucky people ever wrote to her. At Canal Dover she soon met with an accident and suffered a fractured arm and shoulder, becoming an object of charity. Scott, good man and good friend that he was, circulated a subscription paper and secured $120 for her.
In March, 1898, through the efforts of Scott, the Confederate Veteran Association of Kentucky appropriated funds for the maintenance of Mrs. Quantrill in the “Home for the Friendless” in Lexington, Kentucky.
Mrs. Quantrill remained in the “Home” some months, when she became dissatisfied and returned to Canal Dover. She was very quarrelsome and disagreeable as her years increased. When she returned from Lexington she was placed in the Tuscarawas County Infirmary (Poorhouse) and became a public charge. Her husband had been a member of the order of Odd Fellows in Canal Dover. This fact, long forgotten, was established by Scott. He secured her admission to the Odd Fellows Home at Springfield, Ohio. Her letters from that institution to Scott, almost illegible, are full of gratitude. She sometimes wrote him for money, the receipt of which from him she acknowledges. She depended upon him for a part of her clothing, which he furnished. She died at the Odd Fellows Home, Springfield, in the year 1903.
The Quantrills exhibit the usual characteristics of a family deficient in sound moral fiber developing in a community where there is little restraint of personal inclinations and where condemnation by public conscience is fitful and feeble. Under such circumstances society is prone to leniency and forgiveness. There were, perhaps, patriotism and manliness of character in Captain Thomas Quantrill, though he became a professional gambler. His son, Thomas Henry Quantrill, loved and labored to support his wife and children, though none too scrupulous as to where he obtained the money for his enterprises. His last years show no false steps. He should not be held to account for the actions of his brothers. But the loose threads and slack twist of his moral man begot in his son the seed-ground for tares which kindled a conflagration on the border and drenched a land in blood. The broadest possible mantle of charity should enfold the memory of Mrs. Caroline Clarke Quantrill. She comes upon the stage a mother true to her offspring—with a love for him that was stronger than death. She seeks to shield and defend a child. This quality, instinct, in the mother is the hope of civilization. But the union of this couple produced him that shed blood like water, a fiend wasteful and reckless of human life. They endowed him with depravity, bestowed upon him the portion of degeneracy. In cruelty and a thirst for blood he towered above the men of his time. Somewhere of old his ancestors ate the sour grapes which set his teeth on edge. In him was exemplified the terrible and immutable law of heredity. He grew into the gory monster whose baleful shadow falls upon all who share the kindred blood. He made his name a Cain’s mark and a curse to those condemned to bear it. The blight of it must fall upon remote generations, those yet unborn and innocent, so inexorable are the decrees of fate and nature. Because of him widows wailed, orphans cried, maidens wept, as they lifted the lifeless forms of loved ones from bloody fields and bore them reeking to untimely graves.
CHAPTER II.EARLY LIFE OF QUANTRILL
WILLIAM CLARKE QUANTRILL WAS BORN at Canal Dover, Ohio, July 31, 1837. Of his childhood very little is known. But something of his school-boy life has come down to us. He had few friends, for there was little in common between him and other boys of his age. He was solitary, wandering in the woods with firearms when quite young. There he shot small game and maimed domestic animals for amusement. He would often nail a snake to a tree and let it remain there in torture until it died. He carried small snakes in his pockets, and these he would throw on his sister and other girls at school and laugh heartily at their terror. He would stick a knife into a cow by the roadside, or stab a horse. He often tortured dogs and cats to enjoy their cries of distress. Pain in any other person or in any animal gave him pleasure, delight. He was an expert in the use of the rifle and could throw stones with much force and velocity and with unerring accuracy. He was not of a contentious turn and seldom quarreled. Consciousness of some guilt seemed ever present with him, causing a sort of hang-dog expression of countenance and an inclination to avoid a conflict, but when forced to battle he fought desperately with any thing he could lay hands upon.
Quantrill was a strong boy, but never robust. He suffered from a throat trouble which was expected to develop consumption, a family malady of which his father died. He suffered a rupture when very young, but this never became a serious matter with him. His face was round and full, with piercing blue-grey eyes of a strange tint, the upper lids of which fell too low, imparting a peculiar expression which became very marked when he was in a rage. His forehead was high, his hair almost white (of the “tow-head” variety), and his nose was curved and sinister. His appearance as a whole indicated strong individuality. With some people he was in great good repute, while others despised him from first sight without being able to explain why. He was the favorite of his mother, no other child ever finding the place in her heart which she gave her first-born. She was his champion when he was confronted with the consequences of his evil-doing, always bringing him off without punishment if possible. There was no love between Quantrill and his father.
As an instance of the depravity of Quantrill even as a boy, the following circumstance is related. In Canal Dover the Catholic church stood apart from the village, and the public road ran by its door. The pasture for town-cows lay beyond, and Quantrill drove the family-cow to and from it. Once the priest was called away upon emergency and left the housekeeper, a girl in her teens, alone. She went up into the belfry to ring the evening chimes. This belfry was ascended by steep and winding stairs. It was entered through a door with a heavy shutter which was secured by an enormous lock turned with a ponderous iron key. Passing with the cow, Quantrill saw the belfry door standing open, and, hearing the clanging of the bell, he knew the girl was aloft there and alone. He quietly closed and locked the door, and, taking the key, he went on and threw it into the deep water of Sugar creek. The girl was kept a prisoner in the belfry nearly twenty-four hours without food or water. When released she was prostrated from fright and want, and so indignant were the members of the church that they offered a reward of one hundred dollars for the apprehension of the criminal.
In school Quantrill was a bright pupil. But he gave the teacher much trouble, especially his father when the latter was principal of the Union School. He had to be punished often. One day his father took him out and whipped him soundly. A young lady saw him return to the room, pale, tearless, trembling, and with the look of a demon. There was murder in every gleam of his strange glittering eyes.
At the age of sixteen Quantrill was employed as a teacher in the Union School at Canal Dover. Why he was not retained in that position is not known. It would seem that if he had given satisfaction or had been regarded as a person suitable for the place he should have been allowed to remain after his father’s death, his mother being a widow with a large family to support. But the winter of his father’s death (1854-55) he taught a country school in Tuscarawas county, not far from Canal Dover.
From the age of eighteen years there is some record of Quantrill and his actions. In 1855 he first ventured into the world to try his powers and seek his fortune. The Clapp family, an old and respected one at Canal Dover, moved to La Salle county, Illinois. Miss Mary Clapp was a teacher in the Canal Dover Union School. In the summer of 1855 she went to Mendota, Illinois, and Mrs. Quantrill prevailed upon her to allow her son William to go along. Some account of the journey and of Quantrill’s impression of that country, as well as of his employment there, can be found in the following letter written by him to his mother.
Wednesday August 8th 1855
Mendota La Salle Co
Illinois
Dear Mother.
I arrived here about half past two o’clock this afternoon safe & sound. My box is not here but I expect it tomorrow. We traveled day & night ever since we started not having stopped half an hour at one place. Tomorrow I am going to hunt something to do. We are both well except that Mary was looking out of the window of the car while we were going along the shore of Lake Michigan when a spark of fire flew in her eye & made it a little sore. But that will be well in a day or so. We did not have any trouble with our trunks at all. I have $6 of my money left & maybe the next time I write I will send a little along. I am about 600 miles from home.
This country is a great deal different from Ohio for miles around I can see nothing but tall grass. There is not much Fruit here although I have seen ripe peaches at the cars for sale: but corn, potatoes, cabbage are plenty. We have stopped at Marys Aunts Mrs Cross but I wont stay here but a day or so. There are two schools here probably I can get one of them. Well I believe that is all this time the next time I will write more
Yours With Respect
William Quantrill
P. S. Direct to me Mendota La Salle Co Illinois
A manly letter, and it arouses sympathy! Those who have; stood alone and friendless for the first time on a strange shore will find only indications of honesty of purpose in it. If only some good influence could have taken possession of him then and there the latent powers of his character for evil might never have developed. If some sympathetic hand had been extended from the coldness and strangeness of his new world this boy might have anchored at last in a haven of honor and respect! But the world is cold, indifferent. A little kindness might often change the destiny of a soul!
On the 18th of September Quantrill wrote a letter to his mother in answer to one he had received from her. This letter is as follows:
Mendota Sept 18th 1855
Dear Mother.
I received your letter yesterday & was very glad to hear that you are well & I am glad to tell you that I am the same. Well I guess I will teach school this winter, but I was very sorry to hear that you could not find those Texas papers but I want you to look again for them for if you find them I can make some money this winter. I wrote you a letter before I received your last one I suppose you have got it by this time you must be sure to send me those tinners books all of them as soon as you can for those six that I brought with me I sold in one town & I could of sold more if I had them for $2.00 a piece which just paid my board, be sure & send them for I can sell 50 in Chicago there are so many tin shops there. If you send them I can send you some money in a week I have only $8 dollars now. As soon as you send them books in a week I will send you $20 certain, be sure to send them by express You had better try to borrow a little money of Dr. Brashear or Dr. Winnul until I can get those books, for you know I wont get my pay for teaching only every three months. I get $25 a month & boarded. I would like to have those texas papers very much. You had better write to Grandfather & ask him if he has got them & tell him I can do well with them. And I would ask him to help me a little. I think I shall write to him for I guess he dont know I am out here, well I must bring my letter to a close dont forget those books. Send them by express.
Yours With Respect
Your Son
W. Quantrill
I want you to answer this letter a little sooner if you can the man that wants to get that land in texas wants to know pretty soon whether I can get the papers or not
A number of men from Ohio fought in the Texan patriot army for the independence of the Lone Star Republic, and the Texas papers he requested may have been a warrant for land for military service in the patriot forces. Some of the roving brothers of his father may have served in the Texan army. One of them, or an uncle, was a pirate on the Texan coast, and he may have lived to cast his lot with the Texans. The “tinners books” referred to were copies of the work written and published by his father. It is very probable that his mother sent him some of them, but he did not send her any money. He never sent her a penny in the world. This letter indicates that he had gamed confidence in himself.
The next letter written by Quantrill was dated on the 2d of October, and was to Edward T. Kellam, Canal Dover, and is as follows:
Mendota
Oct 2d 1855
Friend Edward.
I suppose you think or had begun to, that I had forgotten you entirely; but not so, I have threatened to write to you, several times, but neglected it. Well I will attend to it a little better if you answer this one.
I live about 80 miles south of Chicago in a little town by the name of Mendota. It is scarcely two years old & yet it contains nearly 1500 inhabitants The reason of its rapid growth, is, that four railroads center here; it will be a large place in a few years if it continues, we have four passenger & eight freight trains every day & night, so now you can judge of the business done here it goes ahead of Dover, for we have a paper printed here. I want you to send me one of the county papers once [letter cut away here] our paper. [Letter cut away here] this is the country for farming, it beats Ohio all to pieces. A man can raise a crop of corn & wheat in one year that will pay for the farm & all the expences of fencing & ploughing, that is well enough I think; all the objection I have to it, is, that there is not enough of timber which makes wood very high $5,00 a cord only.
This too is the country for hunting & it pays well. Here a man that understands the business can shoot from 50 to 60 prairie chickens every day & get $1.50 per dozen [for] all he can shoot. There is a place 16 miles from here called inlet pond, where there are thousands of ducks and geese. I was up last Saturday & I killed 2 geese and 11 ducks, but the fellow that was with me killed 9 geese and 32 ducks, we got 50 cts apiece for the geese & 25 cts for the ducks, if you was here we would go every day. You had better come out here & buy a farm you cant do better I know. I guess I must bring my letter to a close, when you write tell me the news & the fun. Give my respects to all the boys and girls
[Signature cut away]
when you write address me.
Mendota
La Salle Co
Illinois
The signature of this letter has been cut off, probably by W. W. Scott to send to some newspaper. This letter makes no mention of his school, but it tells us that he had turned pot-hunter.
On the 17th of November Quantrill again wrote to his mother, as follows:
Nov 17 1855
My Dear Mother.
I would have written to you before this but I did not get that box you sent me untill a few days ago. I thought I would not write to you untill I got it for then you would have thought it was lost, but I have got it, and every thing was safe. The boots came a little too late for I had bought me a pair about two or three weeks before. I will not need them this winter but I will keep them in my trunk so that they will be safe. I have not had any time yet to get off to sell some books but next [week] I will have a little time & I think the next time I write you may expect some money by express as that is the only safe way to send it.
Well I must tell you one thing & that is that I am tired of the west already, and I do not think I shall stay in it very much longer than I can help; I must stay as long as my school lasts & that is all. You may expect me home early in the spring, for I was a dunce to go away for I could have done just as well at home as out here & then I would have been at home. I have learned one good lesson that I would never have learned at home & when I get there again (which will not be long) I will turn over a new leaf entirely You said the children had the ague; you must try and cure them if possible & this is the last winter you will ever have to keep boarders if I keep my health. I feel that I have done wrong in going from home & hope you will forgive me for it. I must bring my letter to a close.
Yours with respect
Your son
William C. Quantrill
He had received the books but had sold none, he said. She sent him a pair of boots, though her children were sick and she was keeping boarders for bread! What will a mother not do! In this letter a change in Quantrill is quite evident. He made but indirect reference to teaching, and it is possible that he did not teach at all. W. W. Scott says Quantrill worked in a lumber yard; also, that he unloaded lumber from cars at Mendota and taught in the Mendota schools later, which he may have done. There is evidence in the letter that he was sliding rapidly down the moral scale, and he wrote a promise to reform. He made a number of such promises to his mother, none of which he ever kept.
At Mendota there came a crisis in the life of Quantrill. His mother did not hear from him after the 17th of November, 1855, until in February, 1856, his letter bearing date of the 21st of that month. It was written from Fort Wayne, Indiana, and is as follows:
Ft Wane, February 21st 1856
My Dear Mother
I suppose you thought I was dead but not so, for I had and still continue to have, better health than I ever had at home. I suppose that you think that something has happened to me, and you think right; for if it had not been so you would have heard from me before this. I think I will not tell you in this letter what it was as this is the first one I have wrote you since it happened. The last letter I wrote you was then. You will not think so hard of me when you know all. I hope you will forgive me then for not writing.
I am now in Indiana near Fort Wayne teaching a school, and a very good one I have. I have from 35 to 40 schollars every day. I have got in a good neighborhood, and they say I am the best teacher they ever had. I get 20 dollars a month and boarded. I took up school for three months and my time is half out now.
Well mother I have concluded to come home in the spring when school is out if you are willing, not that I have not fared so well since I left, because I have good clothes, and I have not had to miss one meals victuals. But this is the reason why I think of coming home, it is because I can make just as much money there as any place else, and save a great deal more, and also I think I done wrong in going from home and leaving you by yourself, and let you earn your own living I have earned enough if I had been at home to keep us all comfortably So in the spring I will come home not to seek an asylum, but rather to make one. I suppose if Grandfather is there he has scolded me completely but when he knows all he will think different.
One thing I will tell you this trip I have had has done me more good and I have learned more than I would in three years steady schooling. What I have learned will be of more benefit to me than any thing I now know of I would be willing to stay away another year, if it was not for you and the children, if I thought I could be benefitted as much as I have been the few months I have been gone. I have been studying book keeping this winter and I think I will try that in the spring if I am spared that long. I think I can make more money at it, and it will be better for my health.
I have found a great many people that I am acquainted with, for instance two of Sam Fertig’s sisters live in the district I am teaching in, and George Scott lives about 20 miles from here. I saw him once in town he is a different boy from what he was in Dover, he has been making one dollar a day and boarded all winter and that he never done at home and never would in Dover if he had lived there ever so long, when my school is out I am going to see them.
It has been very cold here, two weeks ago the snow in the woods is about 30 inches deep and it bids fair to be still deeper. Two weeks ago last Tuesday the thermometer stood at 30 degrees below zero at day break and at noon was 19 degrees below, both Tuesday and Wednesday it was the same and for five days it did not go above zero. I suppose it has not been so cold there. There was one man here had 160 head of sheep froze in one night and most every body had their pigs and calves froze, and people have had their toes froze so bad that they think they will drop off among the rest I had my toes and ears froze but not very bad. Every body here most has got the ague, and a great many have died with the typhoid fever. This country is a low flat swampy unhealthy place, and covered with very heavy timber, more than in Ohio. Almost every body lives in log houses and to take it all around I would not advise any one to buy a farm in the state, for really I would hardly live here one year for a good farm, almost every body here wants to sell out and leave the country.
I would just as soon be at home as any place else for a while. I suppose the furnace has been going all winter and Dover is a little more lively than it was. I suppose some of the boys have got situations in it by this time. Well mother I am tedious I suppose with such a long letter. Give my respects to all my friends & especially the boys & tell them I will write soon. Tell them I am well and doing well. The next time I will tell you all about what has happened. But I want you to never tell any body else whoever it may be for my sake. When you answer this direct to Fort Wayne Indiana.
I still remain yours Respectfully
Your Son
William Quantrill
Mrs. Caroline C. Quantrill
There is no certain knowledge of what “happened” to Quantrill at Mendota. W. W. Scott probably knew but concealed it. He left a memorandum written on the fragment of a letter-head of S. S. Scott, manufacturer of the Scott Fountain Pen, Chicago. It is the only written evidence of what occurred at Mendota and is as follows:
Did you ever know that Quantrill kept books for a lumber firm in Ottawa or Mendota Ill & that while there he shot & killed a man whom he said knocked him down with the intention of robbing him.
There is nothing whatever to show who wrote this. A rumor that Quantrill had killed a man at Mendota reached Canal Dover in the winter of 1855-56. Quantrill seemingly referred to that rumor when he said he supposed that his grandfather had scolded him completely. Rumor made two versions of the affair. One was to the effect that Quantrill was sleeping in the office of the lumber yard when attacked and that he shot his assailant dead. Another version was, that this killing was in the day time and that Quantrill was found behind a pile of lumber standing over a dead man with a smoking pistol in his hand. The man was a stranger. There was no witness, and Quantrill said the man had attempted to rob him. The authorities held Quantrill some time, but as nothing could be found to contradict him, and he being but a boy in appearance, he was allowed to go free. There is nothing positive to be had on the subject, however.
Whatever this crime (it could have been nothing less, from Quantrill’s letter and action), Quantrill was a changed man afterwards. While still hoping that he might be forgiven at home, he desired that nothing be said about the matter. His letter speaking of the occurrence was in a bold and confident tone, indicating that he was getting used to the world and stood in little fear of it.
The next letter from Quantrill was dated at Fort Wayne. But a fragment of it has been preserved. He evidently changed his mind about returning home in the spring, for the letter was written in July.
Fort Wayne July 14/56
Dear Mother.
Well mother I am going to write one more letter to you & it is the last one untill I receive an answer this is the fourth one without an answer yet & the last one.
