Recent Advances and New Species in Aquaculture E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 938

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This comprehensive, up-to-date text delivers the latest must-have information on species new to aquaculture and documents the most important technological innovations of the past decade. Every aspect of the growing field has been addressed with coverage spanning recent technological development, new species, recent changes and global trends. More specifically, you will find information on the culture of species such as barramundi, cobia, dolphin fish, spiny lobsters, slipper lobsters, mud crabs, penaeid prawns, Nile tilapia, yellow king fish, abalone, sea cucumber and sea urchin, seaweed, ornamentals and Indian major carps, fugu, mud skippers, cephalopods and blue fin tuna. The technological innovations and introduction of new species into aquaculture are critical to the evolution of the global aquaculture industry; an industry which is rapidly becoming one of the fastest growing in the world, having experienced huge advances across its many and diverse facets. Recent Advances and New Species in Aquaculture focuses explicitly on the ever-changing face of aquaculture, providing core scientific and commercially useful information on the remarkable growth in aquaculture production and in the advancement of new technological tools. Written by many well respected international figures and drawn together and edited by Ravi Fotedar & Bruce Phillips, this exciting book is an essential purchase for anyone involved in or about to enter into the aquaculture industry. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where aquaculture, fish biology, aquatic and environmental sciences and fisheries are studied and taught will find this an important addition to their shelves. Recent Advances and New Species in Aquaculture is sure to become a key companion for all those studying aquaculture and a valuable source of reference for all personnel involved in the industry.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Preface

Acknowledgements

1 Recent Developments

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 DISEASE RESISTANCE IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS VIS-À-VIS BREEDING STRATEGY

1.3 FRESHWATER ORNAMENTAL AQUACULTURE – AN INDUSTRY VIEW FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA

1.4 USE OF IMMUNOSTIMULANTS AS FEED ADDITIVES

1.5 ALTERNATIVE SITES FOR AQUACULTURE

1.6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS

2 A Global Review of Spiny Lobster Aquaculture

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 BROODSTOCK MANAGEMENT

2.3 LARVAL REARING

2.4 RAISING WILD-CAUGHT PUERULI AND JUVENILES

2.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

3 Slipper Lobsters

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 BIOLOGY

3.3 AQUACULTURE POTENTIAL

3.4 MARKETING

3.5 SLIPPER LOBSTER CULTURE INITIATIVES

3.6 HATCHERY PRODUCTION OF SEEDS

3.7 FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYLLOSOMA GROWTH AND SURVIVAL

3.8 HATCHING AND LARVAL REARING IN THENUS SP.

3.9 GROWTH OF JUVENILE SLIPPER LOBSTERS

3.10 CULTURE OF THENUS SP.

3.11 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

4 Mud Crab Aquaculture

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 PORTUNID CRAB AQUACULTURE

4.3 BIOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE

4.4 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

4.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

5 Penaeid Prawns

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 ACHIEVEMENTS

5.3 CHALLENGES

5.4 PROSPECTIVE/FUTURE OUTLOOK

6 Cobia Culture

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 MORPHOLOGY

6.3 DISTRIBUTION

6.4 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

6.5 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF COBIA

6.6 HATCHERY

6.7 GROWOUT

6.8 DISEASE AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT

6.9 POST-HARVEST AND MARKETING

6.10 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

7 Barramundi Aquaculture

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 BIOLOGY

7.3 HATCHERY PRODUCTION

7.4 HATCHERY CULTURE

7.5 GROWOUT

7.6 NUTRITION AND GROWTH

7.7 HEALTH MANAGEMENT

7.8 QUALITY

7.9 SALES AND MARKETING

7.10 FUTURE DIRECTIONS

7.11 CONCLUSIONS

8 Abalone Culture

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 THE ABALONE MARKET

8.3 ABALONE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

8.4 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

8.5 FUTURE POSSIBILITIES

9 Seaweed Culture with Special Reference to Latin America

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 SEAWEED UTILISATION

9.3 AQUACULTURE

9.4 INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE

9.5 POST-HARVEST: AGAR EXTRACTION

9.6 CULTIVATION IN LATIN AMERICA

9.7 CONCLUSIONS

10 Marine Ornamental Fish Culture

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 BROODSTOCK AND EGGS

10.3 BROODSTOCK CONDITIONING

10.4 LARVAL CULTURE

10.5 JUVENILES

10.6 COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION

10.7 CONCLUSIONS

11 Tilapia

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 SEED PRODUCTION

11.3 CULTURE PRACTICES

11.4 HARVESTING AND VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS

11.5 GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF TILAPIA

11.6 ENVIRONMENT AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

11.7 MARKETING OF TILAPIA

11.8 CONCLUSION

12 Carp Polyculture in India

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE RESOURCES IN INDIA

12.3 DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE

12.4 COMMONLY CULTURED SPECIES

12.5 AQUACULTURE PRACTICES/SYSTEMS

12.6 DEVELOPMENTS IN CULTURE PRACTICES

12.7 CULTURE OF PANGASIUS (PANGASIANODON HYPOPHTHALMUS)

12.8 FRESHWATER PRAWN FARMING

12.9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

13 Future Directions

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 DEVELOPMENTS IN MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AQUACULTURE

13.3 ECOLABELLING

13.4 THE FUTURE

Index

Color Plates

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Recent advances and new species in aquaculture / edited by Ravi K. Fotedar, Bruce F. Phillips.

p. ; cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-4051-7664-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)

 1. Aquaculture. I. Fotedar, Ravi K. II. Phillips, Bruce F.

 [DNLM: 1. Aquaculture–methods. 2. Fishes. 3. Palinuridae. SH 135]

 SH135.R428 2011

 639.8–dc22

2010052329

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781444341744; Wiley Online Library 9781444341775; ePub 9781444341751; Mobi 9781444341768

Contributors

Mark Allsopp

Level 1 Wakatu House

28 Montgomery Square

PO Box 440, Nelson, New Zealand

Trung Van Dinh

Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1

Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam

Jane Fewtrell

Department of Environment & Agriculture

School of Science

Faculty of Science and Engineering

Curtin University

GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

Roberto Flores-Aguilar

Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Recursos y Ambientes Costeros i-mar

Universidad de Los Lagos

Puerto Montt, Chile

Ravi K. Fotedar

Department of Environment & Agriculture

School of Science

Faculty of Science and Engineering

Curtin University

GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

Ngo Van Hai

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Technology

Tien Giang University

119 Ap Bac St., Ward 5, My Tho City, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam

Nguyen Van Hao

Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 2

116 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, District 1

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Suresh Job

Batavia Coast Maritime Institute

Geraldton, WA 6530, Australia

Gopal Krishna

Central Institute of Fisheries Education

Seven Bunglows, Versova

Mumbai, 4000061, India

Dilip Kumar

Central Institute of Fisheries Education

Seven Bunglows, Versova

Mumbai, 400061, India

Vivek Kumar

Milne, 103-105 Welshpool Road

Welshpool, WA 6106,

Australia

Fabiola Lafarga-De la Cruz

Laboratorio de Genética y Biotecnología Acuícola

Departamento de Oceanografía

Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas

Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción

Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile

Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile

Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile

Simon Longbottom

Department of Environment & Agriculture

School of Science

Faculty of Science and Engineering

Curtin University

GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

David L. Mann

Bribie Island Research Centre

Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation

PO Box 2066, Bribie Island, Qld, Australia

Hirokazi Matsuda

Mie Prefectural Science and Technology Promotion Center

Fisheries Research Division Hamajima,

Shima, Mie 517-0404

Japan

Iain Mcgregor

Aquatico and Water Garden World

Balcatta, Victoria Park and Armadale

Western Australia

Australia

Julieta Muñoz

Department of Environment & Agriculture

School of Science

Faculty of Science and Engineering

Curtin University

GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

Thoa Phu Ngo

Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1

Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam

Brian D. Paterson

Bribie Island Research Centre

Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation

PO Box 2066, Bribie Island, Qld, Australia

Bruce F. Phillips

Department of Environment & Agriculture

School of Science

Faculty of Science and Engineering

Curtin University

GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

Edakkepravan V. Radhakrishnan

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

Post Box No. 1603

Ernakulam North PO

Kochi 682 018, India

Huynh Minh Sang

Institute of Oceanography

1 Cau Da Street

Nha Trang City

Khanh Hoa Province

Vietnam

Uras Tantulo

Agriculture Faculty

University of Palangka Raya

Jl. Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya

Central Kalimantan, 73111A, Indonesia

Luan Dinh Tran

Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1

Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam

Manambrakat Vijayakumaran

National Institute of Ocean Technology

NIOT Campus, Velachery – Tambaram Main Road

Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai

Chennai 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India

Ellie Watts

Aquaculture Research

Cawthron Institute

98, Halifax Street East

Nelson, 7010, New Zealand

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AA

amino acids

AFLP

amplified fragment length polymorphism

AFR & DC

Australian Fisheries Research and Development Corporation

AR

arachidonic acid

AWG

average weekly gain

BLIS

bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance

BMP

best management practices

CFU

colony forming unit

CIFE

Central Institute of Fisheries Education (India)

CIFRI

Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (India)

CL

carapace length

CMC

carboxymethyl cellulose

COP

code of practices

DAP

di-ammonium phosphate

DGC

daily growth coefficient

DGI

daily growth increment

DHA

docosahexaenoic acid

DHC

differential haemocyte counts

DO

dissolved oxygen

dph

day(s) post-hatch

ECP

extracellular products

EFA

essential fatty acids

EIA

environmental impact assessment

EMP

environmental management plans

EMS

environmental management systems

EPA

eicosapentaenoic acid

ERA

ecological risk assessments

EST

expressed sequence tag

FA

fatty acid

FCE

feed conversion efficiency

FCR

feed conversion ratio

FISH

fluorescence in situ hybridisation

FL

fork length

FOM

final oocyte maturation

FRP

fibre reinforced plastic

GAP

good agricultural practice

GIFT

‘Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia’

GIS

geographical information systems

GM

genetically modified or genetic modification

GnRHa

gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog

GOC

groundnut oil cake

GSI

gonadosomatic index

HCG

human chorionic gonadotropin

HUFA

high unsaturated fatty acids

ICAR

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

IHHNV

infectious hypodermal hematopoietic necrosis virus

IMC

Indian major carps

IMTA

integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

IP

intermoult period

IRR

internal rate of return

L

litre

LC

lipid class

LHRH

luteinising hormone releasing hormone

LM

light microscopy

MAE

microwave-assisted extraction

MBV

Monodon baculovirus

MDS

moult-death syndrome

ME

metabolisable energy

mL

millilitre

MOS

mannan oligosaccharide

MoV

Mourilyan Virus

MPEDA

Marine Products Export Development Authority (India)

NGO(s)

non-governmental organisation(s)

NNV

nervous necrosis virus

NOEC

no-observable-effect-concentration

NPU

net protein utilisation

NPV

net present value

OFBW

ovary-free body weight

ORP

oxidation–reduction potential

OTC

oxytetracycline

OW

ocean water

PAP

phagocytosis activating protein

PCR

polymerase chain reaction

PER

protein efficiency ratio

PG

peptidoglycan

PL

post-larvae; phospholipid

POF

postovulatory follicles

proPO

prophenoloxidase

psu

practical salinity unit

RAPD

random-amplified polymorphic DNA

RAS

recirculating aquaculture system

RFLP

restriction fragment length polymorphisms

RGR

relative growth rates

RT-PCR

reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

SDA

specific dynamic action

SEM

scanning electron microscopy

SGR(s)

specific growth rate(s)

SNT

single nucleotide polymorphism

ST

sterol

TAG

triacylglycerol

TAN

total ammonia-nitrogen

TEM

transmission electron microscopy

THC

total haemocyte count

TL

total length

vBGF

von Bertalanffy growth factor

VER

viral encephalopathy and retinopathy

VNN

viral nervous necrosis

WFC

World Fish Centre

WMD

white muscle disease

Preface

There are many excellent books on aquaculture. However, the stimulus for this book was the absence of information on recent technological developments, new species, recent changes and some global trends, in a form suitable for academic level students.

The introduction of new species into aquaculture is critical to the evolution of the global aquaculture industry, particularly as the species that are the basis of the current industry, such as salmon and black tiger prawns, reach maximum levels of production. The past decade has seen a remarkable growth in aquaculture production due to the surge in the development of new technologies and a better understanding in the production biology of new aquaculture species.

The book is aimed at aquaculture students, the industry and interested members of the public, particularly in India, Australia, Vietnam and South America. It documents some of the important technological innovations of recent years used in the production technologies for the new species. In addition, the book highlights the increase in production of well-recognised species such as carp and tilapia which has become possible because of the use of new technological and/or management tools. The book looks into the future by emphasising the need for the research that is required to make these new technologies sustainable.

We had planned to include chapters on sea urchins, dolphin fish, composite fish farming in China, sea cucumbers, and some emerging species such as Fugu, mud skippers, cephalopods, southern blue fin tuna and reef-fish. However, we were unable to obtain contributions for these chapters; nevertheless we hope to include them in future editions of this volume.

The chapters that are included all take different approaches and styles. This is partly because of the stage of development of aquaculture, but we also decided to keep to the original formats of individual authors as we felt this improved the presentation of the information for the reader.

Acknowledgements

Many people contributed to the development and production of this book. They are not acknowledged individually because of space availability, but all authors wish to thank the many colleagues who assisted them with their contributions. However, we wish to recognise the incredible amount of work carried out by Dr Seema Fotedar in polishing the manuscript for publication. Without Seema’s efforts this book might not have been published. We would also like to thank our postgraduate students who helped us in finding the latest references on the topics.

1

Recent Developments

Ravi Fotedar, Gopal Krishna, Uras Tantulo, Iain Mcgregor and Bruce Phillips

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The first decade of the twenty-first century saw a remarkable growth in aquaculture production due to the surge in the development of new technologies and better understanding of the production biology of new aquaculture species. A worldwide interest in the production biology of new candidate species for aquaculture and associated technology is not only deemed to be environmentally friendly, but could also lead to an increase in the productivity of aquaculture. This rise in interest in the subject has led to a gap in the published information, as only a few comprehensive textbooks are available to meet the demand.

This chapter highlights the recent developments in biotechnology and the research attempts to extend aquaculture to non-traditional farming sites. The use of biotechnology during breeding strategy has been very impressive and has also been applied to deal with widespread disease issues through molecular genetics and through the use of specialised feed additives, which have a potential to enhance the immune-competence of the cultured species. Captive breeding is playing an increasingly important role, and has been commercialised while producing high-value freshwater ornamentals.

1.2 DISEASE RESISTANCE IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS VIS-À-VIS BREEDING STRATEGY

Disease outbreaks are major constraints in any intensive production system. Diseases that remain at a low level of incidence in natural populations may reach epidemic levels in intensive cultivation systems. Intensive management systems in livestock production encourage the unpredictable appearance of new diseases and changes in the characteristics of established diseases (Biggs 1985).

If elimination of pathogens or control of culture conditions is difficult, selective breeding for host resistance to the pathogen may be an attractive option for disease control. Host resistance should only be considered when (a) the disease causes severe damage, (b) there are no other existing simple, cost-effective control measures, (c) there is demonstrable genetic variation in resistance and (d) this is not coupled with an excessive level of negative associations with other desirable characteristics.

The principles and concepts behind breeding programmes are based largely on experiences with plants and terrestrial animals as information from aquatic animals is very limited. With catastrophic diseases, such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which cause mortalities of 98% or more, the frequency of resistance is low and it is suggested that for theoretical reasons single-gene, rather than polygenic, resistance is likely to develop. The low frequency of resistance genes in breeding populations may cause genetic bottlenecks, which will greatly reduce the genetic variation in the populations. In order to maintain the genetic variation the genes from the small numbers of survivors should be introgressed into populations with broader genetic variability.

Genetic variation in resistance may be encountered either in the initial base populations or may arise spontaneously due to mutations. Once genetic variation has been detected, the most appropriate breeding methodology will depend on the nature of both the resistance and the disease(s) that are of interest to the producers. Most populations of farmed shrimp have only had a relatively short period to evolve and adapt to intensive cultivated production systems.

In India modern intensive shrimp production systems provide almost ideal conditions for the propagation of diseases. The conditions favour epidemics and the appearance of apparently new diseases in intensive shrimp production systems. In Central and South America, Penaeus vannamei was widely devastated by Taura syndrome virus (TSV) in the early 1990s (Brock 1997). Later WSSV appeared in Asia and rapidly devastated the shrimp industry in many parts of the world. Both of these diseases were previously unreported. In Asia, epidemics of white spot and yellow head virus (YHV) have reduced production of various Penaeid shrimp species, including the native species P. monodon and the introduced species P. vannamei. As concepts behind disease control in aquatic animal species have been developed from warm-blooded terrestrial species, the major differences in their environments indicate that transfer of technology from one to the other should be carried out with caution. Warm-blooded terrestrial land animals maintain a relatively constant body temperature, whereas aquatic organisms are ecto-thermal and their body temperature fluctuates with that of the water in which they live. Similarly, the composition of the medium in which land animals live, the air, varies little, with such vital aspects as oxygen and carbon dioxide content relatively constant on a global basis. On the other hand, shrimps face tremendous variability in the environment in which they live, with dramatic changes often occurring abruptly. Stress, which is closely related to the manifestation of disease (Biggs 1985), is often induced by changes in such parameters as temperature, oxygen, salinity and ammonia.