Relativistic Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Seitenzahl: 835

Beschreibung

Written by a carefully selected consortium of researchers working in the field, this book fills the gap for an up-to-date summary of the observational and theoretical status. As such, this monograph includes all used wavelengths, from radio to gamma, the FERMI telescope, a history and theory refresher, and jets from gamma ray bursts. For astronomers, nuclear physicists, and plasmaphysicists.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

List of Contributors

Glossary and Acronyms

Part One: Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical Perspective

1.1 A Brief History of Jets

1.2 Jets at Optical, UV, X-Rays and γ-Rays

1.3 The Role of Simulations

1.4 Jet Composition

1.5 Some Things (We Think) We Know, and Some (We Know) We Don’t

References

Part Two: Theory Basics

Chapter 2: Special Relativity of Jets

2.1 Space-Time, Four-Vectors, and Lorentz Invariance

2.2 Lorentz Transformations

2.3 Relativistic Jet Diagnostics

References

Chapter 3: Radiation Processes

3.1 Radiative Transfer: Definitions

3.2 Nonthermal Emission Processes

3.3 Electromagnetic Cascades

References

Chapter 4: Central Engines: Acceleration, Collimation and Confinement of Jets

4.1 Central Engine

4.2 Magnetic Fields

4.3 Confinement, Collimation, and Acceleration of Jets

References

Part Three: Phenomenology

Chapter 5: Observational Details: Radio

5.1 Overall Structures of Radio Sources

5.2 Parsec-Scale Jets

5.3 Kiloparsec-Scale Jets

5.4 Modeling Jet Kinematics from Radio Data

5.5 Backflow in Bilobed FR I Sources?

References

Chapter 6: Optical, Infrared and UV Observations

6.1 A Historical Perspective

6.2 Studies of Sample Properties

6.3 Source Morphologies, Superluminal Motion and Variability

6.4 Optical and Broadband Spectra

6.5 Polarimetry

6.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Observational Details: X-Rays

7.1 Introduction

7.2 X-Ray Jets at Higher Luminosities

7.3 X-Ray Jets at Lower Luminosities

7.4 X-Ray Jets at Intermediate Luminosities

7.5 X-Ray Emission Processes

7.6 Summary, Conclusions, Future Work

References

Chapter 8: Unresolved Emission from the Core: Observations and Models

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Emission from Various Nonjet Components

8.3 Emission from the Inner Jet

8.4 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Part Four: Particle Acceleration in Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Shocks

Chapter 9: Particle Acceleration in Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Shocks

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Electromagnetic Turbulence in Jet Shocks

9.3 Structure of Relativistic Shocks

9.4 The Character of Diffusive Acceleration in Relativistic Shocks

9.5 Acceleration by Magnetic Reconnection

9.6 Outstanding Questions

References

Chapter 10: Simulations of Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei and Gamma-Ray Bursts

10.1 Governing Equations

10.2 Numerical Algorithms

10.3 Basic Numerical Modeling

10.4 Numerics Confront Observations: Emission from Synthetic Jets

10.5 Summary and Outlook

References

Chapter 11: Jet Structure, Collimation and Stability: Recent Results from Analytical Models and Simulations

11.1 Exact Models for Collimated Jets

11.2 Numerical Findings on Propagation, Deceleration, Collimation

11.3 Two-Component Jets: a Recurring Paradigm

11.4 Stability Studies for Radially Structured Jets

11.5 Further Challenges for Modern Simulations

References

Chapter 12: Jets and AGN Feedback

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Galaxy Formation and Two Classic Problems

12.3 Jet–ICM Interactions in Galaxy Clusters

12.4 Thermal Conduction, MHD Instabilities, and an Alternative View of AGN Feedback

References

Chapter 13: Summary and Outlook

13.1 The Core: Insights into the Processes of Jet Formation, Acceleration, and Collimation

13.2 Large-Scale Jets: Insights into Their Structure and Make-Up and Their Impact on Their Hosts

13.3 Theory and Simulations

Appendix A: Physical and Astrophysical Constants

Index

Relativistic Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei

Edited by Markus Böttcher, Daniel E. Harris, and Henric Krawczynski

Related Titles

Belusevic, R.Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology2008ISBN: 978-3-527-40764-4

Shore, S. N.Astrophysical HydrodynamicsAn Introduction2007ISBN: 978-3-527-40669-2

Thompson, A. R., Moran, J. M., Swenson, G. W.Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy2001ISBN: 978-0-471-25492-8

Rybicki, G. B., Lightman, A. P.Radiative Processes in Astrophysics1979ISBN: 978-0-471-82759-7

The Editors

Prof. Markus Böttcher Astrophysical Institute Department of Physics and Astronomy 339, Clippinger Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA

Dr. Daniel E. Harris Harward Smithsonian CfA High Energy Astrophysics Division 60 Garden Street Cambridge, MA 02138-1516 USA

Prof. Henric Krawzcynski Physics Department, CB 1105 Washington University in St. Louis 1 Brookings Drive St. Louis, MO 4899 USA

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.:applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN 978-3-527-41037-8ePDF ISBN 978-3-527-64176-5oBook ISBN 978-3-527-64174-1ePub ISBN 978-3-527-64175-8Mobi ISBN 978-3-527-64177-2

Preface

The idea of writing a text book on extragalactic jets was initially beset by many doubts. Why produce a book on a subject that is only poorly understood at best? Most text books are the result of several years teaching a course on a relatively stable field of endeavor, but our understanding of jets is still evolving rapidly. Furthermore, the subject matter is very broad, ranging from cutting edge simulations, to relativistic MHD, and of course observations at the limits of our best instruments. We asked ourselves, is it worth our time to pursue this project? Yet in the end, we cast aside these doubts and convened a group of experts who each agreed to contribute a chapter. The reader of this book will see that although we do not know with certainty what jets are made of and how they are launched, accelerated and collimated, there is a vast body of observational evidence which has already been confronted with a wide range of theoretical models. Thus, although the theory of jets is beset with uncertainties, it is highly constrained at the same time. This book gives an overview of a mature and rich field in which key observational and theoretical breakthroughs as well as paradigm shifts can happen at any time.

The book is intended to be used by graduate students, teachers, and researchers who are interested in active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their relativistic outflows. The introductory chapters covering aspects of special relativity and radiation processes may be of interest to a broader audience, e.g., graduate students working in the fields of radio astronomy or high-energy astrophysics. Some of the more advanced chapters of this book will also be of interest to researchers in the field, as they give up-to-date reviews of the rapidly evolving subject matter.

We decided to limit the book to relativistic jets from AGN. Although jets from microquasars may share much the same physics as our AGN jets, we felt that we could not treat the subject matter of galactic binaries adequately given the constraints of the project. We also decided not to deal with jets from gamma-ray bursts mainly because we felt that while again the underlying physics may be similar, there are so few observables available that jet models for GRB are difficult to disprove by observation. Stellar jets are another subject we decided to exclude since they are not believed to be relativistic.

We thank the staff at Wiley for their patience and assistance. We are very grateful to E. Mandel (SAO) who kindly wrote the scripts to facilitate construction of the index.

September 2011

M. BöttcherD. E. HarrisH. Krawczynski

List of Contributors

Miguel A. AloyDepartamento de Astronomía y AstrofísicaUniversidad de ValenciaEdificio de Investigación Dr. Molinder46100-Burjassot (Valencia), [email protected]

Matthew G. BaringRice UniversityDepartment of Physics and AstronomyMS 108 P.O. Box 1892Houston, Tx 77251-1892, [email protected]

Markus BöttcherAstrophysical InstituteDepartment of Physics and AstronomyOhio UniversityAthens, OH 45701, [email protected]

Alan H. BridleNational Radio Astonomy Observatory520 Edgemont RoadCharlottesville, VA 22903, [email protected]

Marshall H. CohenCaltechMS 105-24Pasadena, CA 91125, [email protected]

Daniel E. HarrisHarward Smithsonian CfAHigh Energy Astrophysics Division60 Garden StreetCambridge, MA 02138-1516, [email protected]

Rony KeppensCentre for Plasma AstrophysicsMathematics Department, K.U. LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200B3001 Heverlee, [email protected]

Serguei KomissarovSchool of MathematicsUniversity of LeedsLeeds LS29JT, [email protected]

Henric KrawczynskiPhysics Department, CB 1105Washington University in St. Louis1 Brookings DriveSaint Louis, MO 63130, [email protected]

Zakaria MelianiLaboratory Universe and Theories – LUThObservatoire de Paris5 place Jules Janssen92195 Meudon cedex, [email protected]

Petar MimicaDepartment d’Astronomia i AstrofisicaUniversity ValenciaEdifici d’Investugacio Jeroni MunozC/ Dr. Moliner, 50E-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), [email protected]

Eric PerlmanDepartment of Physics and Space SciencesFlorida Institute of Technology150 West University BoulevardMelbourne, FL 32901, [email protected]

Anita ReimerLeopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckInstitut für Theoretische Physik und Institut für Astro- und TeilchenphysikTechnikerstrasse 256020 Innsbruck, [email protected]

Christopher S. ReynoldsJoint Space Science InstituteUniversity of Maryland College ParkCollege ParkMD 20742-2421, [email protected]

Rita SambrunaNASA/GSFCCode 662, X-ray Astrophysics LaboratoryGreenbelt, MD, 20771, [email protected]

Glossary and Acronyms

AMRAdaptive Mesh RefinementAMRVACAdaptive Mesh Refinement Versatile Advection CodeATCAAustralian Telescope Compact ArrayBLRBroad-Line Region (as seen in AGN spectra)BeppoSAXA small X-ray satellite launched in 1996Big blue bump (BBB)A spectral feature of some AGN thought to arise from the accretion diskCJFCaltech–Jodrell Bank Flat Spectrum VLBI SurveyCSOCompact Symmetric Object (describing a small radio source)CSSCompact Steep Spectrum (describing a small radio source)ChandraOne of NASA’s “Great Observatories”; for X-ray imaging and spectroscopyEBLExtragalactic Background LightEVLAExtended Very Large Array. The upgraded workhorse of radio astronomy in New MexicoFermiA NASA mission for MeV and GeV observations, a.k.a. FGST: Fermi Gamma-Ray Space TelescopeFIDOFiducial observerFSRQFlat-Spectrum Radio QuasarFaraday rotationThe rotation of the angle of the linear polarization during propagation through a magnetized plasmaGEMSGravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEXGMVAGlobal Millimeter VLBI ArrayGPSGigahertz-peaked spectrum. A radio source with peak flux density in the GHz rangeGRBGamma-ray burstHALCAHighly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and AstronomyHBLHigh-frequency (peaked) BL Lac objectH.E.S.S.High-Energy Spectroscopic System. A GeV/TeV gamma-ray observatory in Namibia (a.k.a. HESS)HETE IIHigh-Energy Transient Explorer IIHSTHubble Space TelescopeHYMORSHybrid Morphology (Radio) Source. Usually one side is like FR I, the other FR IIHigh-Polarization QuasarQuasar with a high degree of optical polarization (HPQ)IGMIntergalactic mediumISMInterstellar mediumIXOInternational X-ray ObservatoryLDQLobe-Dominated Quasar (radio morphology)LOFARLow-Frequency Array for Radio AstronomyMAGICA GeV/TeV gamma-ray observatory in the Canary IslandsMERLINMultielement Radio-Linked InterferometerMOJAVEMonitoring of Jets of AGN with VLBI ExperimentsNLRNarrow-line regionOSSEOriented Scintillation Spectrometer ExperimentOVVOptically Violent VariablePARAMESHParallel Adaptive Mesh RefinementPoynting FluxEnergy flux carried by electromagnetic fields, (in SI units)RHDRelativistic hydrodynamicsRMHDRelativistic magnetohydrodynamicsRRFIDRadio Reference Frame Image DatabaseSEDSpectral energy distributionSKASquare Kilometer ArraySSASynchrotron self-absorptionSSCSynchrotron self-Compton (emission)TANAMITracking Active Galactic Nuclei with Austral Milliarcsecond InterferometryUHECRUltra-high-energy cosmic rayVCS1VLBA Calibrator Survey No. 1VERITASVery Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System. A GeV/TeV gamma-ray observatory in ArizonaVIPSVLBA Imaging and Polarimetry SurveyVLAVery Large Array. Twenty-seven element radio interferometer in New MexicoVLBAVery Long Baseline ArrayVLBIVery Long Baseline InterferometryVSOPVLBI Space Observatory ProgramZAMOZero Angular Momentum Observer

Part One

Introduction

Part Two

Theory Basics

Chapter 2

Special Relativity of Jets

Markus Böttcher

This chapter will introduce the fundamental aspects of special relativity, which are needed for the exposition in the rest of this book. We will assume that the reader is familiar with the concept of inertial frames and the postulates of special relativity. Based on the Lorentz invariance of four-vector scalar products, we will develop a formalism that will allow us to evaluate Lorentz transformations in a rather straightforward way. We will develop tools to study the kinematics of two-particle interactions, as needed for the discussion of radiation mechanisms in Chapter 3, and aspects of Lorentz boosts and relativistic aberration resulting from relativistic motion in astrophysical jets. We will then use those results to develop observational diagnostics to measure relativistic motions in jets, which will be used and discussed in more detail in Chapter 5 on radio observations of astrophysical jets. This chapter is not meant as a complete introduction to special relativity. In particular, we will not cover any aspects of relativistic dynamics as they will not be needed in the further discussions in this book. More complete introductions to all aspects of special (and general) relativity may be found, for example, in [1–6], to name just a few of a large number of excellent monographs on the topic.