Research Methods in Sign Language Studies E-Book

Eleni Orfanidou

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: GMLZ - Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 814

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Research Methods in Sign Language Studies is a landmark work on sign language research, which spans the fields of linguistics, experimental and developmental psychology, brain research, and language assessment.

• Examines a broad range of topics, including ethical and political issues, key methodologies, and the collection of linguistic, cognitive, neuroscientific, and neuropsychological data
• Provides tips and recommendations to improve research quality at all levels and encourages readers to approach the field from the perspective of diversity rather than disability
• Incorporates research on sign languages from Europe, Asia, North and South America, and Africa
• Brings together top researchers on the subject from around the world, including many who are themselves deaf

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Series page

Title page

Copyright page

Notes on Contributors

Introduction

Part I: Collecting Data WITH the Deaf Community

1 Ethics, Deaf-Friendly Research, and Good Practice When Studying Sign Languages

Introduction

Deaf-Friendly Research Methods

Ethical Considerations for Research in Developing Countries

Establishing Good Practices in Field Research

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

2 The Deaf Community as a “Special Linguistic Demographic”

Introduction

Predominant Medical/Rehabilitation/Normative–Educational Frameworks in the Demographic Studies of Individuals Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing

A Linguistic Basis for Demographic Studies

Issues and Challenges

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

3 Dissemination and Transfer of Knowledge to the Deaf Community

Introduction: The Sign Language Community as a Research Population

The Public Engagement Process

Public Engagement at the Deafness Cognition and Language Research Centre

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Suggested Readings

References

Part II: Different Ways of Collecting Sign Language Data

4 Collecting and Analyzing Sign Language Data

Introduction

Collecting Sign Language Data

Using Software to Annotate Sign Language Data

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

5 Transcription and Notation Methods

Introduction

Sign Orthographies and Glossing

Phonetic Transcription

Other Types of Annotation

Standardization of Annotations

An Outlook: Open Data and Computer-Assisted Annotation

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Suggested Readings

References

6 Instrumented Measures of Sign Production and Perception

Introduction

Motion Capture

Data Glove Systems

Video-Based Movement Analysis

Eye-Tracking

Reaction-Time Studies

Discussion

Directions for Future Research

Suggested Readings

References

Part III: Collecting Linguistic Data on Sign Languages

7 Sign Language Fieldwork

Introduction

Literacy, Bilingualism, and Endangerment

Descriptive and Documentary Linguistics

Practical, Personal, and Interpersonal Issues

Technical Issues

Grammatical Analysis: Elicitation and Text Collection

Collecting Lexical Data

Metadata

Processing and Analysis of the Data

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Suggested Readings

References

8 Research Methods for Studying the Form of Signs

Research Question

Data and Data Collection

Signers

Equipment: Prompts and Cameras

Annotation: Transcription and Coding

Data Storage: Database and Spreadsheet Software

Analysis

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Suggested Readings

References

9 Methods of Research on Sign Language Grammars

Basic Vocabulary

Lexicon Studies

Verb Classification and Grammatical Roles

Sentence Types and Discourse Structure

Coding Strategies

Suggested Readings

References

10 Documentary and Corpus Approaches to Sign Language Research

Introduction

The Need for Corpora

The Emergence of Sign Language Corpus Linguistics

Data Collection

Annotation and Translation

Archiving, Interfaces, and Access

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

11 Methods in Carrying out Language Typological Research

Linguistic Diversity and Sign Languages

Domains and Parameters

Collecting Data for Cross-linguistic Studies

Typological Analysis: Uncovering Ranges and Patterns

Toward a Cross-modal Typology

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

12 Data Collection in Sociolinguistics

Nature of Social Characteristics of Deaf Communities

The Visual Nature of Sign Language

Sensitivity to the Social Characteristics of Interviewers and Interlocutors

Considerations for the Future

Suggested Readings

References

Part IV: Collecting Cognitive Data on Sign Languages

13 Research Methods in Psycholinguistic Investigations of Sign Language Processing

Introduction

Standard Methods in Psycholinguistic Research

Methodological Considerations: Four Sub-domains of Signed Language Psycholinguistics

Methodological Challenges

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Suggested Readings

References

14 Methods in Bimodal Bilingualism Research

Introduction

Important Considerations When Collecting Bimodal Bilingual Data

Data Collection Fairs

General Principles of Test Development

The Test Battery in the Bibibi Project

General Language Tests

Vocabulary Tests

Morphosyntax Tests

Phonology Tests

Additional Tests

Adjusting the Tasks and the Details of the Applications

Transcribing Experimental Data

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Suggested Readings

References

15 Studying Sign Language Acquisition

Introduction: Key Questions Motivating Sign Language Acquisition Research

Identifying and Describing the Population

Gathering Data: When and How to Measure Sign Language Acquisition

Approaches to Measuring Language Acquisition in Deaf Individuals

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Suggested Readings

References

16 Research Methods in Studying Reading and Literacy Development in Deaf Children Who Sign

Introduction to Key Topics in Reading and Literacy

Deaf Children’s Use of Phonology during Reading

What Methodologies Have Researchers Employed to Investigate Literacy in Deaf Individuals?

What Are the Issues When Conducting Literacy Research with Signing Deaf Children and How Can We Resolve Them?

Suggested Readings

References

Part V: Collecting Brain Data on Sign Languages

17 Studying Sign Language Processing Using Functional Neuroimaging Techniques: FMRI, ERP, MEG and TMS

FMRI

ERP

MEG

TMS

Conclusion

References

18 Studying Sign Language Disorders

The Clinical Neuropsychology Approach

Neuropsychological Domains and Assessment Tools

Further Considerations

Suggested Readings

References

19 Using and Developing Language and Cognitive Assessments with Deaf Signers

Introduction

Translated, Adapted, and Novel Tests Developed for Signed Languages

Future Directions

Overall Recommendations

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

Index

Index of Sign Languages

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 04

Table 4.1 Example of table listing tier names and tier attributes.

Table 4.2 Example of table listing names of controlled vocabularies and their entry values.

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 Some SignTyp records (simplified) for BIRD.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Examples of elicitation materials for possession and existence.

Table 11.2 Data table on numeral incorporation.

Table 11.3 A binary values table showing the properties of numeral systems for numerals up to 100 in different sign languages.

Table 11.4 Negation in signed and spoken languages.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Summary of publications investigating signed language perception

Table 13.2 Summary of publications investigating lexical access in signed languages

Table 13.3 Summary of publications investigating signed language grammatical processing

Table 13.4 Summary of publications investigating signed language production

List of Illustrations

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 The three types of public engagement.

Chapter 04

Figure 4.1 Example of camera and participant set up for the collection of elicited data.

Figure 4.2 Screen shot of ELAN, showing multiple, simultaneously coded annotation tiers.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 Phonetic coding appended to glosses in ELAN, for transcription of thumb position and finger spreading. “Extension_1” refers to full extension of the thumb. “Invisible” is used to indicate that the information cannot be seen on the available video because of the camera angle that was used.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Optotrak cameras.

Figure 6.2 Vicon camera.

Figure 6.3 Reflective markers from a Vicon system.

Figure 6.4 Marker schema for a Vicon experiment.

Figure 6.5 A head-mounted eye-tracking system. With permission of William C. Schmidt, SR Research Limited, http://www.sr-research.com/EL_II.html

Chapter 08

Figure 8.1 SignWriting of BIRD.

Chapter 09

Figure 9.1a–c Examples of photographs of local objects for vocabulary elicitation.

Figure 9.2a–b Illustrations of nonexistent or alien entities for elicitation of classifier structures.

Figure 9.3a–b Photograph (left) and frame of video (right) for eliciting classifier structures for objects and agents handling objects.

Figure 9.4 Screenshot of an ASL experimental trial eliciting judgments of quantifiers. Signers are asked to judge whether the signer’s description matches (smiling face) or does not match (frowning face) the picture.

Figure 9.5a–c Response sheet for addressees in paired communication tasks: “The woman gives the man a shirt.”

Figure 9.6a–c Photographs of figures in various spatial arrangements (Levinson et al. 1992).

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Screenshots from BSL Corpus Project video data (pair view and individual view).

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Parameters of investigation for negation.

Figure 11.2 The cyclical nature of typological research.

Figure 11.3 A chart showing the frequency of various negative particles across sign languages (n = 37).

Figure 11.4 Section from a spreadsheet used to record and compare data from different sign languages.

Figure 11.5 The patterning of linguistic features in cross-modal typology.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 An example of signers sitting in a semi-circle with a deaf interviewer facing them.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Phonological similarity judgment task. Participants select from the three lower fields one response that matches the upper field most closely. Actual videos are used instead of line drawings.

Figure 13.2 Primed lexical decision task. Participants view a sequence of signs and decide for each sign whether or not it is a real sign. Half of the stimuli are nonce signs. Targets can be preceded by semantically or phonologically related primes. Actual videos are used instead of line drawings.

Figure 13.3 Error types generated in a sentence recall task. Phonological errors demonstrate surface-level processing of the target signs, while semantic errors demonstrate deeper processing of the target signs.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Card showing answer choices for the Sign Language Receptive Skills test.

Figure 14.2 Camera angle for narrative task.

Figure 14.3 Camera angle for EVT.

Figure 14.4 Sample prompt from word order test.

Figure 14.5 Camera angle for word order test.

Figure 14.6 Camera angle for the wh-test.

Figure 14.7 Camera angle for sign picture-naming test.

Figure 14.8 Sample prompt for English phonological discrimination.

Figure 14.9 Camera angle for phonological discrimination/minimal pairs test.

Figure 14.10 Libras signs for SERPENTE (

snake

), PALHAÇO (

clown

), CINCO (

five

), and SORRIR (

smile

).

Figure 14.11 Sample prompt from Libras phonological awareness test.

Figure 14.12 Camera angle for sign phonological awareness test.

Figure 14.13 Camera angle for speech phonological awareness test.

Figure 14.14 Sample prompt from the ASL pseudo-sign test.

Figure 14.15 Camera angle for pseudo-sign test.

Figure 14.16 Camera angle for parent–child interaction sample.

Figure 14.17 Screen shot of a test video coded in ELAN.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Proposed model of reading development in deaf children.

Figure 16.2 Graph showing the huge individual variation in reading progress (in months) over a 3-year period.

Figure 16.3 An item from the picture-based phonological awareness task that requires a judgment of rhyme similarity.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Pages

ii

iii

iv

vii

viii

ix

x

xi

1

2

3

5

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

207

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics

Series Editor: Li Wei, Birkbeck College, University of London

The science of language encompasses a truly interdisciplinary field of research, with a wide range of focuses, approaches, and objectives. While linguistics has its own traditional approaches, a variety of other intellectual disciplines have contributed methodological perspectives that enrich the field as a whole. As a result, linguistics now draws on state-of-the-art work from such fields as psychology, computer science, biology, neuroscience and cognitive science, sociology, music, philosophy, and anthropology.

The interdisciplinary nature of the field presents both challenges and opportunities to students who must understand a variety of evolving research skills and methods. The Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics addresses these skills in a systematic way for advanced students and beginning researchers in language science. The books in this series focus especially on the relationships between theory, methods and data- the understanding of which is fundamental to the successful completion of research projects and the advancement of knowledge.

Published

The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism

Edited by Li Wei and Melissa G. Moyer

Research Methods in Child Language: A Practical Guide

Edited by Erika Hoff

Research Methods in Second Language Acquisition: A Practical Guide

Edited by Susan M. Gass and Alison Mackey

Research Methods in Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics: A Practical Guide

Edited by Nicole Müller and Martin J. Ball

Research Methods in Sociolinguistics: A Practical Guide

Edited by Janet Holmes and Kirk Hazen

Research Methods in Sign Language Studies: A Practical Guide

Edited by Eleni Orfanidou, Bencie Woll, and Gary Morgan