Reviews in Modern Astronomy Vol. 22 E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Serie: Reviews in Modern Astronomy
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Seitenzahl: 453

Beschreibung

This 22nd volume in the series contains 15 invited reviews and highlight contributions from outstanding speakers presented during the 2009 annual meeting of the Astronomical Society on the subject of "Deciphering the Universe through Spectroscopy", held in Potsdam, Germany. Topics range from the measurements of magnetic fields on the surface of the sun via detailed measurements of abundances in stellar atmospheres to the kinematics of the universe at its largest scales. The result is a systematic overview of the latest astronomical and cosmological research.

Leseprobe

Contents

The ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT

Preface

Dissecting galaxies with quantitative spectroscopy of the brightest stars in the Universe

1 Introduction

2 Choosing the right objects: A and B supergiants

3 Spectral diagnostics and studies in the Milky Way and Local Group

4 The challenging step beyond the Local Group

5 A pilot study in NGC300: the analysis method

6 A pilot study in NGC300: results

7 The metallicities of galaxies

8 Flux weighted gravity: luminosity relationship (FGLR)

9 First distances using the FGLR-method

10 The potential of FGLR-method for extragalactic distance determinations

11 Perspectives of future work

Acknowledgements

References

Pulsations and planets: The asteroseismology-extrasolar-planet connection

1 Introduction

2 Extrasolar planet detection methods

3 Stellar oscillation – extrasolar planet links

4 Hot subdwarf stars

5 The EXOTIME program

6 Sub-stellar companions of evolved stars

7 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Ludwig Biermann Award Lecture

Stellar archaeology: Exploring the Universe with metal-poor stars

1 Introduction

2 The early Universe

3 Studying the early Universe with metal-poor stars

4 Neutron-capture nucleosynthesis observed in metal-poor stars

5 Tracing the formation of the Galactic halo with metal-poor stars

6 Outlook: what is possible with stellar archaeology?

Acknowledgements

References

Quantitative solar spectroscopy

1 Introduction

2 Calibration concepts

3 The solar electromagnetic spectrum

4 Solar wavelengths

5 Spectral radiance

6 Spectral irradiance

7 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Metallicity and kinematical clues to the formation of the Local Group

1 Introduction

2 Testing the ΛCDM paradigm of structure formation

3 Photometric surveys

4 Spectroscopic surveys

5 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Probing dark matter, galaxies and the expansion history of the Universe with Lyα in absorption and emission

1 Introduction

2 Constraining the mass of dark matter particles with the Lyα forest

3 Going very faint in search for the building blocks of Milky Way type galaxies

4 CODEX: an ultra-stable high-resolution spectrograph for the E-ELT

Acknowledgements

References

Hypervelocity stars in the Galactic halo

1 Introduction

2 Mechanisms for creating hypervelocity stars

3 Hypervelocity stars from the Galactic centre

3.1 Close encounters between single stars

3.2 Tidal disruption of binary stars by an SMBH

3.3 Ejection of stars by an inspiraling IMBH

4 Conclusions

References

Schwarzschild modelling of elliptical galaxies and their black holes

1 Introduction

2 The Schwarzschild method

3 Tests of the method

4 The dark matter density and assembly epoch of early-type galaxies

5 The orbital structure of early-type galaxies

6 Summary

References

Star and protoplanetary disk properties in Orion’s suburbs1

1 Introduction

2 Observations

3 Analysis

4 Highlighted results.

5 Discussion

References

Molecular gas at high redshift

1 Recent progress in understanding galaxy formation

2 Molecular gas: the key to testing galaxy formation models

3 Recent progress on molecular lines observations in early galaxies

4 Outlook: EVLA and ALMA

Acknowledgements

References

X-ray spectroscopy and mass analysis of galaxy clusters

1 X-ray observations of galaxy clusters

2 Mass models from X-ray data

3 Testing cold dark matter

4 Cosmology with gas mass fractions of galaxy clusters

5 Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

High-fidelity spectroscopy at the highest resolutions

1 Why the highest resolution?

2 Solar and stellar spectra

3 Advancing high-resolution spectroscopy

4 Intergalactic wavelength shifts in quasars

5 Spectrometers at the largest telescopes

Acknowledgements

References

Spectroscopy of Solar Neutrinos

1 Introduction

2 The solar neutrino spectrum

3 Past and present experiments

4 The Borexino experiment

5 Solar neutrinos and solar metallicity

6 Potential of future experiments

7 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

VLT-CRIRES: “Good Vibrations” Rotational-vibrational molecular spectroscopy in astronomy

1 Introduction

2 Why CRIRES?

3 Instrument lay-out and main characteristics

3.3 Precision absorption spectroscopy

4 Some science highlights

5 Conclusions and outlook

Acknowledgements

A Useful links in the context of CRIRES

General Index of Contributors

Index of Contributors

The Series Reviews in Modern Astronomy

Vol. 21: Formation and Evolution of Cosmic Structures

2009

ISBN: 978-3-527-40910-5

Vol. 20: Cosmic Matter

2008

ISBN: 978-3-527-40820-7

Vol. 19: The Many Facets of the Universe - Revelations by New Instruments

2006

ISBN: 978-3-527-40662-3

Vol. 18: From Cosmological Structures to the Milky Way

2005

ISBN: 978-3-527-40608-1

Vol. 17: The Sun and Planetary Systems - Paradigms for the Universe

2004

ISBN: 978-3-527-40476-6

Vol. 16: The Cosmic Circuit of Matter

2003

ISBN: 978-3-527-40451-3

Vol. 15: Astronomy with Large Telescopes from Ground and Space

2002

ISBN: 978-3-527-40404-9

The Editor

Regina von Berlepsch

Astrophysical Institute

University of Potsdam

Germany

[email protected]

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ISBN: 978-3-527-41055-2

The ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT awards the Karl Schwarzschild Medal. Awarding of the medal is accompanied by the Karl Schwarzschild lecture held at the scientific annual meeting and the publication. Recipients of the Karl Schwarzschild Medal are

1959 Martin Schwarzschild: Die Theorien des inneren Aufbaus der Sterne.   Mitteilungen der AG 12, 15 1963 Charles Fehrenbach:   Die Bestimmung der Radialgeschwindigkeiten mit dem Objektivprisma.   Mitteilungen der AG 17, 59 1968 Maarten Schmidt:   Quasi-stellar sources.   Mitteilungen der AG 25, 13 1969 Bengt Strömgren:   Quantitative Spektralklassifikation und ihre Anwendung auf Probleme der Entwicklung der Sterne und der Milchstraße. Mitteilungen der AG 27, 15 1971 Antony Hewish: Three years with pulsars.   Mitteilungen der AG 31, 15 1972 Jan H. Oort:   On the problem of the origin of spiral structure.   Mitteilungen der AG 32, 15 1974 Cornelis de Jager:   Dynamik von Sternatmosphären. Mitteilungen der AG 36, 15 1975 Lyman Spitzer, jr.:   Interstellar matter research with the Copernicus satellite.   Mitteilungen der AG 38, 27 1977 Wilhelm Becker: Die galaktische Struktur aus optischen Beobachtungen.   Mitteilungen der AG 43, 21 1978 George B. Field: Intergalactic matter and the evolution of galaxies. Mitteilungen der AG 47, 7 1980 Ludwig Biermann:   Dreißig Jahre Kometenforschung. Mitteilungen der AG 51, 37 1981 Bohdan Paczynski:   Thick accretion disks around black holes.   Mitteilungen der AG 57, 27 1982 Jean Delhaye:   Die Bewegungen der Sterne und ihre Bedeutung in der galaktischen Astronomie. Mitteilungen der AG 57, 123 1983 Donald Lynden-Bell: Mysterious mass in local group galaxies.   Mitteilungen der AG 60, 23 1984 Daniel M. Popper:   Some problems in the determination of fundamental stellar parameters from binary stars.   Mitteilungen der AG 62, 19 1985 Edwin E. Salpeter:   Galactic fountains, planetary nebulae, and warm H I.   Mitteilungen der AG 63, 11 1986 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar:   The aesthetic base of the general theory of relativity. Mitteilungen der AG 67, 19 1987 Lodewijk Woltjer: The future of European astronomy. Mitteilungen der AG 70, 21 1989 Sir Martin J. Rees:   Is there a massive black hole in every galaxy. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 2, 1 1990 Eugene N. Parker: Convection, spontaneous discontinuities, and stellar winds and X-ray emission.   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 4, 1 1992 Sir Fred Hoyle: The synthesis of the light elements.   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 6, 1 1993 Raymond Wilson: Karl Schwarzschild and telescope optics.   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 7, 1 1994 Joachim Trümper: X-rays from Neutron stars.   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 8, 1 1995 Henk van de Hulst: Scaling laws in multiple light scattering under very small angles. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 9, 1 1996 Kip Thorne:   Gravitational Radiation - A New Window Onto the Universe.   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 10, 1 1997 Joseph H. Taylor: Binary Pulsars and Relativistic Gravity. not published 1998 Peter A. Strittmatter:   Steps to the LBT - and Beyond.   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 12, 1 1999 Jeremiah P. Ostriker: Historical Reflections on the Role of Numerical Modeling in Astrophysics. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 13, 1 2000 Sir Roger Penrose:   The Schwarzschild Singularity: One Clue to Resolving the Quantum Measurement Paradox.   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 14, 1 2001 Keiichi Kodaira: Macro- and Microscopic Views of Nearby Galaxies. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 15, 1 2002 Charles H. Townes: The Behavior of Stars Observed by Infrared Interferometry. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 16, 1 2003 Erika Boehm-Vitense: What Hyades F Stars tell us about Heating Mechanisms in the outer Stellar Atmospheres.   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 17, 1 2004 Riccardo Giacconi:   The Dawn of X-Ray Astronomy Reviews in Modern Astronomy 18, 1 2005 G. Andreas Tammann: The Ups and Downs of the Hubble Constant Reviews in Modern Astronomy 19, 1 2007 Rudolf Kippenhahn:   Als die Computer die Astronomie eroberten   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 20, 1 2008 Rashid Sunyaev: The Richness and Beauty of the Physics of Cosmological   Recombination   Reviews in Modern Astronomy 21, 1 2009 Rolf-Peter Kudritzki: Dissecting Galaxies with Quantitative Spectroscopy of the Brightest Stars in the Universe Reviews in Modern Astronomy 22, 1

The Ludwig Biermann Award was established in 1988 by the ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT to be awarded in recognition of an outstanding young astronomer. The award consists of financing a scientific stay at an institution of the recipient’s choice. Recipients of the Ludwig Biermann Award are

1989 Dr. Norbert Langer (Göttingen), 1990 Dr. Reinhard W. Hanuschik (Bochum), 1992 Dr. Joachim Puls (München), 1993 Dr. Andreas Burkert (Garching), 1994 Dr. Christoph W. Keller (Tucson, Arizona, USA), 1995 Dr. Karl Mannheim (Göttingen), 1996 Dr. Eva K. Grebel (Würzburg) and Dr. Matthias L. Bartelmann (Garching), 1997 Dr. Ralf Napiwotzki (Bamberg), 1998 Dr. Ralph Neuhäuser (Garching), 1999 Dr. Markus Kissler-Patig (Garching), 2000 Dr. Heino Falcke (Bonn), 2001 Dr. Stefanie Komossa (Garching), 2002 Dr. Ralf S. Klessen (Potsdam), 2003 Dr. Luis R. Bellot Rubio (Freiburg im Breisgau), 2004 Dr. Falk Herwig (Los Alamos, USA), 2005 Dr. Philipp Richter (Bonn), 2007 Dr. Henrik Beuther (Heidelberg) and Dr. Ansgar Reiners (Göttingen) 2008 Dr. Andreas Koch (Los Angeles) 2009 Dr. Anna Frebel (Cambridge, USA) and Dr. Sonja Schuh (Göttingen)

Preface

The annual series Reviews in Modern Astronomy of the ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT was established in 1988 in order to bring the scientific events of the meetings of the Society to the attention of the worldwide astronomical community. Reviews in Modern Astronomy is devoted exclusively to the Karl Schwarzschild Lectures, the Ludwig Biermann Award Lectures, the invited reviews, and to the Highlight Contributions from leading scientists reporting on recent progress and scientific achievements at their respective research institutes.

The Karl Schwarzschild Lectures constitute a special series of invited reviews delivered by outstanding scientists who have been awarded the Karl Schwarzschild Medal of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, whereas excellent young astronomers are honoured by the Ludwig Biermann Prize.

Volume 22 continues the series with fifteen invited reviews and Highlight Contributions which were presented during the International Scientific Conference of the Society on “Deciphering the Universe through Spectroscopy” held in Potsdam, Germany, September 21 to 25, 2009 in conjunction with the fall meeting of the “Fachverband Extraterrestrische Physik” of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft and the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Extraterrestrische Forschung e.V.”

The Karl Schwarzschild medal 2009 was awarded to Professor Rolf-Peter Kudritzki, Hawaii. His lecture with the title “Dissecting galaxies with quantitative spectroscopy of the brightest stars in the Universe” opened the meeting.

The Ludwig Biermann Prize was awarded twice in 2009. The two winners are Anna Frebel, Cambridge, USA and Sonja Schuh, Göttingen, Germany. The title of Anna Frebel’s talk was: “What the most metal-poor stars tell us about the early Universe” and Sonja Schuh gave a lecture on: “Pulsations and planets: the asteroseismology-extrasolar-planet connection”.

Spectroscopy is a key method in modern astrophysical research throughout all wavelengths. Applications range from the measurements of magnetic fields on the surface of the Sun over detailed measurements of abundances in stellar atmospheres to the kinematics of the universe on its largest scales. The contributions to the meeting published in this volume discuss the complex of themes. A report on VLTCRIRES with some highlights and recent results complete this volume.

The editor would like to thank the lecturers for their stimulating presentations. Thanks also to the local organizing committee from the Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam chaired by Hans Zinnecker.

Potsdam, Mai 2010

Regina v. Berlepsch

Karl Schwarzschild Lecture

Dissecting galaxies with quantitative spectroscopy of the brightest stars in the Universe

Rolf-Peter Kudritzki

Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

2680 Woodlawn Dr., Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

[email protected]

Abstract

Measuring distances to galaxies, determining their chemical composition, investigating the nature of their stellar populations and the absorbing properties of their interstellar medium are fundamental activities in modern extragalactic astronomy helping to understand the evolution of galaxies and the expanding universe. The optically brightest stars in the universe, blue supergiants of spectral A and B, are unique tools for these purposes. With absolute visual magnitudes up toMV≅−9.5 they are ideal to obtain accurate quantitativeinformation about galaxies through the powerful modern methods of quantitative stellar spectroscopy. The spectral analysis of individual blue supergiant targets provides invaluable information about chemical abundances and abundance gradients, which is more comprehensive than the one obtained from HIIregions, as it includes additional atomic species, and which is also more accurate, since it avoids the systematic uncertainties inherent in the strong line studies usually applied to the HIIregions of spiral galaxies beyond the Local Group. Simultaneously, the spectral analysis yields stellar parameters and interstellar extinction for each individual supergiant target, which provides an alternative very accurate way to determine extragalactic distances through a newly developed method, called the Flux-weighted Gravity–Luminosity Relationship (FGLR). With the present generation of 10m-class telescopes these spectroscopic studies can reach out to distances of 10 Mpc. The new generation of 30m-class telescopes will allow to extend this work out to 30 Mpc, a substantial volume of the local universe.

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