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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
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The world's number 1 dermatology information resource
Universally respected, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology is the most comprehensive, definitive and best-illustrated reference work for dermatologists of all levels worldwide and has been at the forefront of international dermatology publishing since first appearing in 1968.
The Ninth Edition has been radically re-engineered to match the modern day challenges faced by dermatologists. Once again it has been published as a combined digital and print resource, but with a new online platform enabling easier and faster navigation.
A common structure to describe and discuss each disorder has been adopted throughout, whilst maintaining the depth of information for which Rook is renowned. A high priority has been placed on the ease of extracting key information quickly: diagnostic algorithms and management ladders help the reader choose appropriate treatment strategies. More images than ever – over 5000 in total – aid diagnosis by displaying variations in disease manifestations according to body location, skin type and severity. The section on aesthetic dermatology has been greatly expanded with more coverage of procedures in this rapidly developing field.
Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Ninth Edition provides you with:
- The very best content from the number one brand in dermatology – an essential consultation tool for all dermatologists
- An outstanding combined digital/print resource, exhaustively covering every dermatological disorder
- A complete overhaul of its content – each disorder now follows a consistent templated approach
- A fresh approach to the classification of disorders and organization of chapters, of which there are now 160 instead of 80, all organised into 14 logical sections
- A newly designed sophisticated online platform with a fast and powerful digital search functionality – search by keyword, disorder or chapter or consult the online image database and get expert clinical advice more quickly than ever
- Lavishly illustrated chapters with over 5000 colour images showing variation in disease patterns by body location, skin type and severity
- Comprehensive coverage of medical, surgical and aesthetic dermatology, as well as the basic science underpinning the field
- An experienced British editorial team working with distinguished international authors and associate editor
- Greater emphasis than before on clinical studies/trials, society guidelines and the latest ICD codes
- While key references remain in the printed version, thousands more are cited in the book and can be accessed online, where each is hyperlinked to the relevant text
Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology, Ninth Edition is the complete dermatology reference work. More comprehensive than ever, with more images, more disorders covered and faster, more dynamic and wider digital search functionality. It is an essential resource for the modern day dermatologist, whether experienced or at the beginning of a career in dermatology.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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The Editors From left to right: Robert Chalmers, Jonathan Barker, Christopher Griffiths, Tanya Bleiker, Daniel Creamer
Rook'sTextbook ofDermatology
NINTH EDITION
EDITED BY
Christopher E. M. Griffiths MD, FRCP, FMedSci
Professor of DermatologyThe Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchester, UK
Jonathan Barker MD, FRCP, FRCPath
Professor of Medical DermatologySt John's Institute of Dermatology Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College LondonLondon, UK
Tanya Bleiker FRCP
Consultant DermatologistDerby Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustDerby, UK
Robert Chalmers FRCP
Honorary Consultant DermatologistThe Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustManchester Royal InfirmaryManchester, UK
Daniel Creamer MD, FRCP
Consultant DermatologistKing's College HospitalLondon, UK
This edition first published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Cover image: Getty Images/Science Photo Library
CONTENTS
Associate Editors
Contributors
Preface to the Ninth Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Part 1 Foundations of Dermatology
Chapter 1 History of Dermatology
INTRODUCTION: WHEN DID DERMATOLOGY HISTORY BEGIN?
ANCIENT DERMATOLOGY WRITINGS
GROWTH OF RATIONAL MEDICINE
DERMATOLOGY AFTER THE FALL OF ROME
GROWTH OF SCIENTIFIC DERMATOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF DERMATOLOGY AS A WORLD SPECIALTY IN THE 20TH CENTURY
REFERENCES
Chapter 2 Structure and Function of the Skin
COMPONENTS OF NORMAL HUMAN SKIN
SKIN DEVELOPMENT
EPIDERMAL AND ADNEXAL STRUCTURES
KERATINOCYTES
ECCRINE AND APOCRINE GLANDS
PILOSEBACEOUS UNIT
NAILS
MERKEL CELLS
INNATE IMMUNITY
SKIN MICROBIOME
LANGERHANS CELLS
IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE
MAST CELLS
MELANOCYTES
DESMOSOMES
ADHERENS JUNCTIONS
GAP JUNCTIONS
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
DERMAL–EPIDERMAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE
BASEMENT MEMBRANE COLLAGEN
LAMININS
HEMIDESMOSOMES
ANCHORING FIBRILS
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
COLLAGENS
COLLAGEN BIOSYNTHESIS
COLLAGEN BIOLOGY
COLLAGEN CROSS-LINKING
COLLAGEN DEGRADATION
ELASTIC FIBRES
ELASTIN
ELASTIN-ASSOCIATED MICROFIBRILS
PROTEOGLYCAN/GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
FIBROBLASTS
BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS
SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
SKIN HOMEOSTASIS
SKIN AGEING
REFERENCES
Chapter 3 Histopathology of the Skin: General Principles
INTRODUCTION
BIOPSY OF THE SKIN
LABORATORY METHODS
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
OTHER DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
ARTEFACTS
APPROACH TO MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF TISSUE SECTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 4 Diagnosis of Skin Disease
FUNDAMENTALS OF DIAGNOSIS
DISEASE DEFINITION
THE HISTORY
QUALITY OF LIFE IN DERMATOLOGY PATIENTS
EXAMINATION OF THE SKIN
DESCRIPTION OF SKIN LESIONS
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY, DERMOSCOPY AND OTHER IMAGING SYSTEMS
FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION OF LYMPH NODES
RADIOLOGICAL AND IMAGING EXAMINATIONS
SKIN TESTING (PRICK AND SCRATCH, INTRADERMAL AND PATCH TESTING) [1]
TELEDERMATOLOGY
MOBILE SMARTPHONE APPLICATIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 5 Epidemiology of Skin Disease
WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND WHY IS IT RELEVANT TO DERMATOLOGY?
THINKING IN TERMS OF POPULATIONS RATHER THAN INDIVIDUALS
HOW MUCH OF A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM IS SKIN DISEASE?
WHAT DETERMINES THE FREQUENCY OF SKIN DISEASE IN POPULATIONS?
DESCRIBING THE NATURAL HISTORY AND ASSOCIATIONS OF SPECIFIC SKIN DISEASES
HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH IN DERMATOLOGY
CONCLUSIONS
GLOSSARY OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TERMS
CHECKLIST FOR READING ‘EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES' IN DERMATOLOGY
RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING AND USEFUL DERMATOEPIDEMIOLOGY RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Chapter 6 Health Economics and Skin Disease
BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION TO METHODS AND APPROACHES IN HEALTH ECONOMICS
ECONOMIC BURDEN OF DISEASE IN DERMATOLOGY
CRITICAL REFLECTION OF STUDIES ON DISEASE BURDEN
IMPACT FOR DECISION MAKING IN DERMATOLOGY PRACTICE
REFERENCES
Chapter 7 Genetics and the Skin
ADVANCES IN GENETICS
NOSOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL GENETICS
MUTATIONS AND DISEASE
MOSAICISM, LYONIZATION AND THE LINES OF BLASCHKO
GENOME SEQUENCE AND ANALYSIS OF INHERITED DISORDERS
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
REFERENCES
Chapter 8 Inflammation, Immunology and Allergy
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLAMMATION
PHASES OF INFLAMMATION
CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF CUTANEOUS INFLAMMATION
INNATE IMMUNE DEFENCE MECHANISMS
CELLS REGULATING INNATE IMMUNITY
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
ALLERGY
REFERENCES
Chapter 9 Photobiology
BASIC PRINCIPLES
NORMAL EFFECTS OF UVR ON SKIN
PHOTOPROTECTION
POPULATION EXPOSURE TO UVR
REFERENCES
Chapter 10 Cutaneous Response to Injury and Wound Healing
INTRODUCTION
INFLAMMATION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
RE-EPITHELIALIZATION
ANGIOGENESIS
FIBROBLAST RECRUITMENT, MATRIX SYNTHESIS AND SCARRING
ABNORMAL WOUND HEALING AND SCARRING
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN WOUND HEALING
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF TREATMENT OF WOUNDS
NOVEL THERAPIES FOR WOUND HEALING
REFERENCES
Chapter 11 Psychological and Social Impact of Long-term Dermatological Conditions
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES OF DERMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF DERMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS WITH EMPHASIS ON PSORIASIS
SOCIAL IMPACT OF DERMATOLOGY CONDITIONS
SKIN CONDITIONS AND ASSOCIATED CO-MORBIDITIES
TREATMENT CHALLENGES
IMPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF DERMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR INTEGRATED CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 12 Adverse Immunological Reactions to Drugs
INTRODUCTION
IGE-MEDIATED DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY
T-CELL-MEDIATED DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY
DRUGS AS HAPTENS
DRUGS AS PRO-HAPTENS
DRUGS AS NON-HAPTENS
UNDERSTANDING THE CLINICAL PHENOTYPE
REFERENCES
Chapter 13 Topical Drug Delivery
INTRODUCTION: SKIN BARRIER FUNCTION
PENETRATION PATHWAYS: MECHANISMS OF PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
FACTORS DETERMINING DRUG PERMEATION INTO THE SKIN
TOPICAL DRUG FORMULATIONS USED TO TREAT DERMATOLOGICAL DISEASE
ASSESSMENT OF TOPICAL DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOEQUIVALENCE BETWEEN FORMULATIONS
OPTIMIZATION OF DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 14 Clinical Pharmacology
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DRUGS AND TERMINOLOGY
PHARMACOKINETICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME
DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND LICENSING PROCEDURES
RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Part 2 Management
Chapter 15 Principles of Holistic Management of Skin Disease
WHAT IS HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT AND IS IT IMPORTANT?
ARE WE DOCTORS OR DISEASE MANAGEMENT TECHNICIANS?
IS DERMATOLOGY DIFFERENT?
HOW IMPORTANT IS IT TO EMPOWER PATIENTS?
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 16 Principles of Measurement and Assessment in Dermatology
MEASUREMENT OF SKIN DISEASE SEVERITY
ASSESSMENT TOOLS
OBJECTIVE METHODS FOR MEASURING SKIN PROPERTIES
MEASUREMENT OF THE IMPACT OF SKIN DISEASE
QUALITY OF LIFE MEASURES USED IN DERMATOLOGY
REFERENCES
Chapter 17 Principles of Evidence-based Dermatology
EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE
FORMULATING QUESTIONS AND FINDING EVIDENCE
CRITICALLY APPRAISING EVIDENCE AND APPLYING IT TO INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS
EVALUATING THE DATA IN CLINICAL RESEARCH PAPERS AND A SHORTCUT METHOD FOR READING CLINICAL RESEARCH PAPERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 18 Principles of Topical Therapy
INTRODUCTION
PRESCRIBING TOPICAL TREATMENT
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH TOPICAL TREATMENT
FORMULATION OF TOPICAL MEDICAMENTS
TOPICAL TREATMENTS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SKIN DISEASE
REFERENCES
Chapter 19 Principles of Systemic Therapy
INTRODUCTION
IMMUNOMODULATORY DRUGS
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
REFERENCES
Chapter 20 Principles of Skin Surgery
INTRODUCTION
CRITICAL ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
EQUIPMENT AND STERILIZATION
SAFETY ASPECTS
COMPLICATIONS
LOCAL ANAESTHETICS
BIOPSY TECHNIQUES
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
SIMPLE EXCISION, SUTURE TECHNIQUE AND WOUND CLOSURE
DRESSINGS AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE
FLAPS (FIGURES 20.27, 20.28, 20.29, 20.30 AND 20.31)
SKIN GRAFTS
OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR FACILITATING CLOSURE
MOHS MICROGRAPHIC SURGERY
ELECTROCAUTERY AND ELECTROSURGERY [1, 2, 3]
CRYOSURGERY
CAUSTICS
INTRALESIONAL CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY [1]
INTRALESIONAL THERAPIES FOR SKIN MALIGNANCIES
MISCELLANEOUS SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 21 Principles of Phototherapy
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
INDICATIONS FOR PHOTOTHERAPY
HOW DIFFERENT THERAPIES ARE ADMINISTERED
ADVERSE EFFECTS
PATIENT SELECTION, ASSESSMENT AND EDUCATION
PATIENT AND STAFF SAFETY
PATIENT FOLLOW-UP: SKIN CANCER SURVEILLANCE
CLINICAL GOVERNANCE
HOW TO SET UP A PHOTOTHERAPY UNIT
WHAT'S NEW: DEVELOPMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 22 Principles of Photodynamic Therapy
WHAT IS PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY?
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
PHOTOSENSITIZERS USED FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY IN DERMATOLOGY
LIGHT SOURCES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
METHODOLOGY AND REGIMENS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
CLINICAL GOVERNANCE
WHAT'S NEW?
REFERENCES
Chapter 23 Principles of Cutaneous Laser Therapy
INTRODUCTION
LIGHT AND LASER LIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF LASERS AND FLASHLAMPS
REFERENCES
Chapter 24 Principles of Radiotherapy
INTRODUCTION
IONIZING RADIATION IN THE TREATMENT OF SKIN CANCER
SUPERFICIAL RADIOTHERAPY TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
MEGAVOLTAGE X-RAY THERAPY TECHNIQUE
RADIOSENSITIVITY
INDICATIONS FOR RADIOTHERAPY
ACUTE RADIATION REACTION (ACUTE RADIODERMATITIS) (FIGURES 24.18A–C AND 24.19A–C)
LATE RADIATION REACTION (CHRONIC RADIODERMATITIS) (FIGURES 24.20 AND 24.21)
TUMOUR RECURRENCE AFTER RADIOTHERAPY
RADIATION-INDUCED TUMOURS
RARE TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH PREVIOUS IRRADIATION
REFERENCES
Part 3 Infections and Infestations
Chapter 25 Viral Infections
POXVIRUS INFECTIONS
HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS
POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS
HEPATITIS INFECTIONS
PARVOVIRUS INFECTIONS
HUMAN RETROVIRUS INFECTION
VIRAL INSECT-BORNE AND HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
OTHER CUTANEOUS PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 26 Bacterial Infections
GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
SPIROCHAETES AND SPIRAL BACTERIA
LEGIONELLOSIS
MISCELLANEOUS
MYCOPLASMA
INFECTIONS
CHLAMYDIAE [1, 2]
RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
ACTINOMYCETE INFECTIONS
DERMATOSES POSSIBLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO BACTERIA
REFERENCES
Chapter 27 Mycobacterial Infections
MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTION
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SKIN
TUBERCULIDS
NON-TUBERCULOUS (ATYPICAL) MYCOBACTERIA
REFERENCES
Chapter 28 Leprosy
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTERS 29 AND 30 Global Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections
REFERENCES
Chapter 29 Syphilis and Congenital Syphilis
REFERENCES
Chapter 30 Other Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
REFERENCES
Chapter 31 HIV and the Skin
HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
DERMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV INFECTION
REFERENCES
Chapter 32 Fungal Infections
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
REFERENCES
Chapter 33 Parasitic Diseases
INFECTION WITH HUMAN NEMATODES
INFECTION WITH NEMATODES OF OTHER ANIMALS
INFECTION WITH TREMATODES
INFECTION WITH CESTODES
INFECTION WITH PROTOZOA
REFERENCES
Chapter 34 Arthropods
SKIN DISEASE DUE TO ARTHROPODS
CLASS INSECTA
CLASS ARACHNIDA
CLASS CHILOPODA (CENTIPEDES) AND DIPLOPODA (MILLIPEDES)
REFERENCES
Part 4 Inflammatory Dermatoses
Chapter 35 Psoriasis and Related Disorders
PLAQUE PSORIASIS
PUSTULAR PSORIASIS
PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
REFERENCES
Chapter 36 Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
REFERENCES
Chapter 37 Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Disorders
LICHEN PLANUS
LICHEN STRIATUS
REFERENCES
Chapter 38 Graft-versus-host Disease
ACUTE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
REFERENCES
Chapter 39 Eczematous Disorders
ASSESSMENT, INVESTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ECZEMATOUS DISORDERS
NUMMULAR DERMATITIS
PATIENT RESOURCES
ASTEATOTIC ECZEMA
DERMATITIS AND ECZEMA OF THE HANDS
DERMATITIS AND ECZEMA OF THE LOWER LEGS
DERMATITIS AND ECZEMA OF THE EYELIDS
MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIED ECZEMATOUS DERMATOSES
OTHER RELATED DERMATOSES
REFERENCES
Chapter 40 Seborrhoeic dermatitis
REFERENCES
Chapter 41 Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis)
REFERENCES
Chapter 42 Urticaria
REFERENCES
Chapter 43 Recurrent Angio-oedema without Weals
REFERENCES
Chapter 44 Urticarial Vasculitis
REFERENCES
Chapter 45 Autoinflammatory Diseases Presenting in the Skin
MONOGENIC AUTOINFLAMMATORY SYNDROMES
COMPLEX AND POLYGENIC AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES PRESENTING WITH URTICARIAL OR MACULOPAPULAR RASH
OTHER DISEASES IN WHICH AUTOINFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE
REFERENCES
Chapter 46 Mastocytosis
REFERENCES
Chapter 47 Reactive Inflammatory Erythemas
ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME
MISCELLANEOUS
ANNULAR ERYTHEMA OF INFANCY
ERYTHEMA ANNULARE CENTRIFUGUM
ERYTHEMA GYRATUM REPENS
ERYTHEMA MARGINATUM
NECROLYTIC MIGRATORY ERYTHEMA
EOSINOPHILIC CELLULITIS [1–5]
REFERENCES
Chapter 48 Adamantiades–Behçet disease
REFERENCES
Chapter 49 Neutrophilic Dermatoses
REFERENCES
Chapter 50 Immunobullous Diseases
INTRAEPIDERMAL IMMUNOBULLOUS DISEASES
RESOURCES
SUBEPIDERMAL IMMUNOBULLOUS DISEASES
RESOURCES
RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Chapter 51 Lupus Erythematosus
RESOURCES
RESOURCES
RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Chapter 52 Antiphospholipid syndrome
REFERENCES
Chapter 53 Dermatomyositis
REFERENCES
Chapter 54 Mixed connective tissue disease
REFERENCES
Chapter 55 Dermatological Manifestations of Rheumatoid Disease
DERMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
OTHER RHEUMATOID DISEASES
REFERENCES
Chapter 56 Systemic sclerosis (systemic scleroderma)
REFERENCES
Chapter 57 Morphoea and Allied Scarring and Sclerosing Inflammatory Dermatoses
REFERENCES
Part 5 Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders Affecting the Skin
Chapter 58 Cutaneous Amyloidoses
REFERENCES
Chapter 59 Cutaneous Mucinoses
PRIMARY MUCINOSES
REFERENCES
Chapter 60 Cutaneous Porphyrias
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS: THEORETICAL BASIS, CLINICAL FEATURES AND LABORATORY TESTING IN PORPHYRIA
INDIVIDUAL PORPHYRIAS
REFERENCES
Chapter 61 Calcification of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues
REFERENCES
Chapter 62 Xanthomas and Abnormalities of Lipid Metabolism and Storage
XANTHOMAS
PRIMARY DYSLIPIDAEMIAS: HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIA
PRIMARY DYSLIPIDAEMIAS: COMBINED DYSLIPIDAEMIA
PRIMARY DYSLIPIDAEMIAS: HYPERTRIGLYCERIDAEMIAS
OTHER PRIMARY DYSLIPIDAEMIAS
SECONDARY DYSLIPIDAEMIAS
REFERENCES
Chapter 63 Nutritional Disorders Affecting the Skin
NUTRITION
VITAMINS
MINERALS
REFERENCES
Chapter 64 Skin Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus
REFERENCES
Part 6 Genetic Disorders Involving the Skin
Chapter 65 Inherited Disorders of Cornification
ICHTHYOSES (SEE TABLES 65.1, 65.2, 65.3, 65.4 AND 65.6)
NON-SYNDROMIC CONGENITAL ICHTHYOSES
SYNDROMIC ICHTHYOSES
MANAGEMENT OF CONGENITAL ICHTHYOSES
ACQUIRED ICHTHYOSES
PALMOPLANTAR KERATODERMA (SEE TABLES 65.9, 65.11, 65.13, 65.14 AND 65.15)
NON-SYNDROMIC PALMOPLANTAR KERATODERMA
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS OF KERATINIZATION
REFERENCES
Chapter 66 Inherited Acantholytic Disorders
REFERENCES
Chapter 67 Ectodermal Dysplasias
REFERENCES
Chapter 68 Inherited Hair Disorders
HYPERTRICHOSES
GENERALIZED HYPERTRICHOSES
ATRICHIAS
HYPOTRICHOSES
HAIR SHAFT STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES
OVERALL APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF GENOTRICHOSES
REFERENCES
Chapter 69 Genetic Defects of Nails and Nail Growth
REFERENCES
Chapter 70 Genetic Disorders of Pigmentation
HYPOPIGMENTATION DISORDERS
HYPERPIGMENTATION DISORDERS
DYSCHROMATOSES
REFERENCES
Chapter 71 Genetic Blistering Diseases
REFERENCES
Chapter 72 Genetic Disorders of Collagen, Elastin and Dermal Matrix
INHERITED DISORDERS OF COLLAGEN
INHERITED DISORDERS OF ELASTIC FIBRES
INFANTILE STIFF SKIN SYNDROMES
PREMATURE AGEING SYNDROMES
DISORDERS OF ECTOPIC CALCIFICATION AND ABNORMAL MINERALIZATION
MISCELLANEOUS DERMAL DISORDERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 73 Disorders Affecting Cutaneous Vasculature
CAPILLARY DISORDERS
ARTERIOVENOUS DISORDERS
VENOUS DISORDERS
LYMPHATIC DISORDERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 74 Genetic Disorders of Adipose Tissue
REFERENCES
Chapter 75 Congenital Naevi and Other Developmental Abnormalities Affecting the Skin
CONGENITAL NAEVI
OTHER DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES AFFECTING THE SKIN
REFERENCES
Chapter 76 Chromosomal Disorders
AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOME DEFECTS
SEX CHROMOSOME DEFECTS
CHROMOSOMAL MOSAICISM
REFERENCES
Chapter 77 Poikiloderma Syndromes
REFERENCES
Chapter 78 DNA Repair Disorders with Cutaneous Features
OTHER DISORDERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 79 Syndromes with Premature Ageing
REFERENCES
Chapter 80 Hamartoneoplastic Syndromes
REFERENCES
Chapter 81 Inherited Metabolic Diseases
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS
MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN DISORDERS
CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF GLYCOSYLATION
DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND TRANSPORT
DISORDERS OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
OTHER METABOLIC DISORDERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 82 Inherited Immunodeficiency
REFERENCES
Part 7 Psychological, Sensory and Neurological Disorders and the Skin
Chapter 83 Pruritus, Prurigo and Lichen Simplex
REFERENCES
Chapter 84 Mucocutaneous Pain Syndromes
REFERENCES
Chapter 85 Neurological Conditions Affecting the Skin
REFERENCES
Chapter 86 Psychodermatology and Psychocutaneous Disease
DELUSIONAL BELIEFS
OBSESSIVE AND COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOUR
EATING DISORDERS
PSYCHOGENIC ITCH
FACTITIOUS SKIN DISEASE
DELIBERATE SELF-HARM
OTHER PSYCHODERMATOLOGY AND PSYCHOCUTANEOUS DISEASES
REFERENCES
Part 8 Skin Disorders Associated with Specific Cutaneous Structures
Chapter 87 Acquired Disorders of Epidermal Keratinization
REFERENCES
Chapter 88 Acquired Pigmentary Disorders
SKIN PIGMENTATION AND THE MELANOCYTE
ACQUIRED HYPERMELANOSIS
ACQUIRED HYPOMELANOSIS (FIGURE 88.33)
NON-MELANIN PIGMENTATION
REFERENCES
Chapter 89 Acquired Disorders of Hair
HAIR BIOLOGY
APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH HAIR LOSS
NON-SCARRING DISORDERS OF HAIR GROWTH
SCARRING DISORDERS OF HAIR GROWTH
OTHER DISORDERS OF HAIR GROWTH
ABNORMALITIES OF THE HAIR SHAFT
EXCESSIVE GROWTH OF HAIR
HAIR PIGMENTATION
HAIR COSMETICS
REFERENCES
Chapter 90 Acne
REFERENCES
Chapter 91 Rosacea
FACIAL DERMATOSES WITH AN UNCERTAIN NOSOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP TO ROSACEA
REFERENCES
Chapter 92 Hidradenitis Suppurativa
REFERENCES
Chapter 93 Other Acquired Disorders of the Pilosebaceous Unit
REFERENCES
Chapter 94 Disorders of the Sweat Glands
ECCRINE GLANDS
DISORDERS OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
APOCRINE GLANDS
DISORDERS OF APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
REFERENCES
Chapter 95 Acquired Disorders of the Nails and Nail Unit
ANATOMY AND BIOLOGY OF THE NAIL UNIT
NAIL SIGNS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
TRAUMATIC NAIL DISORDERS
TUMOURS UNDER OR ADJACENT TO THE NAIL
PERIONYCHIAL DISORDERS
DERMATOSES AFFECTING THE NAILS
NAILS IN CHILDHOOD AND OLD AGE
IMAGING OF THE NAIL
NAIL SURGERY
THE NAIL AND COSMETICS
REFERENCES
Chapter 96 Acquired Disorders of Dermal Connective Tissue
CHANGES IN DERMAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE DUE TO AGEING AND PHOTODAMAGE
OTHER CAUSES OF CUTANEOUS ATROPHY
DISORDERS OF ELASTIC FIBRE DEGRADATION
ACQUIRED DISORDERS OF ELASTIC TISSUE DEPOSITION
FIBROMATOSES AND OTHER CAUSES OF DIFFUSE FIBROSIS
ABNORMAL FIBROTIC RESPONSES TO SKIN INJURY
PERFORATING DERMATOSES
REFERENCES
Chapter 97 Granulomatous Disorders of the Skin
REFERENCES
Chapter 98 Sarcoidosis
SPECIFIC FORMS OF CUTANEOUS SARCOIDOSIS
SPECIAL LOCATIONS OF SPECIFIC CUTANEOUS LESIONS
NON-SPECIFIC LESIONS
CUTANEOUS SARCOID REACTION
REFERENCES
Chapter 99 Panniculitis
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
PANNICULITIS
REFERENCES
Chapter 100 Other Acquired Disorders of Subcutaneous Fat
ACQUIRED LIPODYSTROPHY
FAT HYPERTROPHY
SUBCUTANEOUS LIPOMATOSIS
LIPOEDEMA
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
REFERENCES
Part 9 Vascular Disorders Involving the Skin
Chapter 101 Purpura
PURPURA DUE TO THROMBOCYTOPENIA OR PLATELET DEFECTS
NON-THROMBOCYTOPENIC VASCULAR CAUSES OF PURPURA AND SYNDROMES OF PRIMARY ECCHYMOTIC HAEMORRHAGE
PIGMENTED PURPURIC DERMATOSES
DISORDERS OF CUTANEOUS MICROVASCULAR OCCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 102 Cutaneous Vasculitis
SINGLE-ORGAN SMALL-VESSEL VASCULITIS
SMALL-VESSEL IMMUNE COMPLEX-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS
SMALL-VESSEL ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS
MEDIUM-VESSEL VASCULITIS
LARGE-VESSEL VASCULITIS
REFERENCES
Chapter 103 Dermatoses Resulting from Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
ARTERIAL AND ARTERIOLAR DISORDERS
NEUROVASCULAR DISORDERS
TELANGIECTASES
MALFORMATIONS
VENOUS DISORDERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 104 Ulceration Resulting from Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
REFERENCES
Chapter 105 Disorders of the Lymphatic Vessels
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF LYMPHATIC DYSFUNCTION
COMPLICATIONS OF LYMPHOEDEMA
IMAGING OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LYMPHOEDEMA MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 106 Flushing and Blushing
REFERENCES
Part 10 Skin Disorders Associated with Specific Sites, Sex and Age
Chapter 107 Dermatoses of the Scalp
SCALING DISORDERS OF THE SCALP
SECONDARY CICATRICIAL ALOPECIA
THICKENED SCALP DISORDERS
TUMOURS OF THE SCALP
INFECTIONS OF THE SCALP
PUSTULAR CONDITIONS OF THE SCALP
OTHER SCALP DISORDERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 108 Dermatoses of the External Ear
REFERENCES
Chapter 109 Dermatoses of the Eye, Eyelids and Eyebrows
SKIN DISEASES AFFECTING THE EYE AND EYELIDS
INFECTIONS
VIRAL INFECTIONS
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS
TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS
PARASITIC INFECTIONS
OTHER INFECTIONS
OTHER DISORDERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 110 Dermatoses of the Oral Cavity and Lips
BIOLOGY OF THE MOUTH
EXAMINATION OF THE MOUTH AND PERIORAL REGION
DISORDERS AFFECTING THE ORAL MUCOSA OR LIPS
GENETIC DISORDERS AFFECTING THE ORAL MUCOSA OR LIPS
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES
REFERENCES
Chapter 111 Dermatoses of the Male Genitalia
TRAUMA AND ARTEFACT
INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
MISCELLANEOUS INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
NON-SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
DERMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
BENIGN TUMOURS
PRE-CANCEROUS DERMATOSES AND CARCINOMA
IN SITU
SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA AND OTHER MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
MISCELLANEOUS CUTANEOUS MALE GENITAL CONDITIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 112 Dermatoses of the Female Genitalia
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES
GENODERMATOSES
INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES OF THE VULVA
ULCERATIVE AND BULLOUS DISORDERS
PIGMENTARY DISORDERS
VULVAL OEDEMA
NON-SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
DIAGNOSIS OF VAGINAL DISCHARGE
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
VIRAL INFECTIONS
BENIGN TUMOURS
PRE-MALIGNANT CONDITIONS
MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
PAIN DISORDERS
TRAUMATIC LESIONS
MISCELLANEOUS
REFERENCES
Chapter 113 Dermatoses of Perineal and Perianal Skin
PERIANAL ITCHING
INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
DRUG REACTIONS
INFECTIONS
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
OTHER BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
VIRAL INFECTIONS
HELMINTH INFECTIONS
MISCELLANEOUS INFECTIONS
OTHER DISEASES AND INFECTIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 114 Cutaneous Complications of Stomas and Fistulae
REFERENCES
Chapter 115 Dermatoses of Pregnancy
PHYSIOLOGICAL SKIN CHANGES IN PREGNANCY
SKIN INFECTIONS
AUTOIMMUNE SKIN DISEASES
SKIN TUMOURS
INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES
ITCHING
SPECIFIC DERMATOSES
GENERAL GUIDANCE ON SAFE TREATMENTS IN PREGNANCY
REFERENCES
Chapter 116 Dermatoses of the Neonate
INTRODUCTION
SKIN DISORDERS IN THE NEONATE
COMPLICATIONS OF PREMATURITY
COMPLICATIONS OF MEDICAL PROCEDURES ON THE FETUS AND NEONATE
ATROPHIC LESIONS OF NEONATES
DISORDERS CAUSED BY TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSFER/MATERNAL MILK
DISORDERS OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS
INFECTIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 117 Dermatoses and Haemangiomas of Infancy
INFANTILE DERMATOSES
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
INFECTIVE CONDITIONS
REACTIVE CONDITIONS
DEVELOPMENTAL/GENETIC CONDITIONS
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
INFANTILE AND CONGENITAL HAEMANGIOMAS
APPENDIX 117.1 PROTOCOL FOR THE USE OF PROPRANOLOL IN TREATING INFANTILE HAEMANGIOMAS
REFERENCES
Part 11 Skin Disorders Caused by External Agents
Chapter 118 Benign Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs
REFERENCES
Chapter 119 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs
REFERENCES
Chapter 120 Cutaneous Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
REFERENCES
Chapter 121 Dermatoses Induced by Illicit Drugs
REFERENCES
Chapter 122 Dermatological Manifestations of Metal Poisoning
REFERENCES
Chapter 123 Mechanical Injury to the Skin
OVERVIEW OF SKIN INJURY
BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
EFFECTS OF FRICTION
OTHER REACTIONS TO MECHANICAL INJURY
REACTIONS TO FOREIGN BODIES
OTHER SKIN INJURIES
REFERENCES
Chapter 124 Pressure Injury and Pressure Ulcers
REFERENCES
Chapter 125 Cutaneous Reactions to Cold and Heat
PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO COLD
DISEASES CAUSED OR AGGRAVATED BY COLD
PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO HEAT AND INFRARED RADIATION
DISEASES CAUSED BY HEAT AND INFRARED RADIATION
REFERENCES
Chapter 126 Burns and Heat Injury
REFERENCES
Chapter 127 Cutaneous Photosensitivity Diseases
IDIOPATHIC (IMMUNOLOGICAL) PHOTODERMATOSES
DRUG- AND CHEMICAL-INDUCED PHOTOSENSITIVITY
PHOTOAGGRAVATED DERMATOSES
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH SUSPECTED PHOTOSENSITIVITY
REFERENCES
Chapter 128 Allergic Contact Dermatitis
REFERENCES
Chapter 129 Irritant Contact Dermatitis
REFERENCES
Chapter 130 Occupational Dermatology
REFERENCES
Chapter 131 Stings and Bites
STINGS
BITES
REFERENCES
Part 12 Neoplastic, Proliferative and Infiltrative Disorders Affecting the Skin
Chapter 132 Benign Melanocytic Proliferations and Melanocytic Naevi
LENTIGINES
MUCOSAL MELANOTIC LESIONS
DERMAL MELANOCYTIC LESIONS
CONGENITAL MELANOCYTIC NAEVI
COMMON ACQUIRED NAEVI
NAEVI IN UNUSUAL SITES
NAEVI WITH UNUSUAL MORPHOLOGY
OTHER NAEVI
RESOURCES
PATIENT RESOURCES
PATIENT RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Chapter 133 Benign Keratinocytic Acanthomas and Proliferations
BENIGN KERATINOCYTIC ACANTHOMAS
OTHER BENIGN PROLIFERATIONS
REFERENCES
SEBORRHOEIC KERATOSIS
STUCCO KERATOSIS
DERMATOSIS PAPULOSA NIGRA
WARTY DYSKERATOMA
CLEAR CELL ACANTHOMAS
LICHENOID KERATOSIS
BENIGN SKIN TAGS
PSEUDOEPITHELIOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA
Chapter 134 Cutaneous Cysts
REFERENCES
EPIDERMOID CYSTS
TRICHILEMMAL CYSTS
STEATOCYSTOMA MULTIPLEX
Chapter 135 Lymphocytic Infiltrates
REFERENCES
PSEUDOLYMPHOMA
PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES
PARAPSORIASIS
LYMPHOCYTOMA CUTIS
JESSNER'S LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATE
Chapter 136 Cutaneous Histiocytoses
DISORDERS OF DENDRITIC CELLS
RESOURCES
DISORDERS OF NON-DENDRITIC CELLS
NON-LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSES
DENDRITIC CELL ORIGIN
NON-DENDRITIC CELL ORIGIN
MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSES
RESOURCES
FURTHER INFORMATION
FURTHER INFORMATION
REFERENCES
ONTOGENY OF HISTIOCYTES
FUNCTION OF HISTIOCYTES
CLASSIFICATION OF HISTIOCYTOSES
ONTOGENY OF HISTIOCYTES
FUNCTION OF HISTIOCYTES
CLASSIFICATION OF HISTIOCYTOSES
LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
HAEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS
JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA
BENIGN CEPHALIC HISTIOCYTOSIS
GENERALIZED ERUPTIVE HISTIOCYTOSIS
PAPULAR XANTHOMA
PROGRESSIVE NODULAR HISTIOCYTOSIS
XANTHOMA DISSEMINATUM
DIFFUSE PLANE XANTHOMATOSIS
ERDHEIM–CHESTER DISEASE
RETICULOHISTIOCYTOMA
FAMILIAL SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTOSIS
HEREDITARY PROGRESSIVE MUCINOUS HISTIOCYTOSIS
MALAKOPLAKIA
NECROBIOTIC XANTHOGRANULOMA
MULTICENTRIC RETICULOHISTIOCYTOSIS
SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS WITH MASSIVE LYMPHADENOPATHY
MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS
TRUE HISTIOCYTIC LYMPHOMA
HISTIOCYTIC SARCOMA
Chapter 137 Soft-tissue Tumours and Tumour-like Conditions
FIBROUS AND MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOURS
FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMOURS
VASCULAR TUMOURS
MALIGNANT VASCULAR TUMOURS
LYMPHATIC TUMOURS
TUMOURS OF PERIVASCULAR CELLS
PERIPHERAL NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOURS
TUMOURS OF MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMOURS
TUMOURS OF FAT CELLS
TUMOURS OF UNCERTAIN HISTOGENESIS
REFERENCES
Chapter 138 Tumours of Skin Appendages
HAIR FOLLICLE TUMOURS
EXTERNAL ROOT SHEATH TUMOURS
HAMARTOMAS AND HAIR GERM TUMOURS AND CYSTS
HAIR MATRIX TUMOURS
LESIONS OF HAIR FOLLICLE MESENCHYME
SEBACEOUS GLAND TUMOURS [1–6]
APOCRINE GLAND TUMOURS [1]
ECCRINE GLAND HAMARTOMAS AND TUMOURS
ECCRINE OR APOCRINE/FOLLICULAR TUMOURS
SWEAT GLAND CARCINOMAS, INCLUDING DUCTAL APOCRINE/FOLLICULAR CARCINOMAS
MISCELLANEOUS TUMOURS
REFERENCES
Chapter 139 Kaposi Sarcoma
REFERENCES
Chapter 140 Cutaneous Lymphomas
PRIMARY CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMAS
PRIMARY CUTANEOUS CD30+ LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS
PRIMARY CUTANEOUS PERIPHERAL T-CELL LYMPHOMA (UNSPECIFIED)
PRIMARY CUTANEOUS B-CELL LYMPHOMAS
SECONDARY CUTANEOUS B-CELL LYMPHOMAS
SECONDARY CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMAS
OTHER DISORDERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 141 Basal Cell Carcinoma
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
FIBROEPITHELIAL BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
NAEVOID BASAL CELL CARCINOMA SYNDROME
BAZEX–DUPRÉ–CHRISTOL SYNDROME
REFERENCES
Chapter 142 Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Precursors
LESIONS WITH UNCERTAIN OR UNPREDICTABLE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL
IN SITU
CARCINOMA OF THE SKIN
RESOURCES
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE SKIN
RESOURCES
KERATOACANTHOMAS AND ASSOCIATED SYNDROMES
RESOURCES
RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Chapter 143 Melanoma
MELANOMA CLINICOPATHOLOGY
MELANOMA SURGERY
SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF MELANOMA
MELANOMA CLINICOPATHOLOGY
REFERENCES
MELANOMA SURGERY: BIOPSIES, WIDE RESECTION AND SENTINEL LYMPH NODE SAMPLING
REFERENCES
SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF MELANOMA
REFERENCES
Chapter 144 Dermoscopy of Melanoma and Naevi
REFERENCES
Chapter 145 Merkel cell carcinoma
REFERENCES
Chapter 146 Skin Cancer in the Immunocompromised Patient
REFERENCES
Part 13 Systemic Disease and the Skin
Chapter 147 Cutaneous Markers of Internal Malignancy
INTRODUCTION
GENODERMATOSES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCIES
IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND NEOPLASIA SYNDROMES (SEE ALSO CHAPTER 82)
PARANEOPLASTIC PHENOMENA INVOLVING THE SKIN
ACANTHOTIC AND ICHTHYOTIC EPIDERMAL DISORDERS
OTHER EPIDERMAL DISORDERS
PARANEOPLASTIC PIGMENTATION
HAIR, NAILS AND SKIN APPENDAGES
DERMATOSES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCIES
CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND RHEUMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
BULLOUS DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCY
OTHER BLISTERING DISORDERS
DEPOSITION DISORDERS
OTHER DERMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
VASCULAR DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCY
CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS
VENOUS OR LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
MULTISYSTEM AND HAEMATOPOIETIC TUMOURS THAT INVOLVE THE SKIN
TUMOUR SPREAD FROM ADJACENT AND DISTANT TISSUES
DIRECT TUMOUR SPREAD AND INVASION
CUTANEOUS METASTASIS
PAGET DISEASE
GENODERMATOSES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCIES
HOWEL–EVANS SYNDROME
NAEVOID BASAL CELL CARCINOMA SYNDROME
FAMILIAL MELANOMA SYNDROME
MELANOMA–ASTROCYTOMA SYNDROME
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
VON HIPPEL–LINDAU DISEASE
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPES 1 AND 2
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDROMES
CARNEY COMPLEX
PTEN HAMARTOMA TUMOUR SYNDROME
SEBACEOUS TUMOURS, KERATOACANTHOMAS AND VISCERAL MALIGNANCY
HEREDITARY LEIOMYOMATOSIS AND RENAL CELL CARCINOMA SYNDROME
BLOOM, ROTHMUND–THOMSON AND WERNER SYNDROMES
BLOOM SYNDROME
ROTHMUND–THOMSON SYNDROME
WERNER SYNDROME
IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND NEOPLASIA SYNDROMES
WISKOTT–ALDRICH SYNDROME
CHEDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME, ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA, DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITAL, FANCONI ANAEMIA
PARANEOPLASTIC PHENOMENA INVOLVING THE SKIN
ACANTHOTIC, EPIDERMAL AND ICHTHYOTIC DISORDERS
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS
ACANTHOSIS PALMARIS
SIGN OF LESER–TRéLAT
FLORID CUTANEOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS
ACQUIRED ICHTHYOSIS AND OTHER EPIDERMAL DISORDERS
PARANEOPLASTIC PIGMENTATION
HAIR, NAILS AND SKIN APPENDAGES
PARANEOPLASTIC HYPERTRICHOSIS LANUGINOSA ACQUISITA
CLUBBING OF NAILS
HYPERHIDROSIS
DERMATOSES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCIES
ACROKERATOSIS PARANEOPLASTICA
MIGRATORY ERYTHEMAS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND RHEUMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
DERMATOMYOSITIS
LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
SCLERODERMA, FASCIITIS, PANNICULITIS AND SIMILAR SCLERODERMOID CONDITIONS
BULLOUS DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCY
PARANEOPLASTIC PEMPHIGUS
BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID, PEMPHIGUS
OTHER BLISTERING DISORDERS
DEPOSITION DISORDERS
OTHER DERMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
VASCULAR DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCY
RAYNAUD PHENOMENON AND DIGITAL ISCHAEMIA, ERYTHROMELALGIA, PALMAR ERYTHEMA, VASCULITIS, CHILBLAIN-LIKE LESIONS
FLUSHING
CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS
VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION
Chapter 148 The Skin and Disorders of the Haematopoietic and Immune Systems
SKIN DISORDERS CAUSED BY INFILTRATION OF THE SKIN WITH NEOPLASTIC CELLS
IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEPOSITION DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
PARANEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES
PARANEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS OCCASIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HAEMATOLOGICAL NEOPLASMS
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND INVOLVING THE SKIN
SKIN INVOLVEMENT IN IDIOPATHIC LYMPHADENOPATHIES
SKIN MANIFESTATION IN PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
ANAEMIAS AND HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 149 The Skin and Endocrine Disorders
REFERENCES
Chapter 150 The Skin and Disorders of the Heart
HEREDITARY SYNDROMES
CARDIAC INVOLVEMENT IN DERMATOSES OR SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH SKIN FEATURES
REFERENCES
Chapter 151 The Skin and Disorders of the Respiratory System
INTRODUCTION
ALLERGIC DISORDERS
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
VASCULITIS
INFECTIONS
CONGENITAL AND INHERITED DISORDERS/GENETIC SYNDROMES
NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSES
OTHER SYSTEMIC DISEASES
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 152 The Skin and Disorders of the Digestive System
OESOPHAGUS, STOMACH AND INTESTINE
LIVER AND GALL BLADDER
PANCREATIC DISEASE
DERMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF OTHER DISORDERS INVOLVING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
REFERENCES
Chapter 153 The Skin and Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
INTRODUCTION
HEREDITARY SYNDROMES WITH SKIN AND RENAL INVOLVEMENT
SKIN SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL DISORDERS
ACQUIRED DISORDERS WITH SKIN AND RENAL INVOLVEMENT
SKIN DISORDERS THAT MAY AFFECT THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT
REFERENCES
Chapter 154 The Skin and Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
INFECTIVE ARTHROPATHIES
INFLAMMATORY ARTHROPATHIES
OSTEOARTHRITIS
METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CUTANEOUS INVOLVEMENT
AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
INFLAMMATORY CHONDROPATHIES
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS INVOLVING THE SKIN AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
CUTANEOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS TO ANTIRHEUMATIC THERAPIES (SEE ALSO CHAPTERS 120 AND 121)
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
INFECTIVE ARTHROPATHIES
REACTIVE ARTHRITIS
VIRAL ARTHROPATHIES
BACTERIAL ARTHROPATHIES
OTHER INFECTIVE ARTHROPATHIES
SERONEGATIVE ARTHRITIS AND SPONDYLITIS
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
ATROPHIC SKIN WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
INFLAMMATORY ARTHROPATHIES
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
RHEUMATOID NODULES
RHEUMATOID VASCULITIS AND CUTANEOUS ULCERATION
RHEUMATOID NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS
FIBROBLASTIC RHEUMATISM
SARCOIDOSIS
HEBERDEN AND BOUCHARD NODES
HAEMOCHROMATOSIS
ALKAPTONURIA
METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CUTANEOUS INVOLVEMENT
GOUT
AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
ACNE
HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA
INFLAMMATORY CHONDROPATHIES
RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS
MAGIC SYNDROME
MASTOCYTOSIS
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS INVOLVING THE SKIN AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
PACHYDERMOPERIOSTOSIS
INTERSTITIAL GRANULOMATOUS DERMATOSIS
INTRALYMPHATIC HISTIOCYTOSIS
CUTANEOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS TO ANTIRHEUMATIC THERAPIES
INTRODUCTION
INFECTIVE ARTHROPATHIES
REACTIVE ARTHRITIS
VIRAL ARTHROPATHIES
BACTERIAL ARTHROPATHIES
OTHER INFECTIVE ARTHROPATHIES
SERONEGATIVE ARTHRITIS AND SPONDYLITIS
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
ATROPHIC SKIN WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
INFLAMMATORY ARTHROPATHIES
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
RHEUMATOID NODULES
RHEUMATOID VASCULITIS AND CUTANEOUS ULCERATION
RHEUMATOID NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS
FIBROBLASTIC RHEUMATISM
SARCOIDOSIS
HEBERDEN AND BOUCHARD NODES
HAEMOCHROMATOSIS
ALKAPTONURIA
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
RHEUMATOID NODULES
RHEUMATOID VASCULITIS AND CUTANEOUS ULCERATION
RHEUMATOID NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS
FIBROBLASTIC RHEUMATISM
SARCOIDOSIS
HEBERDEN AND BOUCHARD NODES
HAEMOCHROMATOSIS
ALKAPTONURIA
RHEUMATOID NODULES
RHEUMATOID VASCULITIS AND CUTANEOUS ULCERATION
RHEUMATOID NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS
FIBROBLASTIC RHEUMATISM
SARCOIDOSIS
HEBERDEN AND BOUCHARD NODES
HAEMOCHROMATOSIS
ALKAPTONURIA
METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CUTANEOUS INVOLVEMENT
GOUT
GOUT
AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
ACNE
HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA
ACNE
HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA
INFLAMMATORY CHONDROPATHIES
RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS
MAGIC SYNDROME
MASTOCYTOSIS
RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS
MAGIC SYNDROME
MASTOCYTOSIS
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS INVOLVING THE SKIN AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
PACHYDERMOPERIOSTOSIS
INTERSTITIAL GRANULOMATOUS DERMATOSIS
INTRALYMPHATIC HISTIOCYTOSIS
PACHYDERMOPERIOSTOSIS
INTERSTITIAL GRANULOMATOUS DERMATOSIS
INTRALYMPHATIC HISTIOCYTOSIS
CUTANEOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS TO ANTIRHEUMATIC THERAPIES
Part 14 Aesthetic Dermatology
Chapter 155 Skin Ageing
REFERENCES
Chapter 156 Cosmeceuticals
REFERENCES
Chapter 157 Soft Tissue Augmentation (Fillers)
REFERENCES
Chapter 158 Aesthetic Uses of Botulinum Toxins
REFERENCES
Chapter 159 Chemical Peels
REFERENCES
Chapter 160 Lasers and Energy-based Devices
REFERENCES
Index
EULA
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Chapter 3
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Table 3.4
Table 3.5
Table 3.6
Table 3.7
Chapter 4
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
Table 4.6
Table 4.7
Chapter 5
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Chapter 6
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Chapter 7
Table 7.1
Chapter 8
Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5
Table 8.6
Table 8.7
Table 8.8
Table 8.9
Table 8.10
Table 8.11
Chapter 9
Table 9.1
Table 9.2
Table 9.3
Chapter 10
Table 10.1
Table 10.2
Table 10.3
Table 10.4
Chapter 11
Table 11.1
Chapter 12
Table 12.1
Table 12.2
Table 12.3
Chapter 14
Table 14.1
Table 14.2
Table 14.3
Chapter 17
Table 17.1
Table 17.2
Table 17.3
Table 17.4
Table 17.5
Chapter 18
Table 18.1
Table 18.2
Table 18.3
Table 18.4
Table 18.5
Table 18.6
Table 18.7
Chapter 19
Table 19.1
Table 19.2
Chapter 20
Table 20.1
Table 20.2
Table 20.3
Table 20.4
Table 20.5
Table 20.6
Chapter 21
Table 21.1
Chapter 23
Table 23.1
Table 23.2
Table 23.3
Table 23.4
Table 23.5
Chapter 24
Table 24.1
Table 24.2
Chapter 25
Table 25.1
Table 25.2
Table 25.3
Table 25.4
Table 25.5
Table 25.6
Table 25.7
Table 25.8
Table 25.9
Table 25.10
Table 25.11
Table 25.12
Table 25.13
Table 25.14
Table 25.15
Table 25.16
Table 25.17
Table 25.18
Table 25.19
Table 25.20
Chapter 26
Table 26.1
Chapter 27
Table 27.1
Table 27.2
Table 27.3
Chapter 28
Table 28.1
Table 28.2
Chapter 29
Table 29.1
Table 29.2
Table 29.3
Table 29.4
Table 29.5
Table 29.6
Chapter 30
Table 30.1
Chapter 31
Table 31.1
Table 31.2
Table 31.3
Table 31.4
Table 31.5
Table 31.6
Table 31.7
Table 31.8
Table 31.9
Table 31.10
Table 31.11
Chapter 32
Table 32.1
Table 32.2
Table 32.3
Table 32.4
Table 32.5
Table 32.6
Table 32.7
Table 32.8
Table 32.9
Chapter 33
Table 33.1
Table 33.2
Table 33.3
Table 33.4
Table 33.5
Table 33.6
Chapter 34
Table 34.1
Table 34.2
Table 34.3
Table 34.4
Table 34.5
Table 34.6
Table 34.7
Table 34.8
Table 34.9
Chapter 35
Table 35.1
Table 35.2
Table 35.3
Table 35.4
Table 35.5
Table 35.6
Table 35.7
Chapter 36
Table 36.1
Chapter 38
Table 38.1
Table 38.2
Table 38.3
Table 38.4
Chapter 39
Table 39.1
Table 39.2
Table 39.3
Table 39.4
Chapter 40
Table 40.1
Chapter 41
Table 41.1
Table 41.2
Table 41.3
Table 41.4
Chapter 42
Table 42.1
Table 42.2
Table 42.3
Chapter 43
Table 43.1
Chapter 44
Table 44.1
Table 44.2
Chapter 45
Table 45.1
Table 45.2
Table 45.3
Chapter 47
Table 47.1
Chapter 48
Table 48.1
Table 48.2
Table 48.3
Chapter 49
Table 49.1
Table 49.2
Chapter 50
Table 50.1
Table 50.2
Table 50.3
Table 50.4
Table 50.5
Chapter 51
Table 51.1
Table 51.2
Table 51.3
Table 51.4
Table 51.5
Table 51.6
Table 51.7
Table 51.8
Table 51.9
Chapter 53
Table 53.1
Chapter 56
Table 56.1
Table 56.2
Table 56.3
Table 56.4
Table 56.5
Table 56.6
Table 56.7
Table 56.8
Table 56.9
Table 56.10
Table 56.11
Chapter 57
Table 57.1
Table 57.2
Table 57.3
Table 57.4
Table 57.5
Table 57.6
Chapter 58
Table 58.1
Table 58.2
Chapter 59
Table 59.1
Table 59.2
Table 59.3
Table 59.4
Table 59.5
Chapter 60
Table 60.1
Chapter 61
Table 61.1
Chapter 62
Table 62.1
Table 62.2
Table 62.3
Chapter 63
Table 63.1
Table 63.2
Table 63.3
Chapter 65
Table 65.1
Table 65.2
Table 65.3
Table 65.4
Table 65.5
Table 65.6
Table 65.7
Table 65.8
Table 65.9
Table 65.10
Table 65.11
Table 65.12
Table 65.13
Table 65.14
Table 65.15
Chapter 67
Table 67.1
Table 67.2
Table 67.3
Table 67.4
Chapter 68
Table 68.1
Table 68.2
Table 68.3
Table 68.4
Chapter 69
Table 69.1
Table 69.2
Table 69.3
Table 69.4
Table 69.5
Chapter 70
Table 70.1
Chapter 71
Table 71.1
Table 71.2
Table 71.3
Table 71.4
Chapter 72
Table 72.1
Table 72.2
Table 72.3
Table 72.4
Table 72.5
Table 72.6
Chapter 74
Table 74.1
Table 74.2
Table 74.3
Table 74.4
Table 74.5
Table 74.6
Chapter 75
Table 75.1
Chapter 77
Table 77.1
Table 77.2
Chapter 78
Table 78.1
Table 78.2
Table 78.3
Chapter 79
Table 79.1
Table 79.2
Chapter 80
Table 80.1
Table 80.2
Table 80.3
Table 80.4
Chapter 81
Table 81.1
Table 81.2
Table 81.3
Table 81.4
Table 81.5
Chapter 82
Table 82.1
Chapter 83
Table 83.1
Table 83.2
Table 83.3
Table 83.4
Table 83.5
Table 83.6
Chapter 84
Table 84.1
Table 84.2
Table 84.3
Chapter 86
Table 86.1
Table 86.2
Table 86.3
Table 86.4
Table 86.5
Chapter 87
Table 87.1
Chapter 88
Table 88.1
Chapter 89
Table 89.1
Table 89.2
Table 89.3
Table 89.4
Table 89.5
Table 89.6
Table 89.7
Table 89.8
Table 89.9
Table 89.10
Chapter 90
Table 90.1
Table 90.2
Table 90.3
Table 90.4
Table 90.5
Table 90.6
Table 90.7
Table 90.8
Table 90.9
Table 90.10
Table 90.11
Table 90.12
Table 90.13
Table 90.14
Table 90.15
Table 90.16
Table 90.17
Table 90.18
Table 90.19
Table 90.20
Table 90.21
Table 90.22
Table 90.23
Table 90.24
Table 90.25
Table 90.26
Table 90.27
Table 90.28
Table 90.29
Table 90.30
Table 90.31
Table 90.32
Table 90.33
Table 90.34
Table 90.35
Table 90.36
Table 90.37
Table 90.38
Table 90.39
Table 90.40
Chapter 91
Table 91.1
Table 91.2
Chapter 92
Table 92.1
Table 92.2
Chapter 93
Table 93.1
Chapter 94
Table 94.1
Chapter 95
Table 95.1
Table 95.2
Table 95.3
Table 95.4
Table 95.5
Table 95.6
Table 95.7
Table 95.8
Chapter 96
Table 96.1
Chapter 99
Table 99.1
Table 99.2
Table 99.3
Chapter 100
Table 100.1
Table 100.2
Chapter 101
Table 101.1
Table 101.2
Chapter 102
Table 102.1
Table 102.2
Table 102.3
Chapter 103
Table 103.1
Table 103.2
Table 103.3
Table 103.4
Table 103.5
Table 103.6
Table 103.7
Table 103.8
Table 103.9
Table 103.10
Table 103.11
Table 103.12
Table 103.13
Table 103.14
Table 103.15
Table 103.16
Table 103.17
Table 103.18
Table 103.19
Table 103.20
Table 103.21
Table 103.22
Table 103.23
Table 103.24
Table 103.25
Table 103.26
Table 103.27
Table 103.28
Table 103.29
Table 103.30
Table 103.31
Table 103.32
Table 103.33
Table 103.34
Table 103.35
Table 103.36
Table 103.37
Chapter 105
Table 105.1
Table 105.2
Table 105.3
Table 105.4
Table 105.5
Table 105.6
Table 105.7
Table 105.8
Table 105.9
Table 105.10
Table 105.11
Table 105.12
Chapter 106
Table 106.1
Table 106.2
Chapter 107
Table 107.1
Table 107.2
Table 107.3
Chapter 108
Table 108.1
Chapter 109
Table 109.1
Table 109.2
Table 109.3
Table 109.4
Table 109.5
Table 109.6
Table 109.7
Table 109.8
Table 109.9
Table 109.10
Table 109.11
Table 109.12
Chapter 110
Table 110.1
Table 110.2
Table 110.3
Table 110.4
Table 110.5
Table 110.6
Table 110.7
Table 110.8
Table 110.9
Table 110.10
Table 110.11
Table 110.12
Table 110.13
Table 110.14
Table 110.15
Table 110.16
Table 110.17
Table 110.18
Table 110.19
Table 110.20
Table 110.21
Table 110.22
Table 110.23
Table 110.24
Table 110.25
Table 110.26
Table 110.27
Table 110.28
Table 110.29
Table 110.30
Table 110.31
Chapter 111
Table 111.1
Chapter 112
Table 112.1
Table 112.2
Table 112.3
Table 112.4
Table 112.5
Table 112.6
Table 112.7
Table 112.8
Table 112.9
Chapter 113
Table 113.1
Table 113.2
Table 113.3
Chapter 114
Table 114.1
Table 114.2
Table 114.3
Table 114.4
Chapter 115
Table 115.1
Table 115.2
Chapter 116
Table 116.1
Table 116.2
Table 116.3
Table 116.4
Table 116.5
Chapter 117
Table 117.1
Table 117.2
Table 117.3
Chapter 118
Table 118.1
Table 118.2
Chapter 119
Table 119.1
Table 119.2
Table 119.3
Table 119.4
Chapter 120
Table 120.1
Table 120.2
Table 120.3
Table 120.4
Table 120.5
Table 120.6
Table 120.7
Table 120.8
Chapter 123
Table 123.1
Table 123.2
Table 123.3
Chapter 124
Table 124.1
Table 124.2
Table 124.3
Table 124.4
Table 124.5
Chapter 126
Table 126.1
Table 126.2
Table 126.3
Table 126.4
Chapter 127
Table 127.1
Chapter 128
Table 128.1
Table 128.2
Table 128.3
Table 128.4
Table 128.5
Table 128.6
Table 128.7
Table 128.8
Table 128.9
Table 128.10
Table 128.11
Table 128.12
Table 128.13
Chapter 129
Table 129.1
Table 129.2
Table 129.3
Chapter 130
Table 130.1
Table 130.2
Table 130.3
Table 130.4
Chapter 132
Table 132.1
Table 132.2
Table 132.3
Table 132.4
Table 132.5
Chapter 136
Table 136.1
Table 136.2
Chapter 139
Table 139.1
Table 139.2
Chapter 140
Table 140.1
Table 140.2
Table 140.3
Table 140.4
Table 140.5
Table 140.6
Table 140.7
Table 140.8
Table 140.9
Table 140.10
Table 140.11
Table 140.12
Table 140.13
Chapter 141
Table 141.1
Table 141.2
Table 141.3
Table 141.4
Chapter 142
Table 142.1
Table 142.2
Table 142.3
Table 142.4
Table 142.5
Table 142.6
Table 142.7
Table 142.8
Chapter 143
Table 143.1
Table 143.2
Table 143.3
Table 143.4
Table 143.5
Table 143.6
Chapter 144
Table 144.1
Table 144.2
Table 144.3
Table 144.4
Chapter 145
Table 145.1
Table 145.2
Table 145.3
Chapter 146
Table 146.1
Table 146.2
Table 146.3
Table 146.4
Table 146.5
Table 146.6
Table 146.7
Chapter 147
Table 147.1
Table 147.2
Table 147.3
Table 147.4
Chapter 148
Table 148.1
Table 148.2
Table 148.3
Table 148.4
Table 148.5
Table 148.6
Table 148.8
Table 148.9
Table 148.11
Table 148.10
Table 148.12
Table 148.13
Table 149.2
Table 149.3
Table 149.4
Table 149.5
Chapter 150
Table 150.1
Chapter 151
Table 151.1
Chapter 152
Table 152.1
Table 152.2
Chapter 154
Table 154.1
Chapter 156
Table 156.1
Table 156.2
Table 156.3
Chapter 157
Table 157.1
Table 157.2
Table 157.3
Table 157.4
Chapter 158
Table 158.1
Table 158.2
Chapter 159
Table 159.1
Chapter 160
Table 160.1
Table 160.2
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1
Imhotep, seated on the right with a surgical instrument.
Figure 1.2
Daniel Turner. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.3
The first English language dermatology textbook by Turner. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.4
Robert Willan. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.5
Willan's definitions. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.6
Psoriasis gyrata in Willan's textbook. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.7
Jean Louis Alibert. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.8
Alibert's syphilide pustuleuse en grappe. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.9
Alibert's arbre des dermatoses. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.10
Ferdinand von Hebra. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.11
Erasmus Wilson. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Figure 1.12
Louis Duhring. (From http://wellcomeimages.org/. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Wellcome Library, London.)
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1
The skin and its appendages.
Figure 2.2
Embryonic development of the skin depends on specific signalling molecules. Relative stimulation or inhibition by these signalling molecules also determines whether embryonic epidermis progresses to a stratified epidermis or whether formation of skin appendages is induced. BMP, bone morphogenic protein; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor.
Figure 2.3
Scanning electron micrograph of an 85–110-day (estimated gestation age) human embryo. Single globular blebs project from the periderm cells.
Figure 2.4
Electron micrograph of the full-thickness epidermis from the back of a 14-week human fetus. The periderm cells are full of glycogen (g) and have microvilli (m) at their amniotic border. Cells of the intermediate layer (i) also contain glycogen. Basal layer cells (b) have lost glycogen by this stage. Just above the dermal–epidermal junction (j) there is a melanocyte (me); the surrounding space indicates that it is a recent immigrant from the dermis (d). Osmium fixation and lead staining.
Figure 2.5
Embryonic stages of hair follicle morphogenesis.
Figure 2.6
Photomicrograph of a 1 μm-thick plastic section of normal human skin. The tissue was fixed with half-strength Karnovsky medium and embedded in Epon. This technique allows the cellular components of the epidermis, including keratinocytes, melanocytes (straight arrows) and probable Langerhans cells (curved arrows) to be clearly resolved. Magnification 400× (basic fuchsin and methylene blue).
Figure 2.7
The process of epidermal differentiation is associated with the expression of different structures, macromolecules, transcription factors and other signalling molecules and their receptors in the different keratinocyte layers. EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGFR, IGF receptor; TGF, transforming growth factor.
Figure 2.8
Electron micrograph showing details of the upper part of the epidermis including the stratum corneum (SC), stratum granulosum (SG) and most superficial cell layer of stratum spinosum (SS). Note the irregularly shaped keratohyalin granules (kh) and the small, round, lamellar granules (lg). The latter are present in both SS and SG and are smaller than mitochondria (m). The inset shows details of lamellar granules.
Figure 2.9
Assembly of the epidermal cornified cell envelope. In response to increasing intracellular calcium, an internal scaffold of desmosomal proteins is made along the plasma membrane. The contents of lamellar bodies (ceramides and other fatty acids, cholesterol and cholesterol esters) are released into the extracellular milieu to form a lipid membrane. The developing envelope is then added to and reinforced by the recruitment of various proteins, including loricrin, small proline-rich proteins (SPRs), other desmosomal remnants and attached keratin filaments. The resulting cornified cell envelope is durable and flexible and provides important mechanical and barrier functions.
Figure 2.10
Electron micrograph showing the location of epidermal lipids by ruthenium oxide staining. (a) Extrusion of lamellar body lipids or sheets can be seen at the interface between the stratum granulosum (SG) and stratum corneum (SC). Scale bar 0.1 μm. (b) Sheets of lipid bilayers (arrowed) are present in the intercellular spaces of the SC. Some regions show a repetitive pattern of staining. D, desmosome. Scale bar 0.1 μm.
Figure 2.11
Structural organization of the keratin filament network within a keratinocyte.
Figure 2.12
There are three components to the hair cycle: anagen (where new hair forms and grows), followed by catagen (regressing phase) and telogen (resting phase), and then loss of old hair. The hair cycle is associated with discrete changes in hair follicle anatomy, both in the shape of the follicle and in the subjacent dermal papilla. IRS, inner root sheath; ORS, outer root sheath.
Figure 2.13
Anatomy and structure of the human nail.
Figure 2.14
Merkel cell in human epidermis. The dermis (d) with collagen fibres is seen in the lower part of the picture; b, basement membrane; de, desmosomes making connections with adjacent basal keratinocyte; g, spherical granules (see inset); n, nucleus of Merkel cell; t, tonofilaments.
Figure 2.15
As part of the innate immune defence system, antimicrobial peptides can stimulate G-protein-coupled receptors to induce cytokine and chemokine release from keratinocytes as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling to influence cell proliferation and migration. CCL, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand; CXCL, C–X–C motif chemokine; IL, interleukin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription.
Figure 2.16
The skin microbiome contains numerous bacteria that are variably present in different body regions. (Adapted from Chen and Tsao 2013 [3].)
Figure 2.17
Dendritic appearance of epidermal Langerhans cells. Exposure to antigen provokes an increased movement of Langerhans cells as well as direct cell–cell contact between Langerhans cells.
Figure 2.18
When exposed to foreign antigen, the activity of resting Langerhans cells increases and the cells mature. Antigen is then processed and transported to the lymph nodes. T cells are then activated and an immune response is triggered.
Figure 2.19
Langerhans cell (L) with its characteristically indented nucleus, situated between keratinocytes. The inset shows Langerhans cell granules with racquet-shaped profiles.
Figure 2.20
Immune surveillance in normal skin is carried out by an array of skin-based dendritic cells, macrophages and resident T cells. iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.
Figure 2.21
Part of a human skin mast cell showing characteristic granules, some with scroll-like profiles (S). Arrows indicate perigranular membrane; L, lipid droplet; M, mitochondria; P, peripheral processes.
Figure 2.22
High-magnification views of dermal mast cell granules. (a) Typical scroll-like configuration of lamellae, some of which show a cross-banding of regular periodicity. (b) The substructure of this granule is a highly organized lattice (arrow).
Figure 2.23
(a) Activation of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) promotes the synthesis of eumelanin at the expense of phaeomelanin. Oxidation of tyrosine by tyrosinase (TYR), however, is required for synthesis of both pigment types. Melanosomal membrane components, including the membrane-associated transport protein (MATP) and the pink-eyed dilution protein (P), play a role in determining the amount of pigment synthesis within melanosomes. (b) In African, Asian and European skin there is a gradient of melanosome size and number; in addition, melanosomes in African skin are more widely dispersed.
Figure 2.24
Electron micrograph of desmosomes in the spinous layer. These intercellular junctions are closely associated with tonofilaments (tf), many of which, in this view, are cross-sectioned.
Figure 2.25
Macromolecular composition of desmosomes linking adjacent keratinocytes. Cells are connected via transmembranous cadherin glycoproteins (desmogleins and desmocollins). Attachment of these molecules to the keratin filament cytoskeleton occurs via a network of desmosomal plaque proteins (desmoplakin, plakoglobin and plakophilin). The background to this figure is a transmission electron micrograph of a desmosome to highlight how the molecules function as an adhesive complex.
Figure 2.26
Macromolecular composition of an adherens junction in keratinocytes. There are two main components, nectin–afadin and the classic cadherin–catenin complex, which can both attach to the actin cytoskeleton.
Figure 2.27
Formation and structure of gap junctions in human skin. (a) In the Golgi network six connexin subunits assemble to form a connexon. The connexon is then transported to the plasma membrane. Other connexons then co-aggregate to form homotypic or heterotypic gap junctions. (b) The gap junction protein is a transmembranous molecule with intracellular, transmembranous and extracellular domains (here illustrated for Cx26).
Figure 2.28
Structural composition of a tight junction in human skin. There are three transmembranous families of proteins, the junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), the claudins and the occludins, of which the latter two bind to zonula occludens proteins (ZOs) and then directly to actin. MUPP1, multiple PDZ domain protein; MAGI, membrane-associated guanyl kinase inverted protein.
Figure 2.29
NaCl-induced separation between the epidermis and dermis and antigen mapping within the cutaneous basement membrane. (a) The dermal–epidermal basement membrane visualized by immunofluorescence staining with antibodies to type VII collagen. This maps to the base of the split because cleavage occurs through the lamina lucida, and type VII collagen is located below the lamina densa. (b) Molecular complexity at the dermal–epidermal junction and how various proteins map above or below the NaCl-induced split (red line and asterisk). BP, bullous pemphigoid.
Figure 2.30
Transmission electron microscopy of the dermal–epidermal junction in human skin recognizing hemidesmosomes (HD), anchoring filaments (Afl) and anchoring fibrils (Afb). The HD consists of an intracellular inner plaque (IP) and outer plaque (OP) as well as a sub-basal dense plate (SBDP) in the upper lamina lucida (LL). The anchoring filaments traverse the LL, appearing as thread-like structures that concentrate under the HDs and merge with the lamina densa (LD). Anchoring fibrils extend from the lower part of the LD to the upper papillary dermis where they closely associate with interstitial collagen fibres (Col). Keratin intermediate filaments (KIFs) associate with intracellular components of the HDs. Scale bar 0.25 μm.
Figure 2.31
Gene/protein systems within the cutaneous basement membrane zone that can harbour mutations and result in blistering of the skin in different forms of epidermolysis bullosa (EB). BP, bullous pemphigoid.
Figure 2.32
Immunofluorescence staining of the dermis and cutaneous basement membrane zone with an antibody for type IV collagen. Note positive staining at the dermal–epidermal basement membrane and around the dermal blood vessels. Original magnification 250×.
Figure 2.33
Demonstration of periodicity in collagen fibres of 640 Å. (a) Collagen fibrils in the reticular dermis show a characteristic banding pattern after standard processing and staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate for transmission electron microscopy. Scale bar 0.1 μm. (b) Transmission electron micrograph of a shadowed replica of unfixed, freeze-frozen and surface-sublimated rat-tail tendon collagen showing the step-like banding of the fibres. Original magnification 40 500×.
Figure 2.34
Assembly of type IV and type VII collagen molecules into supramolecular structures. The red boxes represent intermolecular disulphide bonds.
Figure 2.35
Different isoforms and domain organizations of laminin, each consisting of three distinct subunit polypeptides, α-, β- and γ-chains. The LE modules are formed by approximately 60 residues each and have homology to epidermal growth factor. The LN and L4 modules are folded into globular structures located between the LE modules (domain IV) or at the amino-terminus of each chain (domain VI). The coiled-coil central region, comprising all three polypeptides, is represented as vertical straight lines. Note the presence of a G domain consisting of five globular segments (LG) at the carboxy-terminus of the α-chains. (Adapted from Aumailley and Rouselle 1999 [8].
Figure 2.36
(a) Laminin 332 expressed in the cutaneous basement membrane zone. (b) Immunogold electron microscopy using an antibody to the γ2 chain of laminin 332 showing labelling at the lamina lucida–lamina densa interface below a hemidesmosome. Scale bar, 50 nm.
Figure 2.37
Molecular composition, domain organization and functions of the α6β4 integrin, the main keratinocyte integrin in hemidesmosomes. This integrin is important in hemidesmosome assembly and protein–protein interactions. FN, fibronectin.
Figure 2.38
Model of nidogen, containing subdomains with predicted binding activities to type IV collagen, proteoglycans and laminin 1. EF and Ca refer to putative calcium-binding sites; RGD is a putative cell-binding sequence. EGF, epidermal growth factor. (Adapted from Niessen
et al
. 1994 [9].
Figure 2.39
Structure and domain organization of the major protein components at the cutaneous basement membrane zone, with their molecular weights and chromosomal locations of the corresponding genes. BPAG, bullous pemphigoid antigen. (From Pulkkinen and Uitto 1998 [7].
Figure 2.40
Molecular interactions of the major components of the cutaneous basement membrane zone. The individual components are identified in the colour key and their domain organizations are given in Figure 2.39. BPAG, bullous pemphigoid antigen; HD, hemidesmosome. (Adapted from Pulkkinen and Uitto 1998 [7].
Figure 2.41
Transmission electron microscopy of the dermal–epidermal junction revealing wheatsheaf-shaped anchoring fibrils beneath the lamina densa. These fibrils help secure adhesion between the epidermal basement membrane and interstitial collagens within the dermis.
Figure 2.42
Transmission electron micrograph of a section of dermis from the human forearm showing bundles of collagen fibres, both in transverse and longitudinal sections. Original magnification 4900×.
Figure 2.43
Type XVII collagen, a transmembrane protein in type 2 orientation. Note that the ectodomain traversing the lamina lucida contains 15 distinct triple helical collagenous segments (COL1–15). The non-collagenous segment between COL15 and the transmembrane domain, NC-16A, harbours the major epitopes recognized by autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid. ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs, cleaves the protein at a sequence in the NC-16A, resulting in release of the ectodomain. (Adapted from Powell
et al
. 2005 [12].)
Figure 2.44
Steps in the intracellular biosynthesis of triple helical type I procollagen, its secretion into the extracellular space, and assembly and cross-linking of mature collagen fibres in the extracellular space.
Figure 2.45
Enzymatic hydroxylation of prolyl residues in the Y-position of the repeating Gly-X-Y amino acid sequence to form hydroxyproline, an amino acid characteristic of collagen. Note that the reaction requires molecular oxygen, ferrous iron, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and ascorbic acid (As.Ac.) as co-factors.
Figure 2.46
Formation of intermolecular cross-links between individual collagen molecules. The cross-linking is initiated by the conversion of lysine or a hydroxylysine residue that contains an ε-amino group to a corresponding aldehyde (I). The aldehyde then reacts with an unmodified ε-amino group in an adjacent collagen molecule (II) to form a Schiff base-type covalent cross-link (III).
Figure 2.47
Structural organization of various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), divided into different subclasses. The signal, propeptide, active catalytic hinge and haemopexin regions are indicated. Note that MMP7 lacks the haemopexin region, while MMP14–17 harbour membrane-binding sequences at the carboxy-terminal end.
Figure 2.48
Main organization of various ADAMTS family metalloproteinases. The catalytic domain is shown in red, while other domains include the thrombospondin type I repeat sequences (green), disintegrin-like domain (blue) and cysteine domain (yellow). The signal peptidase is shown in black, the propeptide sequence is coloured pink and the spacer domain is in orange. ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs.
Figure 2.49
Immunofluorescence staining of type I collagen (a,d) and the elastic fibre network (b,e) in the dermis of human skin visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Merging of the images (c,f) reveals that the elastic fibres assume a horizontal orientation in the mid-dermis while vertical extensions (oxytalan and elaunin fibres) reach the upper dermis, terminating just below the dermal–epidermal junction. Note that in sun-damaged skin there is a dramatic decrease and disorganization of both collagen and elastic fibres in comparison with sun-protected skin. (Adapted from Uitto and Bernstein 1998 [3].)
Figure 2.50
Transmission electron microscopy of an elastic fibre in the reticular dermis. The central electron-pale core consists of elastin (E), while the electron-dense areas represent the elastin-associated microfibrillar proteins which are particularly evident at the periphery of the fibre (arrow). Scale bar 0.5 μm.
Figure 2.51
Assembly and cross-linking of elastic fibres. Newly synthesized elastin precursor polypeptides, tropoelastins, with alternating hydrophobic and cross-link regions are secreted into the extracellular milieu. Lysine residues in characteristic lys-ala-ala-lys or lys-ala-ala-ala-lys sequences in the cross-link region undergo oxidative deamination of the ε-amino groups catalysed by lysyl oxidase, an enzyme requiring copper as a co-factor. Three resulting allysine residues fuse with an unmodified lysine residue to form desmosines, elastin-specific cross-link molecules. (Adapted from Mahoney
et al
. 2009 [7].)
Figure 2.52
Elastic fibres cross-linked by desmosines (red). In the relaxed state, the fibres assume coiled-coil conformations. When the fibres are stretched and then released, they return to a relaxed state, the contraction providing elasticity and resilience to the skin.
Figure 2.53
Prototypic proteoglycan in which the central core (green) is hyaluronic and the link proteins are represented by S-shapes, joining the protein side chains and carbohydrate polymers. (Adapted from Stryer 1995 [6].)
Figure 2.54
Glycosaminoglycan molecules that comprise the carbohydrate polymer side chains of proteoglycan molecules, including (a) heparin and heparan, (b) hyaluronic acid, (c) keratan sulphate and (d) various chrondroitin sulphates. Note the variants that include
O
-sulphation at the 6 position of both glucosamine and galactose.
Figure 2.55
Core protein aggrecan is joined by link proteins to hyluronate, with keratan sulphate (KS, blue) and chondroitin sulphate (CS, purple) side chains. aa, amino acids. (Adapted from Heinegard and Oldberg 1993 [7].)
Figure 2.56
Human versican gene: intron–exon organization (top) and deduced functional domains of the encoded protein. CRP, complement regulatory protein; EGF, epidermal growth factor; GAG, glycosaminoglycan; HBR, hyaluronan-binding region; SP, signal peptide; UTR, untranslated region. (Adapted from Dours-Zimmerman and Zimmerman 1994 [8].)
Figure 2.57
Transmission electron microscopy of an activated dermal fibroblast (F) in a healing wound. Note the prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of this cell. There is an adjacent macrophage (M) with characteristic phagolysosomes, some of which contain ingested melanosomes.
Figure 2.58
Histology of microvessels in the reticular dermis. Arterioles (A) can be distinguished from venules (V) by the presence of elastic lamina, which stains red. Surrounding mast cells can be distinguished by their prominent red/blue cytoplasmic granules. Original magnification 400× (basic fuchsin and methylene blue stain).
Figure 2.59
Transmission electron microscopy of a cross-section through a small arteriole in the skin. Note the relatively smooth surface of the endothelial cell (E) surrounding the lumen (L) and the presence of smooth muscle (SM) with an associated nerve (N). There is a small amount of elastic tissue (el) adjacent to the endothelial basement membrane (bm).
Figure 2.60
Transmission electron microscopy of a transverse section through a venule in the skin. The surface of the endothelial cells (E) in the lumen (L) is more convoluted than in its arteriolar counterpart (see Figure 2.59). The endothelial cells are surrounded by pericytes (P), and not smooth muscle cells, and the basement membrane (bm) contains dense strands (small arrows). The arrowheads indicate Weibel–Palade bodies.
Figure 2.61
High magnification view of Weibel–Palade bodies revealing tubular profiles in cross-section.
Figure 2.62
Histochemical detection of alkaline phosphatase activity indicating the presence of arterial microvessels in the superficial dermis. Original magnification 160×.
Figure 2.63
Epithelial stem cells are found within the interfollicular epidermis, the base of sebaceous glands and in the bulge area of hair follicles.
Figure 2.64
Epidermal stem cell proliferation is regulated positively by β1 integrin and transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) and negatively (–) by TGF-β signalling. The transcription factors c-Myc and p63 also promote epidermal proliferation. Notch signalling and the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), AP2α/γ and C/EBPα/β control the differentiation of epidermal cells.
Figure 2.65
Possible mechanisms for the proliferative potential of stem cells (SC) in the basal keratinocyte layer. In the symmetrical division model, two stem cells are produced. Some of these cells in contact with the epidermal basement membrane are transient-amplifying cells (TA). These cells are capable of dividing four to five times before leaving the basal layer (delamination, black arrows) to become a spinous layer cell (SP) and entering terminal differentiation. In the asymmetrical division model, there is preferential partitioning of proliferation-associated factors into the stem cell daughter cell and, conversely, preferential partitioning of differentiation-inducing components into the daughter cell that is destined to become an SP. Depending on the orientation of the cell spindle, the daughter cell destined for differentiation can either become an SP directly or delaminate from the basal layer to enter terminal differentiation.
In vivo
, both mechanisms may exist.
Figure 2.66
Structural and functional changes associated with skin ageing.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1
Instruments for skin biopsy, including scalpel, scissors, needle holder and skin hooks.
Figure 3.2
Disposable punch for cutaneous biopsy.
Figure 3.3
Blocking of elliptical skin biopsy specimens. (a) Neoplastic lesions. Multiple transverse blocks through the whole lesion allow for histopathological examination of the tumour at all levels, and assessment of the narrowest excision margins. (b) Incisional biopsy of inflammatory lesion. Longitudinal blocking is recommended; this allows optimal visualization of the affected and adjacent normal skin.
Figure 3.4
Photocopy procedure for recording the preparation of blocks. (a) The appearance of a macroscopic specimen of melanoma. (b) Transverse blocks are taken from the specimen, and their exact position is recorded on a photocopy made from the surface of the gross specimen.
Figure 3.5
(a) Connective tissue naevus. The section stained with H&E only shows focal condensation of the collagen. (b) An elastic van Gieson stain shows marked focal increase in the number of elastic fibres.
Figure 3.6
Periodic acid–Schiff stain showing numerous hyphae within the hair shaft in an endothrix infection.
Figure 3.7
Periodic acid–Schiff stain showing thickening of the basement membrane zone in cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
Figure 3.8
(a) A prominent lymphocytic infiltrate which is focally lichenoid and is associated with extravasation of red blood cells in a case of lichen aureus (H&E). (b) Perls’ stain highlighting numerous haemosiderin-containing macrophages, a useful technique to confirm the diagnosis of lichen aureus.
Figure 3.9
Chloroacetate esterase stain. Mast cells appear red with this technique.
Figure 3.10
Different immunofluorescence techniques: (a) direct, (b) indirect and (c) double staining.
Figure 3.11
Different immunoperoxidase techniques: (a) direct, (b) indirect, (c) modified indirect and (d) with peroxidase–antiperoxidase (PAP) complex.
Figure 3.12
