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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Lebensstil
- Sprache: Englisch
Rugby basics for fans, players, and parents who are new to the game, plus all the latest developments for those returning to the sport Rugby For Dummies, Fourth Edition teaches you the essential elements of the fast-growing sport of rugby, so you can follow all the action--and get ready for the U.S.-hosted 2031 and 2033 Rugby World Cups. This helpful Dummies guide also gives you the information that you need to start playing or coaching rugby. You'll get clear explanations of the rules, insight into strategy and tactics, and info on all the most popular tournaments around the globe. Learn about the rugby greats of yesterday, plus get updates on the most significant changes at every level, from high school to international level. This new edition covers the evolution of the laws that govern play and looks at how the women's game and the sevens version of the sport have grown. * Learn how rugby is played, including necessary skills and strategies for winning * Take a look at the most entertaining North American and international rugby competitions * Get tips for joining a rugby team or becoming a rugby coach * Familiarize yourself with the history of previous World Cups in time for the next one This is the perfect Dummies guide for anyone who wants to better understand all aspects of the game of rugby.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Rugby For Dummies®, 4th Edition
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Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2023932736
ISBN 978-1-394-17054-8 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-394-17056-2 (ebk); 978-1-394-17055-5 (ebk)
Rugby For Dummies®
To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Rugby For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box.
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: Rugby: Roots, Boots, and All
Chapter 1: Rugby’s Beginnings, Allure, and a Basic Overview
Rugby’s Roots: The Birth of the Game
How the Game Is Played
Understanding the Essentials of the Game
Rugby Is a Worldwide Game
Coaching and Refereeing
Keeping Informed about the Game
Chapter 2: The Basics
Figuring Out the Field
Understanding the Scoring System
Timekeeping on the Field
Introducing the Players
Chapter 3: Grab Your Rugby Gear
Getting It Together: The Essentials of the Kit Bag
Getting the Gear
Protecting Your Assets
Part 2: Getting Down and Dirty
Chapter 4: Location, Location, Location: Positions on the Pitch
A Place for Everyone
Playing the Numbers Game
Fearless Forwards
Get to the Back of the Line
Chapter 5: Laying Down the Laws
The Laws of the Game
Introducing the Match Officials
Recognizing the Referee’s Signals
Chapter 6: Understanding the Fundamentals
The Object of the Game
Running, Passing, and Kicking
What Can Go Wrong?
The Tackle Law — Where Football Ends, Rugby Begins
The Advantage Law — When Play Stops and When It Continues
Observing the Offside Law
Playing Foul
Taking Penalties
Chapter 7: Playing the Game
Getting Started
The Tackle Situation
Breaking Down the Breakdown
Tackle, Ruck, or Maul?
Roughing It in the Rucks
Mastering the Maul
Chapter 8: The Art of Scrummaging
Scrum Isn’t Synonymous with Mayhem
Sections of the Scrum
Engagement
Laws at Scrumtime
Strategic Scrummaging
Chapter 9: Lineouts: Restarting from Touch
Determining When a Lineout Occurs
Understanding Where a Lineout Takes Place
Figuring Out Who Gets the Throw-in
Lining Up for a Lineout
Starring Roles in a Lineout
Talking Tactics Down the Line
Things You Can’t Do
Taking It Quick
Chapter 10: Individual Skills
Running Rampant
Passing with Panache
Kicking Cleverly
Tackling Tough
Chapter 11: Tactics and Teamwork
Creating a Game Plan
Weathering the Conditions
Deciding On a Game Plan
Attacking Artistically
Defending Devilishly
Part 3: Welcome to the Oval Planet
Chapter 12: The World Cup
The Crown Jewel of Rugby
The Origins and History of the Rugby World Cup
Qualification and Final Tournament
North Americans in the World Cup
Mammoths and Minnows
Great World Cup Moments
Other Cups on the World Stage
Chapter 13: The International Calendar
How the Game Is Organized
The Powers That Be
Interprovincial and Provincial Rugby
Chapter 14: North American Rugby
Checking Out Rugby in the United States
Investigating Rugby in Canada
Going Global: North American Internationals
Chapter 15: Amateur Rugby in North America
Clubbing with the Yanks
Considering the Canadian Club Scene
Chapter 16: Collegiate, High School, and Youth Rugby in North America
Playing the American Collegiate Game
Starting Young: High School and Youth Rugby in the United States
Canadian Collegiate Championships
High School and Youth Rugby in Canada
Part 4: Coaching and Refereeing
Chapter 17: Coaching
Grand Obsession: The Making of a Good Coach
Coaching Safety
Tackling a Tough Job
Deciding Whether Coaching Is for You
You’re Not Alone: Support Staff
Chapter 18: Coaching Certification and Advancement
Coaching Accreditation in the United States
Coach Training in Canada
The International Rugby Academy
Coaching Hatchlings to Eagles
Chapter 19: Managing the Game: The Referee
The Responsibility of the Whistle
Becoming a Ref in the States
Picking Up the Whistle Up North
Part 5: Following the Game: The Informed Fan
Chapter 20: Get Your Game: Rugby on TV
Rugby on Television in the United States
Rugby on Television in Canada
Speaking the Language
Chapter 21: Spectating and Staying in Touch with Rugby News
Finding a Match to Watch
Blending In with the Crowd
Touring Overseas
Finding Out More about the Game
Part 6: The Part of Tens
Chapter 22: The Ten (or So) Greatest North American Men
Gareth Rees
Dan Lyle
Al Charron
Dave Hodges
Mike James
Brian Vizard
Rod Snow
Luke Gross
Aaron Carpenter
Todd Clever
Honorable Mentions
Sevens Stars
Chapter 23: The Ten (or So) Greatest North American Women
Patty Jervey
Jen Crawford
Gillian Florence
Phaidra Knight
Heather Moyse
Jamie Burke
Magali Harvey
Kathy Flores
Sarah Ulmer
Leslie Cripps
Honorable Mentions
Sevens Stars
Chapter 24: The Ten Best Rugby Moments
Top Five Around the World
Top Five North American Moments
Glossary
Index
About the Authors
Advertisement Page
Connect with Dummies
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2
FIGURE 2-1: The rugby playing enclosure.
FIGURE 2-2: Preparing to take a conversion kick.
FIGURE 2-3: Scoring a drop goal with a drop kick requires a lot of skill and ex...
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3-1: Placing the ball at the correct angle on the kicking tee.
FIGURE 3-2: Protective shoulder padding.
Chapter 4
FIGURE 4-1: The forwards and backs getting ready to attack.
FIGURE 4-2: Forming a scrum, ready to compete for the ball.
FIGURE 4-3: The scrumhalf putting the ball in at the scrum.
Chapter 6
FIGURE 6-1: Players who are offside are temporarily out of the game.
FIGURE 6-2: Move back, or break the 10-meter law.
Chapter 7
FIGURE 7-1: Kickoff formation.
FIGURE 7-2: Forming a ruck.
FIGURE 7-3: Forming a maul.
Chapter 8
FIGURE 8-1: Binding together: The front row gets ready for a scrum.
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9-1: Touch and the place for the throw-in.
FIGURE 9-2: The 50:22 kick rule.
FIGURE 9-3: Contesting possession in the lineout.
FIGURE 9-4: A tight view of the lifters’ binds.
Chapter 10
FIGURE 10-1: Stepping out with the side-step.
FIGURE 10-2: Fending off a would-be tackler.
FIGURE 10-3: Passing the oval ball.
FIGURE 10-4: Spinning out with a spin pass.
FIGURE 10-5: Kicking a spiral punt for distance and accuracy.
FIGURE 10-6: Testing the opposition with an up and under.
FIGURE 10-7: Rolling out a grubber kick.
FIGURE 10-8: Goal-kicking technique.
FIGURE 10-9: Making a front-on driving tackle.
FIGURE 10-10: Diving in to tackle from behind.
Chapter 11
FIGURE 11-1: Ready to mount a man-on-man defense.
FIGURE 11-2: Lining up to launch a drift defense against the attackers.
Chapter 12
FIGURE 12-1: U.S. women team photo after winning the World Cup, 1991.
Chapter 14
FIGURE 14-1: 1924 U.S. Olympic gold medal team.
FIGURE 14-2: United States National Women’s team at WRWC 2022.
Chapter 16
FIGURE 16-1: Lindenwood University, 2022 CRAA Women’s D1 Elite National Champio...
Chapter 21
FIGURE 21-1: Showing their true colors, rugby fans cheer their team on.
Chapter 22
FIGURE 22-1: Gareth Rees.
FIGURE 22-2: Dan Lyle soars for a lineout.
Chapter 23
FIGURE 23-1: Patty Jervey prepares to make a tackle.
FIGURE 23-2: Rugby Canada’s Gillian Florence.
Guide
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Glossary
Index
About the Authors
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Introduction
Welcome to Rugby For Dummies, 4th Edition. This book is your introduction to a sport that has attracted a passionate following around the world for more than a century, but has only recently exploded in popularity in the United States and Canada. As rugby devotees ourselves, we understand the natural appeal of the sport and why you feel the need to find out more about it.
Rugby is the world’s third-most popular team sport and is played in 129 countries. The nonstop action is breathtaking as the athletes confront each other over 80 minutes of gut-wrenching competition.
Although it was first introduced here almost 150 years ago, up until very recently rugby was a mystery to most North Americans. In the last few decades, rugby has made the transition from being a totally amateur game to a fully professional sport. This revolutionary development has increased the fitness of the players, sped up the game, and created a vastly more entertaining, television-friendly product that is growing by leaps and bounds all across North America.
This book is intended to help rugby fans, parents, players, coaches, and their families get acquainted with the basic elements of this fantastic game. We hope this book lifts the veil of mystery that has shrouded the sport and enables you to appreciate both the excitement on the field and the camaraderie off it that makes rugby truly unique.
About This Book
Rugby For Dummies includes all the information you need to get started in the sport, whether you want to be a player, coach, or spectator. It’s the first comprehensive guide to all things rugby and was written specifically for a North American audience. Plenty of foreign books talk about rugby, but to our knowledge, this is the only one that explains the game in terms that Americans and Canadians can easily understand.
We’ve made ease of access and cross-referencing a priority at all times, so you can use this book to quickly locate a specific topic, find the information you’re looking for, and get on with your life.
Foolish Assumptions
In this book, we’ve made some assumptions about your experience with rugby:
You’ve probably heard it described as “football without pads” and think it’s a tough sport that’s mostly played by foreigners.
You’ve seen it on TV or streaming online and thought that it looked pretty cool but were unable to follow the action or understand what was happening from minute to minute, especially when the referee blew the whistle.
You know somebody who played the game in college and they loved it but they mostly talk about the parties afterward.
Your child, grandchild, or someone you know has just started playing rugby and you want to be able to intelligently watch them play their new sport.
Icons Used in This Book
To help you navigate your way through this book, six icons appear in the margins. The icons point you to a particular type of information, depending on your needs. The icons mean the following:
We use this icon to offer useful information and advice for both the player and the coach. And even if you’re not either of those, the information highlighted with this icon will help you elevate your knowledge and enjoyment of the game.
When you see this icon, you know that the information that follows is important enough to read twice!
Whenever safety is an issue, we use this symbol to alert you of the potential risk and then explain how to minimize or avoid harm.
This icon indicates a technical discussion is underway. You can skip this information if you want to because it isn’t necessary for an understanding of the basics. If you do read it, though, your rugby expertise will go up a few notches.
When you see this icon, get buckled in for an entertaining tale from your coauthor’s vast reservoir of rugby exploits, recounted from his unique rugby-centric perspective of the universe.
When you find this icon, remember that your other coauthor has been at the forefront of bringing rugby to the North American audience for almost three decades and has, by necessity, become a self-educated expert in everything related to the game.
Beyond the Book
In addition to the abundance of information and guidance related to rugby that we provide in this book, you get access to even more help and information online at Dummies.com. Check out this book’s online Cheat Sheet. Just go to www.dummies.com and search for “Rugby For Dummies Cheat Sheet.”
Where to Go from Here
So now you’re ready to start your incredible journey into the world’s most amazing game. Where you go from here depends on your experience and the type of information you’re looking for. If you’ve got no clue at all, start at the beginning and enjoy the ride. If you have a question about a particular phase of play, head directly to that chapter and get the answers you need.
Regardless of where you begin, we’re confident that by the time you reach the end of your trip through these pages, you’ll see the light and share our love for the game they play in heaven. Welcome to the rugby family!
Part 1
Rugby: Roots, Boots, and All
IN THIS PART …
To make you feel comfortable about everything rugby, this part provides an introduction to the game and lays out the basic parameters of the sport.
To start, we tell you why rugby is so awesome and one of the most widely played sports around the world. We explain what’s required to win, describe how the scoring system works, show the field on which the game is played, and spell out what goes on during a match. Finally, we tell you what gear you’ll need to have when you show up for that first training session.
Chapter 1
Rugby’s Beginnings, Allure, and a Basic Overview
IN THIS CHAPTER
Exploring rugby’s illustrious past
Understanding how the game is played
Going around the world with rugby
Calling the shots with coaches and referees
Staying in touch with the rugby world
Why do millions of fans around the globe watch 30 players chase an oval ball on a field of grass as if the world would end if they missed one pass, kick, or tackle? Because they’re hooked on rugby — a game of passion that’s full of action, excitement, and beauty, as well as unpredictable moments and dramatic resolutions on the field, plus unique camaraderie off of it. When played by the best competitors in the sport, rugby satisfies the soul like nothing else.
Rugby’s Roots: The Birth of the Game
The game gets its name from Rugby, a town in England’s Midlands, where it was first played at Rugby School. The legend goes that in 1823 a schoolboy by the name of William Webb Ellis first picked up the ball in the middle of a soccer game and ran with it, thereby breaking the old rules and setting the stage for an entirely new game (see the following section for the creation of this myth).
What is true is that the game was popularized and the rules codified at Rugby School. The school’s alumni spread the game throughout Britain to other schools and universities, like Oxford and Cambridge, and eventually to the far reaches of the British Empire.
The mythical pick-up of William Webb Ellis
William Webb Ellis was indeed a student at Rugby School from 1816 to 1825, and then he went on to study at Oxford before joining the clergy. He died in 1872 and is buried in Menton, in the South of France. But his being a student at Rugby School in 1823 is about as much historical fact as can be determined about him regarding his invention of the game of rugby. In reality, four years after his death the myth was created for a specific purpose — so that the upper classes in England could justify their control of the game. Around the time the story was concocted, rugby was in the throes of a great battle between amateurism and professionalism that would eventually split the sport into two different codes.
Ellis’s posthumous anointment as father of the game was a significant event in that battle, and his name lives on today as the embodiment of the sport’s crowning achievement, the William Webb Ellis Cup, which is awarded to the winner of the quadrennial World Cup (see Chapter 12 for more about the World Cup).
A century of amateurism
From its beginnings at English public schools, rugby was definitely an elitist pursuit that actively discouraged and prohibited the payment of players. In 1895, after the Rugby Football Union (RFU) refused to allow clubs to compensate players for missing work to play the game, 22 clubs broke away from the union to form the Northern Football Union. This forerunner of professional rugby league (a similar game but with only 13 players) eventually adopted its own set of rules and began paying players — something rugby union wouldn’t do for another century.
Up until the 1990s, rugby union was a strictly amateur sport. While there were obviously numerous cases of cushy jobs, special treatment, and under-the-table payments, rugby administrators in both hemispheres diligently ferreted out cases of direct pay-for-play offers and banned those who were caught. Making the jump to rugby league meant no further involvement in rugby union at any level.
The fact that this prohibition against remuneration outlasted even the Olympic movement’s similar rule is a testament to the amount of control the game’s conservative governors exerted over a worldwide sport. By 1995, the pressures of money and television had become too great and, under threat of losing the best players to league or upstart union competitions, the powers that be capitulated and the sport entered a new era of professionalism.
REASONS WHY RUGBY IS SO AWESOME
We’ve been collectively around the game from club to international level for almost 70 years, and have observed the following truths about the game. Here are the reasons we think rugby is the best sport in the world:
Anyone can play rugby. The game does not discriminate — rich or poor, male or female, young or old, every person can enjoy this fantastic game.There’s a position for everyone. Whether you are 7 feet tall or 5 feet tall, 100 pounds or 300 pounds, fleet as a cheetah or slow as an ox, an appropriate position exists for every body type.Everyone participates fully. Although there are 15 different positions, each player uses a skill set that includes running with the ball, passing, tackling, rucking, mauling, and kicking.Rugby tests athleticism and courage. Fast running, towering kicking, and fearless tackling are all elements of the game that challenge players to reach their athletic potential in the face of danger.Rugby players share a global bond. The game is played in more than 100 countries, but its devotees nevertheless belong to a select group. No rugby player is ever without a friend as long as another rugby player is nearby.Rugby has a unique ethos on the field. Rugby is a hard, aggressive game that attracts fierce competitors. Regardless of the intensity, however, honorable conduct is expected of all participants, and you won’t find the sort of trash-talking that pollutes most other professional sports in North America.Rugby has a unique ethos off the field. The same players who do their best to legally smash each other for 80 minutes during a match will always shake hands and share a beverage and a chat afterward. Whether at a club game or the highest international level, socializing with the opposition is mandatory.Rugby is easy to follow. Although it looks chaotic at first, rugby is easy to understand and appreciate when you become familiar with a few simple principles of play.Rugby people are cool. Rugby brings together a gregarious, intelligent, diverse group of characters who are fun to be around.Rugby has a proud history. While it is new to many North Americans, rugby has a long and storied tradition of competitive excellence, fair play, and sporting spirit that transcends the game itself.Rugby Union, or simply “rugby,” has a passionate, worldwide following and is played in more than half the countries on the planet. Rugby League, or just “league,” is a more regionally popular game with adherents mostly located in Northern England, Southern France, and in scattered parts of Australasia. The sole subject of this book is Rugby Union.
How the Game Is Played
At first glance, rugby can look very complicated. The rugby field is covered in a myriad of lines and populated by 30 players running around and performing seemingly disjointed actions while wearing a variety of accoutrements. Don’t fear, though — a little bit of explanation will clear up exactly where they are, what they’re doing, and what they’re wearing.
The field
Rugby is played on a grass field measuring 100 meters long by no more than 70 meters wide (109.4 yards long by 76.5 yards wide). At each end of the field there are goalposts on the goal line and an in-goal area that varies by venue but is usually between 10 and 22 meters long (10.9 yards to 24.1 yards). (All measurements in this book and in rugby are given in meters.)
Lots of lines are marked on a rugby field. The most important ones are the following:
Goal lines:
Players have to reach these lines in order to score.
22-meter lines:
These lines are vital because they influence where play restarts after the ball is kicked out from behind them.
Halfway line:
This is where play starts after every score.
We talk more about the field — and all its other lines — in Chapter 2.
The scoring
The aim of rugby is to score more points than the opposition. This is done in four different ways:
Try:
The most valuable play is to score a
try,
which means touching the ball down in the opponent’s in-goal area or on their goal line. Doing so is worth five points and earns that team the right to attempt a conversion kick.
Conversion kick:
This kick is worth an additional two points. The conversion kick is taken from a spot in line with where the ball was originally grounded, so scoring as close to the posts as possible is best.
Penalty kick:
Penalties for various infractions can be used to take a kick at goal, which is worth three points.
Dropped goal:
A
dropped goal,
which occurs when the player drops the ball on the ground and then kicks it just as it bounces, is worth three points if it goes through the uprights.
We cover scoring in greater detail in Chapter 2.
The gear
In the old days, rugby players wore boots, socks, jerseys, and maybe a bit of tape. The laws have changed over the years to allow much more safety gear to be worn. In the modern era, seeing players wearing padded headgear, compression shorts, light padding under their jerseys to protect shoulders and ribs, and, of course, mouth guards is common. Chapter 3 lets you know what’s legal to wear and what’s not.
Understanding the Essentials of the Game
Like most sports that didn’t originate in North America, rugby can be difficult to comprehend at first glance because of the large number of players involved, the seemingly random calls of the referee, and the wide variety of strategies employed by different teams to score points and get wins. To help you begin your journey toward a complete understanding of the game, in the following sections we outline who all the players are, explain what the referee is generally looking for during the match, and spell out the basic skills required to be successful on the pitch.
Puzzling out the positions
A rugby team has 15 positions. Each player wears a specific number and each number corresponds to individual responsibilities:
1 and 3 are the props
2 is the hooker
4 and 5 are the locks
6 and 7 are the flankers
8 is, conveniently enough, the eightman
This group is collectively referred to as the pack or the forwards.
A rugby team has another group as well — the backs or back line:
9 is the scrumhalf
10 is the flyhalf
11 and 14 are the wings
12 and 13 are the inside and outside centers
15 is the fullback
To get a feel for what each player is charged with doing on the rugby pitch, see Chapter 4.
Grasping the laws of the game
Rugby is governed by laws, not rules. The laws of the game are designed to produce an entertaining and free-flowing contest for possession in an attempt to score the most points. Twenty-one laws cover all aspects of the field, the players, and the match officials. The referee, helped by two assistant referees, is the sole judge of fact and law during a match.
The laws are constantly evolving and are the same all over the world, wherever the game is played. Chapter 5 details where the laws come from and also shows pictures of all the different referee signals to help you figure out what’s going on the very first time you watch a match.
In general the laws governing play are straightforward about what’s allowed, but three crucial parts can be somewhat confusing: the tackle situation, advantage, and offsides:
In a nutshell, when a tackle is made in rugby, the requirements are that the tackler releases the tackled player, who then releases the ball so that players who are on their feet can use it.
Advantage simply means that when one team makes an error the other team can try to capitalize on it, instead of the referee immediately stopping the action. If the non-offending team can’t capitalize on the error, play restarts where the original mistake took place.
Specific offsides laws exist for different phases of play, but essentially players can’t be involved if they’re in front of a teammate who last played the ball or are behind the ball when the opposition has it.
Chapter 6 explicates all the intricacies of the game and will have you understanding like an expert in no time.
Scoping out skills and tactics
The four basic skills necessary for any rugby player to excel at the game are running, passing, kicking, and tackling. In Chapter 10, we explain how to execute each skill, including doing the goose step with ball in hand, throwing the cut-out pass, making a grubber kick, and pulling off a ball-and-all tackle. (And while these names may seem slightly humorous to you now, when they’re explained within the context of play they’ll make perfect sense.)
Plenty of rugby teams are filled with great athletes who never get to hoist trophies in triumph, either because they don’t have the right game plan or they aren’t employing the correct tactics in accordance with their abilities. Rugby coaches have lots of options open to them as far as strategy is concerned, but the most important thing for them to do if they want to win is to select an overall structure that fits their players’ strengths. Either that or go out and get players who can play the type of game the coach envisions! Chapter 11 looks at the various ways to attack and defend in order to create a winning team.
Rugby Is a Worldwide Game
Rugby is played all over the planet by everyone from little kids to millionaire athletes. What binds them together in one collective embrace is passion for the game. More than any other sport, rugby is about tradition, lifestyle, and a noble ethos. Whether you’re interested in watching the professional game abroad or playing for your local third-division club, rugby offers an entertaining spectacle or years of athletic enjoyment that can’t be matched.
The overall governing body for the sport is World Rugby, based in Dublin, Ireland. To learn more about what they do and how they’re structured, check out Chapter 5.
An international affair
The Rugby World Cup is a relatively new tournament, having made its debut in 1987. Now, the tournament is by far the most important event in the minds of fans — and of national unions, who go all out to win it every four years. So far, only New Zealand (3), Australia (2), South Africa (3), and England (1) have managed to lift the William Webb Ellis trophy. Chapter 12 delves deeply into the origins and history of the World Cup (including sections on the United States’ and Canada’s participation), plus gives loads of information on all the other World Rugby World Cup competitions from Women’s to Sevens.
The World Cup may be a newcomer on the global sporting scene, but rugby’s international tradition goes back to 1871, when England and Scotland squared off in the first test match (which is when the national teams of two countries play an official game). The professional international calendar is chock-full of exciting action from both hemispheres, with the Six Nations Championship and The Rugby Championship supplemented by the top countries taking annual tours to play on each other’s home turf. The interprovincial scene is every bit as entertaining, with Super Rugby Pacific & Americas, European Champions Cup, United Rugby Championship, England’s Premiership, and France’s Top 14 providing nearly year-round action. Chapter 13 gives an overview of all these professional tournaments.
North America gets into the action
North Americans are relative newcomers to the sport of rugby, but both Canada and the United States are passionate about the game. In Chapter 14, we provide the lowdown on their respective histories and detail how the national governing bodies are organized on both sides of the border.
Before you can earn your international call-up, you need to play some club rugby. In Chapter 15, we survey the professional and amateur club game across North America. Over the past ten years, the most encouraging development in North American rugby has been the rapid growth of the sport at the youth, high school, and collegiate levels, a trend we examine in Chapter 16.
Coaching and Refereeing
Other than the players themselves, the two next most important jobs in rugby are the referee and the coach. Neither is an easy assignment, nor one to be taken lightly. In our experience, coaching can be one of the most satisfying (and sometimes frustrating) things you can do.
Nothing compares to the feeling of watching your charges artfully deploy your brilliant game plan with devastating effect, complete with the knowledge that you were the one who devised and implemented the whole plan of attack! When that happens, the unavoidable pains of being a coach seem a distant memory — at least until the next training session.
Chapter 17 talks about what it takes to be a good coach and outlines the various other support roles available to those who want to be involved in the sport. Chapter 18 details the different procedures to become a coach in the United States and Canada, and provides some background about what doing so at various levels of the game entails.
The most important person at any rugby match is the referee — without their presence, the game would evolve into a giant wrestling match and tempers would certainly flare out of control. Although the referee is always respected by the players on the field (and if not, the ref’s got the power to effect change), the job is still a tough one. The laws of the game don’t protect the referee from criticism by spectators or, at higher levels, from media scrutiny. In other words, refereeing isn’t for everyone, but it is for a select knowledgeable and confident few who dearly love the game as much as, if not more than, the players they adjudicate. Chapter 19 provides the pathway to taking up the whistle in Canada and the United States.
Keeping Informed about the Game
Rugby used to be a purely local affair, but in today’s globally interconnected, media-driven world watching the sport wherever you are — whether you live in a rugby-mad country or not — is possible. Chapter 20 takes all the guesswork out of the process for you with a handy guide to watching rugby on TV and streaming online. Chapter 21 delves into the Internet and provides a plethora of websites, podcasts, and social media to keep you up to date on your favorite country, competition, team, or player. Plus, we list our favorite books that will give you the real flavor of the sport. We also give you advice about how to actually go see a rugby match in person, where you’ll be able to soak up the positive atmosphere that makes rugby such a unique endeavor.
Chapter 2
The Basics
IN THIS CHAPTER
Finding your way around the rugby pitch
Keeping score
Keeping time on the field
Meeting the team
Like most things in life, you need to understand the basics before you can really appreciate rugby. Whether you’re a complete newcomer, have had some exposure to the sport, or are a full-fledged expert, the material we cover in this chapter helps you get that much more familiar with the ins and outs of the game.
In this chapter, we describe the playing field, outline how points are scored, explain timekeeping, and describe the positions of the players.
Figuring Out the Field
Rugby is primarily played on a grass field, although sand, clay, dirt, and artificial surfaces are permitted as long as they’re not dangerous. Using a permanently hard surface, such as asphalt or cement, is prohibited. The place where rugby is played is variously referred to as the field of play, the playing field, the ground, and the pitch, but they all refer to the same place, which is shown in Figure 2-1.
Dimensions of the playing area
Rugby players do battle on the playing area. The playing area comprises the field of play and two in-goal areas.
The field of play:
The area where the bulk of the action takes place is referred to as the
field of play.
It measures no more than 100 meters long by no more than 70 meters wide (109.4 yards long by 76.5 yards wide). The field of play does not include the touchlines or the in-goal areas at either end of the ground (see
Figure 2-1
).
The in-goal areas:
At each end of the playing area are the
in-goal areas
, which must be between 6 and 22 meters long and 70 meters wide (10.9 yards to 24.1 yards long and 76.5 yards wide). The in-goal areas include the goal lines, but not the touch-in-goal or dead-ball lines.
The playing area:
This includes both the
field of play
and the two
in-goal
areas. The touchlines, touch-in-goal lines, and dead-ball lines are not part of the playing area.
FIGURE 2-1: The rugby playing enclosure.
What all those lines mean
Like most newcomers, we saw the field markings as an indecipherable mystery of seemingly random chalk marks when we began playing rugby. The rugby pitch has numerous lines marked on it — confusing at first, but after you know what all the lines mean and comprehend their strategic importance your overall understanding of the game will be significantly enhanced. Keep reading, and you’ll understand in five minutes what it took us five years to figure out! Here’s a rundown of the lines and what they signify (see Figure 2-1):
Halfway line:
The
halfway line
is a solid line that marks the center of the field, and is where the game starts. Play is also restarted at the halfway line after successful tries, drop goals, or penalty goals. One of the objectives in rugby is to spend as much time as possible in the opponent’s half of the field.
10-meter line:
Two broken
10-meter lines
are placed 10 meters on either side of the halfway line. When a team kicks off, the ball must reach this line for the kick to be legal.
22-meter line:
Two solid
22-meter lines
are located 22 meters out from each goal line. Twenty-two meter drop-outs, a specific kind of restart (which are discussed in more detail in
Chapter 7
), are taken from behind the 22-meter line. The 22-meter line is also crucial in positional play (see
Chapter 9
to find out how the 22-meter line affects the kicking game).
Goal line:
The
goal line
, also called the
tryline
, is a solid line that delineates the beginning of an in-goal area. There are two goal lines, one at either end of the field of play, which players must reach to successfully score a try. Goal line drop-outs are taken from behind this line.
Dead-ball line
: The line beyond the in-goal area at each end of the pitch is the
dead-ball line
. When the ball touches or goes over this line, the ball is considered “dead,” or out of play.
Touchline:
The two solid lines that run from goal line to goal line are the
touchlines
— just like the sidelines in football, but called touchlines because when the ball contacts the line or the ground beyond the line it’s considered to be
in touch
, which means out of bounds (see
Chapter 9
for more on the touchlines).
Touch-in-goal line:
The
touch-in-goal line
is the continuation of the touchline between the goal line and the dead-ball line.
Grasping the meaning of the principal lines described in the preceding list allows newcomers to follow the flow of play. However, some other broken lines and dash lines in Figure 2-1 remain unaccounted for:
5-meter line:
The
5-meter line
is a broken line that runs from one tryline to the other, parallel to the touchlines. It marks the front of the lineout and the minimum distance a lineout throw must travel (see
Chapter 9
for more lineout particulars).
15-meter line:
The
15-meter line
is a broken line located 15 meters in from and parallel to each touchline. The broken lines intersect the goal lines, the 22-meter lines, the 10-meter lines, and the halfway line. They define the back of the lineout, and also where scrums and penalties are taken after lineout infringements (see
Chapter 8
for more on scrums and
Chapter 9
for more on lineouts).
Dash lines:
Three different lengths of dash lines provide reference points for both referees and players:
5-meter dash line:
Six 1-meter long dash lines are positioned 5 meters in front of and parallel to each tryline. They are placed in from each touchline at 5 and 15 meters, and one in front of each goalpost. The dashes mark the minimum distance from the defending team’s tryline, where a scrum or lineout can be set or a penalty can be taken.
Halfway dash line:
This is a half-meter-long dash that intersects the halfway line at midfield. It’s the spot where kickoffs and restarts are supposed to originate — even though most kickers will cheat a meter or two sideways in either direction.
Goal line dash line:
Two 5-meter-long dash lines start at each goal line and end at the 5-meter dash lines 15 meters in from each of the touchlines.
BASIC RUGBY TERMINOLOGY
A scrum is used to restart play after certain minor infractions. The scrum is a contest for the ball involving eight players who bind together and push against the other team’s assembled eight for possession of the ball (see Chapter 8 for a full description). A lineout is used to restart play after the ball, or a player carrying it, has gone out of bounds (check out Chapter 9 for all the details). The lineout looks somewhat like a jump ball in basketball, with both teams lining up opposite each other and one team throwing the ball down the middle of the tunnel.
Goalposts and flags
Old-time football fans will immediately recognize the H-shaped structures at either end of the pitch — the goalposts situated at each end of the field of play, directly on the trylines. The uprights must be 5.6 meters (6.12 yards) apart with a crossbar (the horizontal beam between the goalposts) measuring 3 meters (3.28 yards) above the ground. The minimum height of the goalposts is 3.4 meters (3.71 yards) above the crossbar. As a safety precaution, the goalposts have to be covered with padding to prevent injury if players crash into them. The pads also provide great advertising opportunities for sponsors!
The rugby pitch has 14 flags on it. Four of the flags mark the intersections of the dead-ball and touch-in-goal lines. Another four flags mark the three-way intersection of the goal lines, touchlines, and touch-in-goal lines. These eight flags used to be considered out of bounds, but players may now contact them without being considered in touch or in touch in goal as long as they are otherwise in the playing area. Although it may seem self-evident, the game of rugby is meant to be played within the boundaries, with limited exceptions (see Chapter 9 for the times when you’re allowed to play from out-of-bounds areas).
The remaining six flags are outside the playing area, positioned 2 meters (2.2 yards) beyond the touchline, at the 22-meter and halfway lines.
Understanding the Scoring System
Football developed from rugby, so if you understand touchdowns, extra points, and field goals, getting a handle on rugby’s scoring system is a breeze. How points are accumulated in rugby has evolved over the last hundred years, with the addition of awarding points for tries and conversions. Long ago, scoring a try didn’t result in points — it just earned the right to attempt a kick at goal. The modern system encourages teams to score tries over simply kicking penalties.
Points are tallied in five ways in rugby. The ease or difficulty of achieving each of them plays a crucial role in strategic decision making by players and coaches. When you understand what the five ways are, your enjoyment of the game really takes off as you come to appreciate what the players are doing at crucial moments on the field.
Scoring a try
Scoring a try is the quickest way to amass the most points in rugby. A try is the pièce de résistance of rugby, similar to scoring a touchdown in football. In fact, rugby is where the term “touchdown” came from, because the ball must actually be touched down for a try to be awarded. A try is scored when the ball is grounded by an offensive player in the in-goal area, or on the tryline itself.
To signal a try, the referee raises an arm and blows the whistle at the spot where the ball came into contact with the turf. The exact place is important because it determines where the conversion kick can be taken from (see “Converting a try” later in this chapter).
A try is worth five points.
Converting a try
After a try is awarded, the attacking team has the chance to add a further two points to the scoreboard by kicking a conversion. The referee marks the place where the try was scored, and then the goal kicker can tee up the ball anywhere along a line parallel to the touchline, out from where the ball was grounded. In other words, if the try was scored 5 meters (5.46 yards) from the sideline, then the conversion must be taken 5 meters (5.46 yards) from the sideline. (Figure 2-1 shows the sideline.)
Usually the goal kicker takes the ball back as far as they need to get a better angle in order to improve their chances of making the kick.
Another reason for taking the kick from farther away is that on a conversion, the opposition may charge the kicker and block their attempt. The defending team must stand on or behind the goal line until the kicker begins to approach the ball — then they’re allowed to rush the kicker.
The goal kicker places the ball on a specially constructed kicking tee. A kicking tee is a small plastic device that’s placed on the ground and holds the rugby ball upright.
Goal kickers have their own unique routines for kicking goals, including how many steps they take, where they aim, and how they position the rest of their body (see Figure 2-2). Setting up for a kick used to be a long and drawn-out process that interrupted the flow of the game and wasted time. To speed up play, after the 1999 Rugby World Cup, time limits were instituted, with 90 seconds allowed for conversions — beginning when the try is scored — and 60 seconds for penalties — starting when the choice is indicated to the referee to kick for goal. Gone are the days when a game consisted of a never-ending series of interminable stoppages for penalties and conversions, punctuated by short bursts of actual rugby.
FIGURE 2-2: Preparing to take a conversion kick.
If the conversion kick flies through the uprights, the assistant referees raise their flags and the referee blows the whistle. (See Chapter 5 for more on assistant referees, the match officials who use signal flags to help the referee.)
Conversion kicks are worth two points. Thus, a “converted” try is worth seven points in total: five for the try plus two for the conversion. If the goal kicker misses, the team gets only the five points for the try.
Awarding a penalty try
The awarding of a penalty try is one of the most contentious and misunderstood aspects of rugby, usually because of when and why it occurs. A penalty try must be awarded if the referee believes the defending team committed a penalty that prevented the attacking team from scoring a try that otherwise probably would have been scored. This gives the referee plenty of latitude to negate cynical or desperate acts of cheating by awarding points to override what happened on the field by the defending team. This unique license to rectify the impact of unsportsmanlike conduct is in keeping with the honorable ethos of the game.
When a penalty try is awarded, the referee runs beneath the crossbar in the center of the goalposts, raises an arm, and blows the whistle.
On a penalty try, the attacking team receives five points, plus they are a awarded an automatic two more points without having to kick the conversion.
Kicking a penalty goal
If the referee determines that a team has broken one of the laws of the game, a penalty can be awarded to the other side. The non-offending team can choose among several options of how best to use the resulting possession. One of those choices is to kick a penalty goal.
The referee signals a penalty by blowing the whistle and raising an arm in the direction of the team to whom the penalty has been awarded. Next, that team’s captain has to make a decision. If the captain chooses to kick at goal, the kicker places the ball on the spot where the penalty occurred, or anywhere on a direct line behind it, just like a conversion. Unlike a conversion, however, the defending team is not allowed to rush the kicker at any time while a penalty kick is being attempted.
A successful penalty goal is worth three points.
Drop-kicking a goal
A dropped goal (also called a drop goal, drop kick, or droppie) is different than a conversion or penalty kick because it takes place while the ball is in play. A drop goal involves a player dropping the ball and trying to kick it between the posts just after it hits the ground, as shown in Figure 2-3. (We discuss the finer points of the drop kick in Chapter 10.)
Slotting a drop goal is a clever maneuver that most teams don’t use. Drop kicks are rare because they require perfect timing and lots of practice to properly execute.
If the ball passes between the goalposts and above the crossbar, the team earns three points.
FIGURE 2-3: Scoring a drop goal with a drop kick requires a lot of skill and excellent timing.
Timekeeping on the Field
Play is divided into two halves. Each half is 40 minutes, with a 15-minute halftime in between. The referee has the power to extend play to make up for time lost because of injuries or delays. This is called injury time and is entirely up to the referee’s discretion. Unlike most other clock-governed sports, the referee is the official timekeeper. When the referee determines that all time has expired, the referee blows the whistle to signal the end of the match, which is called fulltime.
When the clock runs and when it stops
The 40 minutes in each half is running time, not elapsed time. In rugby the clock counts up rather than down, beginning at the kickoff. Running time stops for injured players to be quickly treated for injury or removed from the pitch, occasionally for water when it’s really hot out, for players’ clothing to be replaced, and for times when the referee wants to speak with the respective captains, the individual players, the assistant referees, or the television match official (TMO).
When someone’s injured
Stopping the clock for injury or continuing to play is another decision made by the referee. If a player can be quickly treated, most refs will allow a slight delay in the game. Special dispensation and a little extra recovery time are afforded front-row players if a scrum or lineout is required to restart play (see Chapters 8 and 9 for more on scrums and lineouts). The referee also has the option of letting the match continue while a player receives treatment, if the player isn’t in the way. For serious injuries, time stops until medical personnel can remove the player from the pitch.
When the TMO is looking at play
The TMO is the equivalent of instant replay in football. In selected leagues and international competitions, if the match is produced for television the referee has the option of checking with a fellow official who can review various angles the referee didn’t see (see Chapter 5 for the TMO’s scope and responsibilities). When the referee and the TMO are communicating, running time is off.
When the hooter sounds
The hooter — or horn or siren — is a common feature at most professional rugby stadiums. By keeping track of when the referee’s time is running and when it isn’t, the stadium timekeeper sounds the hooter when 40 minutes of running time has expired in each half. The hooter does not mean the end of the match, and play can continue after it sounds. It’s more like a signal to players and fans that time is almost up. In many cases, the next time the ball goes dead, the referee will blow the whistle to signal fulltime (the end of the match).
Introducing the Players
Rugby is one of the few sports that caters to all sorts of body shapes and sizes. A photograph of a rugby team often looks as if one specimen of every human body type has been assembled at the same spot, at the same time, to provide an illustration for an anthropological study.
A quick scan of any team out at training is proof that anyone can play the game. Within every team, the tall, the small, the large, the slight, and everyone in between can find a position that suits them.
Taking up position
Each squad or side — the group of players who make up a rugby team — comprises 23 players. This includes the 15 who start the match plus the 8 reserves. The starting 15 take the pitch at the beginning of the match, and the 8 reserves sit on the sideline in case of injury or tactical substitutions.
Although most of the positions involve specialized skills, that doesn’t mean players are stuck in the same position for the rest of their rugby lives. Players often move around throughout their careers, especially if their body shapes change with age. In this section, we give you a brief overview of the positions on a rugby team. We discuss the positions in more detail in Chapter 4.
The 15 players who start the game are divided into 8 forwards (also referred to as the pack) and 7 backs (commonly called the backline). The forwards are primarily responsible for winning the ball, and the backs are charged with doing something positive when they get it. An old oval adage says the forwards decide who wins a match and the backs decide by how much.
Regardless of position, however, every rugby player must possess a basic set of skills. Each player must be able to tackle opposition ballcarriers, catch the ball, run with it, and competently pass it.
