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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Lebensstil
- Sprache: Englisch
If you're new to the sport or you feel you could sharpen up your knowledge of the game, this guide is for you. Inside you'll find easy-to-understand advice on the basic rules and pitch positions, plus in-depth lessons on ball skills, fitness training, and techniques to outwit your opponents - all illustrated with entertaining stories from British and International rugby's back pages. In addition, you get a grounding in the local, national and international reaches of Rugby Union
Rugby Union For Dummies 3rd Edition:
- Features an in-depth and up-to-date look at the Laws that form the beautiful game
- Covers all you will need to know about talking tactics and is perfect for anyone looking at swatting up on rugby for the World Cup and beyond
- Advises on all you will need to know to get stuck in and play
- Contains a new chapter on sevens as the sport will be a demonstration sport at London 2012 and a full sport at Rio 2016
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Seitenzahl: 603
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011
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Rugby Union For Dummies®, 3rd Edition
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Table of Contents
Rugby Union For Dummies®, 3rd Edition
by Nick Cain and Greg Growden
Rugby Union For Dummies®, 3rd Edition
Published byJohn Wiley & Sons, LtdThe AtriumSouthern GateChichesterWest SussexPO19 8SQEngland
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Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex, England
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-119-99092-5 (paperback), 978-1-119-97041-5 (ebk), 978-1-119-99183-0 (ebk), 978-1-119-99182-3 (ebk)
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Authors
Nick Cain is the chief writer for the UK weekly ‘The Rugby Paper’ and has been a rugby writer on The Sunday Times since 1995. Before that he edited Rugby World for eight years. He has covered rugby union all over the globe, including six World Cups and five Lions tours.
He had a chequered playing career punctuated by such diversions as travelling, working on farms and in demolition in New Zealand, and as a young journalist on an English language newspaper in the military junta Argentina of the early 1980s. He played rugby for Manchester University, Ponsonby (New Zealand), and Belgrano (Argentina) before grinding to a halt with Wasps thirds almost two decades ago.
Greg Growden is one of Australia’s best-known sports writers. He began writing about rugby union in 1981, and since 1987 has been the chief rugby writer for the Sydney Morning Herald and Sun-Herald newspapers.
Greg has written for numerous international newspapers, including The Guardian and the New Zealand Herald. He is also a regular on New Zealand television rugby shows.
Greg’s other books include A Wayward Genius: the Fleetwood Smith Story and Gold, Mud, Guts, The Incredible Tom Richards: Footballer, War Hero, Olympian.
Dedication
Dedication? Well, one thing’s for sure: not everyone who picks up a copy of Rugby Union For Dummies is going to have the dedication, in terms of hours of practice and self-analysis, that it takes to become the next Jonny Wilkinson. Hopefully, though, whatever your aspirations as far as this great game is concerned, you will find something in these pages to help you meet them.
As for my own dedication, I would like to thank my better half, Gill. Her patience, sunny disposition and unstinting support, despite the fact that she must sometimes feel like a rugby widow, are priceless. Thanks also to my son, Hugo, and daughters, Ella and Martha, who never complained as their dad yet again disappeared to ‘The Shed At The End Of The Garden’ to work (at least they didn’t jump for joy in front of me). A dedication too to my mother, Marion, and late father, Tony, for their faith in their sometimes wayward offspring.
— Nick Cain
Author’s Acknowledgments
I had invaluable assistance along the way, not least from Stephen Jones, my colleague at The Sunday Times. Stephen is not only one of the finest writers on the game, and a fount of knowledge on anything to do with it, he is also a stalwart friend. To John Griffiths (the best statistician in rugby union), Alan Pearey (at Rugby World), and Justin O’Regan (at Planet-Rugby), your help was much appreciated. Lastly, thanks to the team at John Wiley & Sons – Simon Bell (Project Editor) and David Palmer (Publisher) and Ben Kemble (Assistant Editor) – for their courtesy and unflappable approach to this edition.
— Nick Cain
Publisher’s Acknowledgements
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/.
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development
Project Editor: Simon Bell(Previous Edition: Daniel Mersey, Liz Goodman, Jan Withers)
Assistant Production Manager: Daniel Mersey
Publisher: David Palmer
Assistant Editor: Ben Kemble
Cover Photos: © Action Plus Sports Images/Alamy
Cartoons: Ed McLachlan
Composition Services
Project Coordinator: Kristie Rees
Layout and Graphics: Claudia Bell, Carl Byers
Illustrator: Paul Lennon
Proofreader: Rebecca Denoncour
Indexer: Christine Karpeles
Photo credits: Fig 6-3, © Sport the Library/Action Photos Rugby Union; Fig 6-5, © Getty Images/John Gichigi; Fig 6-8, © Getty Images/Jaimie McDonald; Fig 6-9, © Sport the Library/Tom Putt; Fig 6-11, © Newspix/Mark Evans; Fig 7-4, © Getty Images/Daniel Berehulak; Fig 8-1, © Getty Images/John Gichigi; Fig 8-2, © Getty Images/Clive Brunskill; Fig 9-3, © Newspix/Mark Evans; Fig 11-1, © Newspix; Fig 11-2, © Sport the Library; Fig 12-1, © Getty Images; Fig 12-2, © EMPICS; Fig 13-1, © Getty Images; Fig 13-2, © Getty Images; Fig 13-3, © Getty Images; Fig 19-1, © Sport the Library; Fig 19-2, © Sport the Library.
Introduction
Congratulations! You have Rugby Union for Dummies Third Edition in your hands, written specially for people in Britain and Ireland who arekeen to find out all they can about one of the most exciting sports there is. With this book, we aim to satisfy your curiosity, fill the gaps in your knowledge and show you that rugby is a whole new exciting world waiting to be explored.
Thousands of people around the world are passionate about rugby union, and nowhere more than in the British Isles, where the game originated. For the uninitiated, rugby union may seem like a game from another planet where the inhabitants speak a strange language and talk about things called scrums, rucks, mauls and lineouts. All these strange words, the laws that govern the game, the positions of the players on the field and what they are supposed to do can easily overwhelm the beginner.
We wrote this book so that rugby union beginners can get to know the game quickly and easily, without ever feeling overwhelmed or intimidated. Before long, you find you are an expert on the game, the most innovative and fascinating of football codes, a code that is forever evolving.
About This Book
Our simple aim in writing this book is to provide you with everything you want to know about rugby. All the information is here. You don’t have to read this book right through from page one to the end though in order to make the most of it.
Each chapter covers a rugby topic in itself, so you can easily dip into those chapters where we talk about the bits of the game that you don’t quite understand. When you are watching a game on television, for example, and a referee’s signal confuses you, just turn to the chapter that explains the referee’s signals and the basic laws that govern the game.
If you want to become a player, you can easily navigate your way to the sections of most interest to you, and also take advantage of the handy hints throughout the book. Whether you want to become a referee, a club official, or simply a spectator, a chapter has been written with you in mind.
No matter where you sit on the rugby totem pole, whether you are an outright beginner or a self-adjudged expert, Rugby Union For Dummies, Third Edition has something that you find interesting.
How to Use This Book
To make it easier for you, Rugby Union for Dummies Third Edition follows certain conventions. For example, to make it easier for you, every time we use a new term or an important phrase, it is in italics and its meaning is explained.
We explain everything very, very clearly, and not in language full of rugby gobbledegook. For a quick reminder of the meanings of certain terms, you can always turn to the glossary at the back of the book.
Don’t be restricted by the order in which the contents of this book appear. Flip through it, maybe starting with the chapter on the laws, where we explain the most important rules of the game. Check out the diagrams, drawings and photos, which make it easy for you to immediately understand the most important aspects of the game.
You may find that in a discussion of a particular aspect of rugby in one chapter, we refer to another aspect of the game. Whenever that happens, we tell you which chapter to turn to for more information about that other aspect. For example, when we talk about tactics, we mention player positions and tell you which chapter to turn to for more detailed information on positions.
Foolish Assumptions
Don’t feel intimidated if you know nothing about rugby union. Even some players have difficulty remembering things like the laws, so never worry that you are a rugby dummy – we certainly don’t think you are! Before long, you are going to feel like an expert.
You may have been watching a game and asked
Why are all those players grabbing each other around the waist and then charging at each other like stampeding rhinos?
Why does the referee keep waving his arms around?
Why are the players standing in a straight line and jumping for the ball?
Why is a hooker called a hooker?
What is a ruck and what is a maul?
This book answers these questions, and many, many more. Our assumption is that you basically know nothing – and we go from there.
How This Book is Organised
This book is organised into six parts according to the famous For Dummies design. Each part focuses on an important part of the world of rugby union.
Part I: Rugby: Roots, Boots and All
If you are totally new to rugby, this part sets the scene for you. We describe the history of the game, how it all comes together on the field and how the popularity of rugby circles the planet. We also explain what all those lines on the pitch mean and how the scoring system works. This part ends with handy hints on how to kit yourself up for a game of rugby and how to take precautions to minimise the risk of injury.
Part II: Getting Down and Dirty
A really important chapter starts this part. We give you detailed information on the positions the players occupy and their roles. Then we introduce you to the most important laws that govern the game as well as to the officials who control the game. This part helps you to improve your skills on the field, and explains rucks, mauls, scrums and lineouts. It then moves on to an explanation of tactics before describing some of the best ways in which to get fit and stay fit for rugby. You can also find out about coaching and how to get involved in it.
Part III: Welcome to Planet Rugby
This part tells you all about the competitions, the tournaments, the teams, the players and the fields on which they play. We describe the World Cup, international rugby competitions like the Six Nations, and the most important national competitions. This part also talks about the rugby scene in the UK and Ireland and tells you how you can get involved in your local club, whether you are interested in coaching, playing, or just soaking up the atmosphere.
Part IV: Following the Game: The Informed Fan
If you are a fan, this part is for you. We guide you to the best sources of rugby information whether they are on the screen, in the newspapers, or on the radio. This part also has some great hints on getting the most out of being a spectator.
Part V: The Part of Tens
The part without which no For Dummies book would be complete. This part is packed full of fascinating bits of information that you can store away and draw on whenever you feel like impressing all those around you at the rugby club. It contains our take on the greatest rugby highs, as well as rugby trivia that is funny as well as interesting.
Part VI: Appendixes
This part contains three really useful collections of information – the winners of a whole range of rugby competitions, a glossary of rugby terms and a list of key rugby organisations with contact details.
Icons Used in This Book
To help your navigation through this book, keep an eye out for the icons, the little pictures that sit in the margin. They guide you to particular types of information. This list tells you what the icons in this book mean.
This icon highlights tips and snippets of advice that can help you, whether you aim to become a better player, a better coach, a better spectator – or all three.
Paragraphs with this icon attached contain information that is especially useful to remember.
You won’t see this icon very often, but, when you do, take heed, because it indicates areas that may cause concern.
This icon indicates a technical discussion is under way. You can skip this information if you want to, because it isn’t necessary for an understanding of the basics. If you do read it, though, your rugby expertise goes up a few notches.
Whenever you see this icon, you find an explanation of rugby terms that helps you understand just what is going on in the game.
Paragraphs that sport this icon contain descriptions of outstanding rugby players, the players who are the big names in the game.
Where to Go from Here
Here you are, ready to go. What direction you go in depends on your needs. Have a good look at the table of contents because it’s very detailed and gives you an excellent overview of the book and the way in which it is structured.
For the beginner, the best place to start is at the beginning! But if you want to immerse yourself in the laws of the game, head for that chapter. Perhaps you have a particular interest in the best British and Irish players, in which case, turn to the Part of Tens. Wherever you go – enjoy!
Part I
Rugby: Roots, Boots and All
In this part . . .
To make you feel comfortable about everything rugby union, this part provides an introduction to the game, how it began, and what it is all about. For those new to rugby union, we provide you with a comprehensive rundown of the whys and wherefores of the game.
In this part of the book, we give you an outline of the beginnings of the game of rugby union and describe how it has become one of the most widely played and most loved sports on the globe. We explain the basic aims of the game, what is required to win and the scoring system, the field on which the game is played, and what goes on during a game. And, last but not least, you find out what gear you need to have when you turn up for that first rugby training session.
Chapter 1
Rudimentary Rugby
In This Chapter
Discovering the origins of rugby: The legend lives on
Making sense of what’s happening on the field
Understanding the basics of the game
Enjoying the view from the sidelines
Going global: Rugby from coast to coast and pole to pole
Why do hundreds of thousands of fans around the world follow 15 players and an oval ball on a field of grass as if the world would end if they missed one pass or kick? Because they are hooked on rugby union, a game of passion which is full of action, excitement, beauty, unpredictable movements and drama. When played by the best exponents of the game on earth, rugby union satisfies the soul like nothing else.
The Game They Play in Heaven
Rugby union buffs are a pretty serious bunch. They treat their game as if it is played only on the most sacred of turf. That’s why rugby enthusiasts are among the most passionate, most one-eyed, most vehement (and sometimes most single-minded) of people when they start talking about their favourite subject, especially if they are in a tired and emotional state. Rugby fans firmly believe that rugby is ‘the game they play in heaven’, a tag that first appeared in the 1980s and which perhaps gives the game more respectability than it deserves.
Rugby is sports heaven to fans because it has so many elements that make it exciting for players and spectators alike: fast running, towering kicking and fearless tackling. And always the sense of danger, especially when huge bodies start crashing into each other – a classic example of irresistible forces meeting immoveable objects. This chapter gives you a taste of what rugby is all about.
What’s in a Name?
Some people use the word football to describe any game that involves kicking a ball around. Although sometimes called rugby football by the purists (the Victorians used this term to differentiate it from its cousin, association football), rugby union allows players to actually carry and pass the ball by hand, as well as kick it (unlike modern soccer, which really is limited to kicking and heading the ball). So the word ‘football’ is a bit misleading for this sport.
The game gets its name from Rugby, a town in England’s Midlands, where it was first played at Rugby School. The legend goes that in 1823 a schoolboy by the name of William Webb Ellis first picked the ball up in the middle of a football game and ran with it, thereby breaking the old rules and setting a precedent for the entirely distinct game of rugby (see the nearby sidebar ‘Rugby union, legendary stuff’ on how this romantic myth grew).What is certain is that the game was developed at Rugby School, where they even have a plaque set in the school wall admitting to it – thousands of fans have had their photograph taken standing next to this plaque.
The game developed when students from Rugby took the sport to other schools, and from there it was taken up by university undergraduates at Cambridge and Oxford. Gradually, after many rough and tumble years, it was refined into a game suitable for the plucky sort of chaps who played a significant role in the development of the British Empire.
Rugby quickly spread throughout the English-speaking world. The first national union was established in England when the Rugby Football Union was formed in 1871, although clubs had existed as early as 1839 at the University of Cambridge. The first club established in the southern hemisphere was in Australia, at the University of Sydney in the 1860s. Rugby union is now played all over the world, from large countries such as France and Japan, to minnows like Barbados, Guam and Kazakhstan.
Breaking up: Amateur rugby union and professional rugby league
Many people still believe that rugby union and rugby league is the same game. Not so. Rugby union is vastly different to rugby league, even though league derives from the union game.
Rugby union, legendary stuff
William Webb Ellis, a schoolboy at Rugby School in England in 1823, is regarded by many as the father of rugby, having supposedly been the first person to pick up a ball in a football game and run with it, rugby style. His role as the game’s originator has, however, been questioned by eminent historians, who believe the game actually got into its stride well before William Webb Ellis got bored with booting the ball about, soccer-style.
The Webb Ellis legend was created 50 years after the alleged event took place – and by someone who wasn’t even at the school at the time when young William made his alleged historic run. To complicate matters, Webb Ellis was dead by the time the story gathered pace so he couldn’t confirm or deny it.
The legend has been described as an elaborate hoax concocted by the school’s old boys in order to make Rugby School rules the undisputed, official laws of the game of rugby.
Myth or reality, the World Cup revolves around the presentation of the William Webb Ellis Trophy, a fine example of the goldsmith’s art, which is awarded to the winners (We discuss the trophy further in the chapter on the World Cup, Chapter 12). If you take a close look at the trophy, you see that perched on top of it is a miniature ball – a round football, much like the one Webb Ellis is reputed to have picked up – supported by garlands.
Rugby league came about when players and officials became disillusioned with the attitude of the Rugby Football Union (RFU), the English national union that, in the nineteenth century, effectively ruled the sport, and decided to break away and form their own code. RFU officials were determined to keep their game strictly for amateurs (see sidebar ‘League splits from union’).
And, up until the 1990s, so it was – rugby union was a strictly amateur game. The rugby union authorities in both hemispheres were very strict in ensuring that the game was a totally amateur sport, due to their belief that staying amateur was the only way to guarantee that the game remained strictly a leisure pursuit rather than a means of making a living. Any player who was discovered to have been paid was barred from the code.
Rugby league has always been a professional game where players are openly paid. Over the years, rugby union players have signed for rugby league clubs, lured by big contracts, actions which at the time meant they were barred from their former sport. Since the mid-1990s, however, rugby union is also professional and players are allowed to play openly for both codes. The result is a role-reversal in the transfer market, with many more rugby league players crossing over to sign more lucrative rugby union contracts than vice versa.
League splits from union
On August 29, 1895, 22 clubs in northern England decided to break away from the RFU, exasperated by repeated refusals by the ruling body to allow them to compensate players for money lost by taking time off work to play rugby football. The clubs met and conspired at the Mitre Hotel in Leeds, where they organised themselves into what they called the Northern Football Union, which eventually became the Rugby League in 1922.
The newly formed breakaway body set about looking at ways of attracting spectators to the game. Within three years, the game was professional, and with this new professionalism came a new set of laws and a reduction in players from 15 to 13.
The ‘Great Schism’, as it became known, also occurred in Australia. The NSW Rugby League was founded on August 8, 1907 at Bateman’s Hotel in George Street, Sydney. This meeting was held under great secrecy because Dally Messenger, Australia’s best rugby union player, was intimately involved. Players in the new league competition were paid, with Messenger being paid what was then the vast sum of £180 to turn professional.
Until relatively recently, relations between the two codes have not been exactly warm. For the next century, rugby union regarded itself as the clean and pure amateur code, and rugby league the low-brow professional alternative.
Noting the differences between the two codes
Even though the league game is derived from rugby union, the two rugby codes have different laws. Some of the main differences between the two codes are as follows:
Rugby union has 15 players in a team and rugby league has 13.
Rugby union has lineouts; rugby league doesn’t.
Rugby union has unlimited tackles, whereas rugby league has six tackles, after which the ball is handed to the opposition.
In rugby union, a tackled player must let go of the ball, whereas in league, a tackled player can retain possession.
Getting It Together on the Field
Rugby is played with an oval ball on a field, usually grass, about 100 metres long and 70 metres wide (the dimensions of the field are explained in Chapter 2). You don’t need an enormous amount of equipment to play rugby – a jersey, shorts, socks, boots and a ball which you can obtain from any good sports store are enough to get you started, as we explain in Chapter 3.
Each team has 15 players divided into forwards and backs. These players have specific roles on the rugby pitch – roles which we explore in more detail in Chapter 4. Essentially, the forwards win the ball while the backs score the points required for victory. The aim of each team is to score the most number of points, either through tries or goals.
A team must therefore win possession of the ball and attack with the ball in the hope of beating the opposition’s defence players. The tussle between a team’s attacking players and their opponent’s defending players provides the drama that makes rugby special.
Aiming to score
The basic aim of rugby is to score a try, which is worth five points. A try is scored when the attacking team crosses the opposition’s goal line (sometimes called the tryline)and puts the ball on the ground. The attacking team then has the chance to kick a conversion, by kicking the ball between the H-shaped goalposts, thereby adding another two points. We go into detail in Chapter 2 about the scoring and points system.
A game of rugby is supposed to last for 80 minutes, split into two halves of 40 minutes each. But the referee can, and often does, add extra time if play has been stopped while a player receives treatment for an injury. The winning team is the one with the most points at the end of the match.
The laws for getting the ball to the point of scoring are pretty straightforward; the most important laws can be narrowed down to just five. They’re mostly common sense rules governing such things as where players need to stand to be in the game, how they pass the ball, foul play and tackling. One of the most important people on the pitch is the referee, who is assisted by two touch judges, and between them they ensure the game is played fairly and properly. We tell you all about the laws and the officials who regulate the game on the pitch in Chapter 5, where you can also find a handy checklist of the referee’s signals.
Rugby union certainly cannot be accused of stagnating. The game is one of the few that is ever changing, thanks to its laws being regularly updated.
Shaping up to play
Because rugby caters for all shapes and sizes, everyone can find a spot in the team. But that doesn’t mean you can simply amble onto a rugby field and success automatically follows. A rugby player needs certain basic skills, most importantly coordination and the ability to run in a straight line at a reasonable speed.
A rugby player must also be able to catch a ball with relative ease, hold onto it without dropping it for several seconds, and not be scared witless if someone built like the Incredible Hulk looms in front of them (turn to Chapter 6 for more information on the skills you need in order to play a mean game of rugby).
While learning how to tackle may be intimidating at first, with practice it comes easily. The breakdown is another aspect of the game that may at first intimidate the newcomer, but once you understand the basics, you can take your place in a scrum, ruck or maul with confidence. Chapter 7 has all the details about the breakdown.
The sight of rugby players soaring to catch the ball is unforgettable and we devote an entire chapter, Chapter 8, to the lineout, a form of play unique to rugby union that calls for split-second timing and strength.
Rugby teams spend many hours on the training field improving their skills and strategies. We are fortunate in Britain and Ireland in that there are plenty of open spaces in which to practise. As most rugby matches are played on grass, all you need to do is visit your local playing fields and you’re ready to go. The more time you spend with a rugby ball in your hands, the better your skills are when you actually start playing this wonderful game. We tell you all about the best training exercises, warm-up routines and fitness food in Chapter 10.
If you can drag a friend along to practise with you, so much the better – passing the ball to yourself isn’t much fun.
Coaching and those tantalising tactics
In addition to being a physically demanding sport, rugby also requires considerable brain power. A team’s players spend hours with their coach improving their training techniques and developing the skills and strategies they need to improve their chances of winning. The combination of skills and clever strategy make rugby the exciting game it is. We discuss the tactics that teams bring into play to crush their opponents in Chapter 9.
One of the great pleasures of being a spectator at a superb game of rugby is to watch the way one team can psych out another on the pitch. Whether a team is on the attack or forced back on the defensive, many of the moves they make have been rehearsed many times before.
The team’s director is the coach, whose sole aim is to ensure that on the Big Day, his team’s performance is as good as it gets. The coach’s role is pivotal to the success of a team: He improves the performance of each individual player as well as that of the team as a unit.
The coach decides what tactics a team uses during a game, and determines which player is best in which position. The coach may decide whether the team tries out some special attacking moves or whether certain defensive tactics are likely to upset the opposition.
Even at Age Grade level, there’s nothing like coaching your budding little Jonny Wilkinson to a winning season. We devote Chapter 11 to a discussion of all aspects of the coach’s role, and especially the joys of coaching juniors.
Rugby on the Home Field and World Stage
Some rugby fans start off cheering for cousin Freddy at the occasional Saturday match, then, next thing you know, they’ve joined the local club and wouldn’t miss a game for anything. The addiction progresses to following an English Premiership, Celtic League or European Cup team and engaging in passionate debates about who is likely to win the Six Nations or the World Cup.
Rugby union is now one of the most popular team sports in the world, having spread across many continents. Although rugby is a long way behind football as the ultimate world game, its influence around the globe is growing stronger every year.
For the addicted rugby fan, the numerous tournaments and competitions only serve to feed their addiction. In Part III of this book, we describe how players can progress up the rugby-playing ladder and, if they’re good enough, the club, provincial and international teams they can play for.
Home is where your grassroots are
Rugby union’s grassroots are the clubs where keen youngsters are introduced to the game and encouraged to develop their talents and enthusiasm. Local club rugby caters for so many levels of skill and proficiency that it’s not surprising that people have strong ties with the club system. Chapter 16 tells you how to get involved in your local club, which is sure to welcome you whether you are a youngster, an oldster, male, female, a potential player or a social member.
If you prefer to watch your rugby on television, the European Cup (Europe-wide), the English Premiership (England) and the Celtic League (Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Italy) are made for it. Supporters of rugby in the northern hemisphere have been electrified by these competitions. Each of the Six Nations countries have their own domestic rugby competitions and rivalries, which are played out in front of stadiums bursting at the seams. You can find all the details of these great northern hemisphere competitions, including the teams that participate, in Chapter 15.
Around the globe: The A to Z of rugby
Players from more than 120 countries represent those countries at rugby union tournaments. The game’s ruling body, the International Rugby Board, boasts 97 member countries from Andorra to Zimbabwe.
In between Andorra and Zimbabwe are the rugby-playing nations of Barbados, Botswana, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Georgia, Guam, India, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Latvia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Moldova, Niue Island, Peru, Russia, Senegal, Slovenia, Swaziland and Vanuatu – to name just a few.
In some countries, such as New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa, rugby is the national sport and is treated almost as a religion. Even on the wild and windswept plains of Canada, you can find burly locals kicking a rugby ball around.
Playing the world stage
The growth of major tournaments has ensured that rugby has a prominent international identity. The most important of these is the World Cup, first held in New Zealand and Australia in 1987, which involved 16 nations competing in a tournament whose future success was uncertain.
Thankfully for rugby, the World Cup concept took off after that first tournament, which was enlivened by an outstanding inaugural winning side in New Zealand, and several outstanding games, in particular the Australia versus France semi-final which took place in a now-forgotten suburban ground in Sydney. Chapter 12 is full of more such fascinating information about the World Cup. What impressed most rugby fans at the first World Cup was the realisation that rugby had spread itself across the globe, with enough competitive countries to make it work. Since the 1991 tournament in the British Isles and France awakened rugby to its true potential, the Rugby World Cup has grown to the extent that it now requires extensive qualification matches before the 20 teams that actually compete in the tournament are determined. The 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2007 World Cups have all been major international extravaganzas.
The two halves of planet rugby have their own major tournaments, which are held annually. The Six Nations in Europe is the oldest and greatest of these, while the Tri-Nations has become the southern hemisphere’s flagship rugby event. Also fiercely contested are trophies like the Calcutta Cup (England v Scotland) and the Bledisloe Cup, where the contestants are Australia and New Zealand. Turn to Chapter 13 for details of these major tournaments, other great rugby rivalries and the famous playing fields on which the winners are decided.
Raising rugby’s profile at the Sevens
Sevens rugby, rugby union’s version of one-day cricket, has also had a significant impact on the international flavour of the game, and that is guaranteed to grow following the re-admission of rugby union, in the form of Sevens, into the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics (see Chapter 14 for more on Sevens).
The advent of the Hong Kong Sevens tournament in the 1980s encouraged numerous lesser-known countries to try their hand at the game, which is played on a normal-size field but involves only seven players on each side. Sevens rugby is very exciting because tries are relatively easy to score and the focus is entirely on attack.
For years, countries not known for rugby union skills would play in the Hong Kong Sevens, where the emphasis was on the enjoyment provided by the game. It was an ideal way to be introduced to the game, and convinced many to return home and set about trying to improve the standard of rugby in their country.
Seven-a-side rugby was played at the Commonwealth Games in 1998, the first time rugby had been played at this international event, and it paved the way for Sevens rugby’s new Olympic adventure.
Nowadays countries previously regarded as Sevens novelties are becoming viable rugby nations. The game is slowly establishing itself in Asia. Japan, in particular, has progressed markedly, with local businesses willing to pay exorbitant sums for players. Keen to win honour and prestige, Japanese companies are anxious to have a strong team that can beat every other company side.
Cheering From Rugby Cloud Nine
Rugby is a physical contact sport. When played properly, it is an exciting, edge-of-the-seat spectacle that gets the spectators’ blood pumping and their adrenaline rushing. Fair warning: You may need to ask your doctor if it’s okay to become a rugby fan because the thrills and spills can make it a real roller-coaster ride.
If toughing it out on the pitch doesn’t appeal to you, you can have just as much fun watching rugby as playing it. The life of a sideline dweller is often very satisfying, and certainly less fraught than that of the grunt-and-groan merchants on the pitch.
Websites, newspapers, radio, television, videos, sports magazines galore and even – surprise, surprise – books are covering rugby to a greater extent and in greater depth every day to satisfy the rugby fan’s insatiable appetite for all things rugby. Chapter 17 is your media guide to getting the most out of the rugby that’s televised, and Chapter 18 is all about the best rugby Web sites, the plethora of print media that awaits you at your local newsagents and in the bookstores, and the radio stations to tune into to listen to commentaries on the game.
Of course, for soaking up all the atmosphere, you can’t beat being there. Cheering your team on from the stands is the ultimate high. All you need to succeed as a first-rate barracker is a bit of bluff, a bit of cunning and the willingness to learn a few specific terms so that those around you believe that despite your pasty, unathletic appearance, you are actually a walking, talking encyclopaedia of the game.
Like most sports, rugby has its fair share of unusual and unique terms to describe the action unfolding in front of you. To help you talk the talk of the rugby veteran, turn to Chapter 19, which is also a mine of information on how to become a knowledgeable spectator.
Showing Off Your Rugby Knowledge
Everyone likes a Top Ten list, and we’re no different. Part V of this book is packed full of fascinating bits of information that you can store away and draw on whenever you feel like impressing all those around you at the rugby. Something for everyone!
For our take on the greatest British players, go to Chapter 20; for the greatest highs in the game, go to Chapter 21; and if you want a really good laugh, Chapter 22 is full of rugby trivia.
By the way, if at any stage you need a quick refresher on terms like scrum, binding, blindside, prop and hooker, you can find a glossary at the end of this book that explains these arcane terms. Don’t worry: You are in no danger of drowning in rugby-speak!
Chapter 2
The Aim of the Game
In This Chapter
Finding your way around the rugby pitch
Keeping score
Meeting the team
Changing places: The reserves
Punishing rugby offenders
You’ve probably heard great tales about the camaraderie of rugby. How players are members of exclusive clubs, whose prime aims are world peace and the brotherhood of man. Don’t be fooled. Like a lot of things in the sphere of rugby, it’s just a lot of hot air. No matter what level of rugby you play, the aim of the game is to win, and that can trigger all sorts of weird emotions. World peace and brotherly love go out of the window when players are determined that their team is going to win.
In this chapter, we describe the field of play and then outline the ways in which you can score points and the time allowed for the game. Then we briefly describe the positions of the players and the various movements on and off the field.
Getting the Measure of the Field
Rugby is played on a grass field, although sand and clay are permitted, provided they are not dangerous. A permanently hard surface, such as asphalt and cement, is prohibited. The place where rugby is played is variously referred to as the field of play, the playing field, the rugby field and the pitch, but they all mean the same – the battlefield, which is shown in Figure 2-1.
The players do battle in the following areas:
The field of play: The area that is in the centre of the ground is the field of play, which measures no more than 100 metres long by no more than 70 metres wide.
The playing area: Encompassing the in-goal areas as well as the field of play is the playing area. The playing area is defined by posts flying flags; the posts are at least 1.2 metres in height.
The in-goal areas: At each end of the playing area are the in-goal areas, which must be between 10 and 22 metres in length and 70 metres in width.
The playing area has numerous lines marked on it, of which the most important are the following:
10 metre line: Two 10 metre lines are marked on the field of play, which are situated 10 metres either side of the halfway line. When a team kicks off, the ball must cross this line for play to continue – in other words, the ball must be kicked at least 10 metres towards the opposing team to allow play to start. If the ball does not travel 10 metres, a scrum is formed in the middle of the field, with the non-offending team getting the scrum feed or put-in.
22 metre line: The field of play has two lines 22 metres out from each tryline. Goal kickers attempt to take conversions near these lines.
Dead ball line: The line beyond the in-goal area at each end of the field is called the dead ball line. Once the ball goes over this line it is out of play.
Halfway line: The halfway line marks the centre of the field and is where the game starts. The game is also restarted at the halfway line after successful tries or penalty goals.
Sideline: The two lines marked along the length of the field are called the sidelines. A ball is described as going into touch when it crosses either sideline and goes out of the field of play. The sideline is also called the touch line.
Touch line: The touch line is the same line as the sideline.
Goal-line (Tryline): The line at either end of the field of play which a player must cross for his team to successfully score a try is called a tryline.
Finally, the target, the goalposts. Goalposts are situated at each end of the playing area and must be 5.6 metres apart with a crossbar, the transverse bar between the goalposts that’s three metres from the ground. The minimum height of the goalposts is 3.4 metres. As a safety precaution, the goalposts are usually covered with padding to stop players suffering serious injury if they crash into them.
Figure 2-1: The arena in which rugby is played.
Understanding the Scoring System
A rugby scoreboard can be very confusing to the uninitiated. Maybe it’s not as bewildering as the scoreboards at a cricket ground, but it still appears pretty arcane. It’s even harder to keep track of the score if you don’t know what each individual point-scoring activity is worth.
A team can put points on the scoreboard in only a few ways. Once you know what they are, your enjoyment of the game really takes off as you understand what’s at stake on the field.
Scoring a try
The most advantageous way to rack up the points is by scoring a try. A try is scored when the attacking team manages to cross the defending team’s tryline and puts the ball on the ground in their in-goal area. A try is the pièce de resistance of rugby – similar to scoring a goal in football or hitting a six in cricket. If a try is scored, the referee raises his arm and blows his whistle.
A try is worth five points, which is the most number of points you can score at once.
Fouling up: Penalty tries
A penalty try is awarded if the referee believes the defending team deliberately fouled the attacking team in order to prevent them completing a move that would inevitably have led to a try being scored – ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ is the official phrase. If a penalty try is awarded, the referee runs to a spot beneath the crossbar at the centre of the goalposts and indicates he has awarded the attacking team a penalty try by raising his arm and blowing his whistle. As with a normal try, the attacking team is allowed a conversion kick and the chance to add further points to the score.
A penalty try is worth exactly the same as a normal try – five points.
Taking a conversion
Once a try or penalty try is scored, the attacking team has the chance to add a further two points to the scoreboard by kicking a conversion. The referee stands at the spot where the try was scored, and points the goal kicker, a member of the attacking team, to where exactly on the field of play he can take the conversion. The goal kicker must take it in a direct line down the field from where the try was scored. If the try was scored near the sideline, the goal kicker must take his conversion kick near the sideline. (Figure 2-1 shows the sideline.) Usually, the goal kicker places the ball 20–30 metres from the goalposts, a distance with which he feels comfortable.
The goal kicker places the ball on either a specially constructed kicking tee or on a patch of sand. A kicking tee is a small plastic gizmo that’s placed on the ground and holds the football upright (it’s described in more detail in Chapter 3).
Once he has placed the ball to his satisfaction, the goal kicker steps back, checks the wind direction, cleans the mud from his boots, coughs nervously and then runs in (as shown in Figure 2-2). The goal kicker tries to kick the ball so that it passes between the goalposts at a point above the crossbar.
Figure 2-2: Running in to take a conversion.
The defending team, who must stand on or behind the goal line as the kicker prepares to take the conversion, is allowed to rush the kicker as soon as he begins his run at the ball.
