Science of Sport: Sprinting E-Book

Geoffrey GK Platt

• Herausgeber: Crowood
• Kategorie: Bildung
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

The Science of Sport: Sprinting examines the scientific principles that underpin the preparation and performance of athletics at all levels, from grassroots to Olympic competition. Drawing on the expertise of some of the world's leading coaches and sport science professionals, the book presents a detailed analysis of the latest evidence and explores the ways in which science has influenced, and subsequently improved, the sport of sprinting. By providing an overview of the principles of sport science and how these are applied in practice, the book is essential reading for students and academics, coaches and performers, physiotherapists, club doctors and professional support staff working in the sport. Key topics covered include: talent identification and youth development; biomechanics; performance analysis; coaching and coach education; training methods; fitness testing; nutrition; mental skills; incidence and treatment of injuries; performance lifestyle. Fully illustrated with 150 colour images and diagrams.

Leseprobe

THE SCIENCE OF SPORT

Sprinting

Dr Geoffrey K Platt

First published in 2015 byThe Crowood Press LtdRamsbury, MarlboroughWiltshire SN8 2HR

www.crowood.com

This e-book published 2015

© Geoffrey K. Platt 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978 1 84797 942 1

CONTENTS

Authors and Contributors

1   An Introduction to the Science of Sprinting Dr Geoffrey K. Platt

2   Talent Identification and Development in Sprinting Dr Mohsen Shafizadeh

3   Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques of the Sprint Start Professor Morteza Shahbazi Moghaddam

4   Biomechanics of Sprinting Professor Morteza Shahbazi Moghaddam

5   Biomechanics of Sundry Sprint Skills Professor Morteza Shahbazi Moghaddam

6   Performance Analysis in Sprinting Dr Mohsen Shafizadeh

7   Coaching Sprinting Interview with Tom McNab

8   Training Methods 1960–2014 Dr Geoffrey K. Platt

9   Modern Training Methods Dr Geoffrey K. Platt

10  Fitness Testing for Sprinting Dr Geoffrey K. Platt

11  Nutrition for Sprinting Dr Justin Roberts

12  Drugs in Sprinting Wilf Paish, Tom McNab and Dr Geoffrey K. Platt

13  Mental Skills Training in Sprinting Dr Andrew Cruickshank, Susan Giblin and Professor Dave Collins

14  Incidence and Treatment of Injuries in Sprinting Dr Gino di Matteo

15  Performance Lifestyle for Sprinting Dr Geoffrey K. Platt

16  References

Index

AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Dr Geoffrey K. Platt is an international coach, lecturer and author. He is retained by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) and the International Powerlifting Federation (IPF) to lecture on a wide range of subjects relating to high performance sport. He is a former principal lecturer in Sports Coaching Science.

Professor Morteza Shahbazi Moghaddam is an emeritus professor from Tehran University. He received his PhD from Paris University in Electronics in 1974, but since 1986 he has been involved with biomechanics, and following a sabbatical at the Centre for Aquatic Research at Edinburgh University in 2001, has continued there as a visiting professor, undertaking research and publishing forty-five papers in this domain.

Dr Mohsen Shafizadeh is a senior lecturer in Skill Acquisition and Performance Analysis at Sheffield Hallam University. He is a qualified athletics coach and technical official in Iran; also a BASES-accredited sports scientist and ISPAS-accredited performance analyst.

Dr Gino di Matteo qualified as a physiotherapist in 1985 before completing a Masters in 1994 and a doctorate in 1999. He is currently the Director of Clinical Services for TW1 Physiotherapy Ltd, and lectures to physicians, surgeons and other healthcare professionals. He has been involved with the assessment and management of injured athletes of all levels, including premiership football and rugby, and lectured to medics preparing for the 2012 Olympics, specializing in the biomechanical assessment of musculoskeletal injuries.

Dr Justin Roberts (Senior Lecturer/Researcher specializing in Performance Nutrition and Physiology at Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge. He is an Accredited Sport and Exercise Physiologist and Chartered Scientist with the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES). Dr Roberts is also an applied nutritionist registered with the British Association of Applied Nutrition and Nutritional Therapy (BANT), the Nutrition Therapy Council (NTC) and the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council (CNHC).

Professor Dave Collins is the chair and director of the Institute of Coaching and Performance (IcaP). As an applied performance psychologist, Dave has worked with over sixty world and Olympic medallists, plus a number of professional and international athletes in various team sports. In previous careers he served as Performance Director of UK Athletics, as a teacher and teacher educator, and as a director of coaching for various sports and academies.

Dr Andrew Cruickshank is an ex-professional footballer and current chartered sport psychologist who has worked in elite athletics, motor sport, judo, golf, football, rugby, mountain biking and netball. As an academic, Andrew has a PhD in applied sport psychology, has published work in various journals, and contributed to book chapters on high performance sport.

Susan Giblin is a performance scientist, and a researcher at the Institute of Coaching and Performance (ICaP) at UCLan, specializing in psychomotor skill development. She is a certified strength and conditioning specialist (NSCA) with applied coaching experience to Olympic level. She is currently still in training as a sprints athlete.

Tom McNab is a former Principal National Coach for Athletics. As well as coaching British athletics teams, he also worked with the British Olympic bobsleigh team and the England rugby squad at the 1992 World Cup. In that same year Tom was voted British Coach of the Year. Tom now has a successful career as a novelist and motivational public speaker.

Wilf Paish was one of Britain’s most successful athletics coaches in a career spanning five decades. As well as being Principal National Coach for Athletics, he also coached many top class athletes, most notably Tessa Sanderson, who won javelin gold at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Wilf died in 2010.

CHAPTER 1

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF SPRINTING

by Dr Geoffrey K. Platt

This book is about running as fast as is humanly possible. Some of the best sprinters in the world have combined with some of the best coaches and some of the best injury specialists and some of the best sports scientists to review recent work in the area, and to give their best advice on the direction in which sprinting should develop over the next twenty years.

Since the 1880s, sport has become organized, structured and very competitive. Athletes are no longer the only participants in sport who want to be the best in their field: now coaches, administrators, technical officials, even sports doctors devote their lives, night and day, to being as good as they can be.

THE BACKGROUND TO SPORTS SCIENCE

The end of World War II in 1945 saw the formation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) – East Germany. Sitting in the shadow of the much larger Federal German Republic (FDR) – West Germany – the East Germans were keen to show what they could do, and that they could compete against their much larger neighbours. They established the best sports-science set-up that the world has ever seen.

In 1981, Australia formed the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), which has been ‘the cradle of Australia’s national sports system – one that is recognized the world over for its ability to identify, develop and produce world, Olympic and Paralympic champions’. The Australians showed that sports science research was not limited to Eastern Europe, and also demonstrated what could be achieved in sports performance with strong investment.

In 2002, England started the English Institute of Sport, with similar organizations in each of the other Home Countries, and ‘Olympic sports have leapt ahead and are leading the way in the appliance of expertise, and this is down to the breadth of experts they employ, many of whom have been young graduates employed in specific roles.’

In the words of Sir Dave Brailsford, Performance Director of British Cycling, ‘Sport science and medicine are inextricably linked to performance and are areas that British Cycling has continued to embrace.’

In this book, leading athletes, coaches, injury specialists and sports scientists will explain the science and medicine that will move sprinting forwards over the next twenty years.

Definition of Terms

No introduction would be complete unless it defines the terms on which it relies:

Science is defined as ‘A systematic study using observation, experiment and measurement, of physical and social phenomena, or any specific area involving such a study.’

Sprinting is defined as ‘A run of short distance which can be covered at top speed in one continuous effort.’

‘Study the past if you would define the future.’ – Confucius (551bc–479bc).

Men

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) recognize three sprinting events for both men and women for outdoor competition: 100 metres, 200 metres and 400 metres.

ATHLETICS – WORLD RECORDS

World records for athletics were first officially recognized by the IAAF in 1913. Initially, records were accepted for ninety-six men’s events; this list has been reduced at various times, including the elimination of imperial distances (except the 1 mile), in 1977. From 1977, all records at sprint distances up to 400 metres have only been accepted if timed fully automatically. Prior to that date the best hand-timed results have been listed.

100 Metres

Fig. 1.1: The progression of the IAAF World Record for the Men’s 100m (blue line). The best-fit straight line is in black. The best-fit curve is in red. These predict the future.

200 Metres

y denotes 220 yards time equal to, or better than, the existing metric record

Note that it was not until 1951 that the IAAF first distinguished between records made on a full turn and those marks made on a straight track, which would be c.0.3–0.4 faster. Records were accepted by the IAAF for 200m and 220y on straight tracks until 1975 – the final record (at 220 yards) was 19.5 by Tommie Smith at San Jose on 7 May 1966.

Fig. 1.2: The progression of the IAAF World Record for the Men’s 200m (blue line). The best-fit straight line is in black. The best-fit curve is in red. These predict the future.

400 Metres

y denotes 440 yards time equal to, or better than, the existing metric record

Fig. 1.3: The progression of the IAAF World Record for the Men’s 400m (blue line). The best-fit straight line is in black. The best-fit curve is in red. These predict the future.

Women

Women’s records were accepted by the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) from its formation in 1921. The FSFI merged with the IAAF in 1936.

100 Metres

(Note: Joyner’s time above was probably strongly wind-assisted, and her 10.61 the following day should perhaps be regarded as the ‘real’ record.)

Fig. 1.4: The progression of the IAAF World Record for the Women’s 100m (blue line). The best-fit straight line is in black. The best-fit curve is in red. These predict the future.

200 Metres

y denotes 220 yards time equal to, or better than, the existing metric record

Fig. 1.5: The progression of the IAAF World Record for the Women’s 200m (blue line). The best-fit straight line is in black. The best-fit curve is in red. These predict the future.

400 Metres

Records recognized by the IAAF from 1957, before which the best time on record was 53.9 by Mariya Itkina URS at Bucuresti on 1 Oct 1955.

y denotes 440 yards time equal to, or better than, the existing metric record

Fig. 1.6: The progression of the IAAF World Record for the Women’s 400m (blue line). The best-fit straight line is in black. The best-fit curve is in red. These predict the future.

CHAPTER 2

TALENT IDENTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN SPRINTING

by Dr Mohsen Shafizadeh

So, is ‘talent’ a myth or a reality? This is an important question that has been posed for many decades across different aspects of life, such as business and sport. Many efforts have been made to ensure that the recruitment of human resources in any profession is carried out according to an approved, scientific framework, rather than by simple chance.

In sport we hear a lot about successful athletes who repeatedly break world records and dominate their sport for long periods: talented Olympic and World Champions such as Usain Bolt in sprinting, who has won fourteen gold medals; Sir Steven Redgrave in rowing, who won fourteen gold medals; Naim Süleymanoğlu in weightlifting, who won ten gold medals; Roger Federer in tennis, who has won seventeen grand slam singles titles; Tiger Woods in golf, who has won fourteen majors; and Lionel Messi in association football, who was voted Player of the Year for three successive years – and there are many others who have excelled in sport and brought new horizons to the former perceived limitations of human performance.

Talking about athletes, and the talents they possess, has long been a challenging topic, and has drawn together a wide range of scientists to debate the parameters that predict successful performance. Geneticists have attempted to define talented athletes through their innate abilities and capacities, which are defined by heredity. On the other hand, coaches and practitioners have been interested in associating talent development with environmental factors, and specifically the effects of practice.

The debate between nature and nurture – or between genetics and environment – has long been a source of discussion in education and psychology, and, more recently, in sports science and sports coaching. Regardless of the ways in which a successful performance is generated, what is interesting is the way that we define our expectations of an athlete in the coaching process. This introduces different models of talent identification and development in sport, which have been used in many countries.