Scottish Voices From the Great War E-Book

Derek Young

• Herausgeber: The History Press
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 399

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Scotland's response to the Great War has, up until now, largely been marginalized or ignored. With a proportionally higher number of volunteers than any other home nation, Scotland's youth played a significant part in Britain's war effort. Here is the first study of Scotland's response to the call to arms; the true story behind the raising, the training, life in the trenches and the sacrifices faced by those battalions raised in Scotland. This book focuses on the experiences of those who served in the Scottish divisions. Charting the course of emotions from initial enthusiasm in August 1914 through to outright disillusionment with the continuation of the war in 1917, the author clearly shows how life at the front line produced both physical and emotional changes in those caught up in the horrors of trench warfare.

Leseprobe

SCOTTISHVOICES

FROM THE GREAT WAR

About the Author

Derek Young is a Research Fellow at the University of Stirling. He was awarded his PhD in History under Hew Strachan at the Scottish Centre for War Studies, University of Glasgow. In writing and compiling this book, Derek Young drew upon previously unused records in regimental museums, local history archives, university collections and national Scottish museums. He also launched a successful public appeal for material in the possession of relatives of Scottish soldiers who fought in the war through Scotland’s national and local press and radio. His other books include Scottish Voices from the Second World War, also published by Tempus. He lives in Dundee.

Praise for DEREK YOUNG

SCOTTISHVOICES

FROM THE GREAT WAR

DEREK YOUNG

This edition first published in 2006

by Tempus Publishing Limited

Reprinted in 2008 by

The History Press

The Mill, Brimscombe Port,

Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG

This ebook edition first published in 2016

All rights reserved

© Derek Young 2005, 2006

The right of Derek Young to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights, and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.

EPUB ISBN 978 0 7509 7905 4

Typesetting and origination by Tempus Publishing Limited

eBook converted by Geethik Technologies

Contents

Preface

1 Mobilise for War

2 ‘Awa’ for a Sodjer’

3 Training

4 ‘Ower the Sea tae…’

5 In the Beginning

6 Trench Warfare

7 ‘Better Slush than Slaughter’

8 ‘Ower the Bags’

9 Conditions

10 Work

11 Rest

12 Play

13 Food

14 ‘Who Pays the Piper’

15 Letters from…

16 The End?

Soldiers Quoted

List of Illustrations

Preface

I have tried for some time now to think of an introduction to this book. Something witty, contemporary, controversial or even, God forbid, philosophical. I have failed miserably at every attempt, and yet in a strange perverse way for once I am content with my failure. It is not for me to tell the story of events, but for those who served. My role is only to tie events together, join the dots if you like. It is for others to recall the events which had an impact upon all sections of Scottish society. What has been assembled is a picture of the war as seen by those who were there, telling of the dull and the mundane, giving a picture of everyday life in the trenches as well as the excitement of combat. The war brought out the best and worst in people and affected Scots of all ages and from all walks of life – the young and the not so young, single men and those leaving behind families, the unemployed and those giving up the luxury of full-time, stable employment.

William Begbie joined the 7th Battalion Royal Scots in the summer of 1914, aged just fifteen years. When Private Begbie came home from the local drill hall and broke the news of his enlistment to his parents they had differing views:

When I arrived home, my mother said ‘Take your uniform back – you are too young to be a soldier’, but my father only laughed and said to my mother, ‘This will do him no harm – Territorials don’t go to war’.

On 4 August 1914 Begbie was mobilised with the rest of his battalion, one of the youngest members of the British army to go to war. In 1915 at the age of sixteen he was wounded twice in the hell that was Gallipoli. He subsequently served in Egypt and was gassed in France during the last German offensive of the war in 1918. Territorials don’t go to war!

The First World War was costly for Scotland. Even now, ninety years after the event, the number of Scottish dead varies depending on where the information is obtained, but the Scottish National War Memorial at Edinburgh Castle records over 147,000 Scottish deaths in the Great War. Second Lieutenant Alan Macgregor Wilson, serving in France with the 8th Battalion Black Watch, spoke for all of us when he wrote:

I do not hear the guns today. Yesterday and today they have been quiet. The lull before the storm. But still the ambulances pass with their freight of sadness. The eternal stream. But how much more sad is the thought of those who have been left. Finding their last resting place in foreign soil. The luxury of a coffin is denied. They are too many these fallen heroes. I wonder sometimes how long will it take for these sons of Britain to be forgotten. Never, I hope, and least when judgement calls.

The Armistice did not signal an end to unnecessary suffering. In the early hours of New Year’s Day 1919 the Admiralty yacht Iolaire ran aground off the island of Lewis. With lifeboats for 100 and lifejackets for only eighty, the vessel had nevertheless been deemed safe to carry 260 servicemen returning to the island after four years of war. Out of 284 passengers and crew only seventy-nine survived. Men who had suffered four years of the bloodiest conflict the world had ever known drowned within sight and sound of their homes. These men were among the 690,235 Scots who served, not only with Scottish regiments but in every branch of the armed service and in every theatre of war.

In recent years it has become obligatory to attack as naive or idealistic those whose writings in any way imply that there is a futility in war. Naive! Idealistic! I can live with that.

In an age when Scottish regiments are once again facing the threat of amalgamation I would encourage readers to take the time to visit some of the numerous regimental museums scattered across the country. Staffed by dedicated individuals and desperately underfunded, they are part of our heritage. I have always found the staff of these museums to be both helpful and informative. Thomas Smyth, archivist at the Black Watch Museum, Perth, rates a special thank you, as does Lt Colonel Fairrie at the Queen’s Own Highlanders Museum, Fort George, who was kind enough to assist with photographs. At the regimental museum of the King’s Own Scottish Borderers, Ian Martin also took time to help with photographs and deserves a special mention, while at the Royal Scots Museum, Edinburgh Castle, David Murphy similarly went out of his way to assist.

My thanks also go to the staff of the University of Dundee Archives and especially the staff of the Special Collections, University of Leeds, who, it seems, can never do enough to help.

Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who contributed letters, diaries and photographs for inclusion in this book. There are too many to list here but my heartfelt thanks go out to them all.

Derek Rutherford Young

You always walk with your head held high

In quiet innocence you cry

No quarter given, none was asked

All that’s left are the memories of a distant past.

You’ve known despair, you’ve known sorrow

Suffered heartache, but you know it’s going to take

Something soft and gentle to brush away the tears

All that’s left are the memories of those distant years.

In silence and in pain you wait patient for the end

Your life’s been full, you’ve lost old friends

Still, in the autumn of your days, in your old familiar ways

The memories keep flooding back every time that old familiar music plays.

Ruth Ford

1

Mobilise for War

Led by the pipes, the 1st Battalion Cameron Highlanders marched out through the gates of Edinburgh Castle, crossed the esplanade filled with cheering onlookers, and trooped down to the train station to embark for France. As they left to take their place with the British Expeditionary Force, crowds of friends and well-wishers gathered at the station to give them a send-off. The battalion was once more going to war. No one on that day realised that few of those leaving would ever return. Across the country, similar scenes were being played out as Scotland’s regular and Territorial battalions went through the process of mobilising for war.

On 4 August 1914 Great Britain had once again entered into a war in continental Europe. Troops were mobilised and Territorial units were sent to their war stations to protect bridges, aqueducts, railway lines and reservoirs. In an effort to bring the battalions up to strength, reservists were called back to the colours and issued with the necessary equipment while any shortfalls in men and equipment were quickly made good. Officers and men on leave were hurriedly recalled and returned to find regimental depots in the throes of organised chaos as battalions prepared to leave and new recruits flooded in, adding to the confusion. Trains, wagons and horses were commandeered. Trains were not only required to transport the men – the battalion transport train had also to be transported by rail. Horses and general service wagons had to be transported to ports of embarkation.

In stark contrast to the very public departure of the Camerons from Edinburgh, and of the equally public display of support, in Glasgow the 1st Battalion Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) mobilised with less fanfare. R.C. Money recalled that the battalion mobilised in five days, collecting reservists and spare equipment, then departed for Southampton without the fanfare and cheering crowds of well-wishers seen elsewhere:

Our send of[f] from Glasgow was singularly quiet because it took place in the middle of the night and we just slipped quietly out of the gates of Maryhill barracks and very few of us ever saw them again.

His diary also recalled that their departure clearly suffered from a lack of preparation. The battalion ‘left Glasgow in 4 trains, with cattle trucks. Cattle trucks “hopelessly inadequate” for the draft horses; several died.’ The roofs of the cattle trucks were too low for the heavy draft horses, and on arrival at Southampton a great number were found dead in the trucks. His fellow officer Captain R.H.W. Rose recorded that the battalion crossed the Channel on 14 August. We are told the battalion ‘embarked on SS Caledonia. Fine Anchor Line ship, very lucky, as many in pig boats, not told where going.’ Elsewhere, H.D. Clark noted that by 8 August the 2nd Battalion Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders had absorbed 600 reservists and was up to complement. The battalion left Fort George on 9 August and arrived at Southampton on the morning of 10 August. Mobilisation itself was not without incident. Clark recalled the chaos when the battalion left Fort George:

There was a scheme whereby horse owners in the area were subsidised throughout the years, in order that they would provide horses for transport of the battalion when required on mobilisation being ordered. Of course the horses were new to each other and had to be made up into teams and fitted with harness from the quartermasters store which was brand new and very stiff. As one can imagine it was very difficult to make up a happy team of horses to pull the various wagons and when we did eventually move down to entrain to go to war, our progress from Fort George to the station was like a rodeo which entertained the local inhabitants to a great extent.

It was clearly not expected that they would get up to strength so quickly, and when the battalion reached Southampton there was not enough room on the vessel allocated. One company had to remain behind for later onward travel. Clark also recalled that when the battalion landed in France ‘the great difficulty was to prevent the troops enjoying the hospitality of the villagers as we passed along because they put out buckets of red wine and so on for the troops to drink as they passed.’ Second Lieutenant J.C. Cunningham, serving alongside Clark, recalled one of the major difficulties associated with mustering Highland regiments:

We had a company of MacLean’s complete and 2 companies of Campbell’s and the others were mixed but at that time [outbreak of war] if you were in those companies you had to know the last three numbers of everybody in your company and the roll call was called by the last 3 numbers of the man’s number. We were all Campbell’s. So it was no good calling Campbell, Campbell, Campbell and they used to be called 591, 724.

The scene at Dingwall station when the Seaforth Highlanders entrained was one of calm efficiency as relatives and ex-soldiers gathered on the platform in an atmosphere of reflection to wish them a safe return, while the King’s Own Scottish Borderers, embarking from Dublin, also did so in an unhurried manner, reminiscent of a peacetime mobilisation exercise. War was declared in the atmosphere of a Bank Holiday weekend. Scotland was in the throes of the Trades Holidays – the annual summer holiday period – and in many cases the Scottish Territorial battalions had just completed their annual summer camp and were prepared, if not ready, to mobilise. The 6th Battalion Black Watch contained an Irish company, raised and based in Ireland:

These Irishmen formed a self-contained company and journeyed over to attend the annual training camps in Scotland. The company managed to assemble, make the journey from Ireland, and present itself at the Perth barracks only two days after war was declared.

Streets lined with cheering crowds were a common sight in the early days as troops, both regular and Territorial, were mobilised and dispatched to their war station. Friends, family and workmates would turn out to give the departing troops a rousing send-off with popular songs and stirring speeches. In many instances a party atmosphere developed at railway stations as departing troops were sent off to war with presents of food, and in many cases drink, for the long journey south.

Scotland’s Territorial battalions expected to play their part from the start. While regular Scottish battalions were mobilised for war in Europe, the Territorial Force was mobilised for home defence and increased training:

In August 1914 the Territorial Force in Scotland was in the process of completing its annual camp and was ideally positioned to respond to the mobilisation. There was a feeling at large that the army would soon be in action.

The unforeseen ability to mobilise and absorb the extra manpower necessary to come up to full establishment was not confined to the regular army. The 7th Battalion Black Watch, which was based and recruited in Fife, had gained some 332 recruits by the time it reached its war station on 7 August:

Recruiting was extremely brisk. Men flocked from all parts of the country to join their local battalion, with the result that while the marching-out state, on breaking camp at Monzie, showed a total strength of 570, the corresponding state on the morning after arrival at the war station was 902.

The 7th Battalion Royal Scots was mobilised on 4 August and, after spending the night quartered in the local drill hall, entrained on the morning of 5 August to the sound of the battalion band. Private William Begbie remembered the event:

In our company we had a few Reservists [men who had served with the army in peace time and were not liable to be called up]. Many of us who were just recruits had to listen when they were telling us what to do and what to expect. After the train started, one of the reservists said it was a long journey to the South of England and when on active service we would not get much sleep so we should take a nap when we could. To prove his point he took off his tunic, boots and trousers to have a nap. To our surprise the train stopped and a bugler sounded the fall-in. We had all taken off our equipment and put it under the seat so it was a real scramble when an NCO shouted, ‘Put your equipment on the platform and fall in with your rifles’. We had a quiet giggle when the man who had taken his trousers off had to parade without them. About 20 yards away was a bridge across the railway and some people, mostly women, started to laugh when they saw what was happening.

Lieutenant Alexander Nicol of the 5th Battalion Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders was mobilised and sent to his war station at the Western Barracks, Dundee, a converted poorhouse. Nicol spent his time guarding the Tay Bridge and conducting road patrols, and slept in a commandeered bobbin factory. In a letter to his mother he described the town as ‘a funny mixture of a place. Winding streets, slums all mixed up together. It is not bad when taken all together.’ Having moved to Dunfermline in early May 1915 in preparation for posting overseas, Lieutenant Nicol wrote:

It seems settled that we are going to the Dardanelles but whether we go to Egypt first for some more training or to the seat of war, nobody knows. Everyone really wanted to go to France where the Army has been putting up such a splendid fight against great odds, but this move is much better than remaining here so we don’t grumble. All we hope is that we are not put on garrison duty anywhere.

Nicol’s desire to avoid any form of garrison duty reflected the general desperation to get involved in the ‘real’ action.

‘SCOTS WHA HAE’

The Shirker’s Version

We’re Scots wha ne’er for Britain bled,

Scots wha’m French has never led,

An’ care mair for oor cosy bed,

Than ony victory.

This is no the day nor hour;

Wait till winters storms are owre,

We’ll aiblins then smash Wilhelm’s power,

And show our bravery.

It’s graund to read o’ foemen brave,

An’ glorious fechtin’ by the lave,

But lists o’ wounded mak’ us grave,

An sweer to cross the sea.

We’re unco prood o’ King and law’

But nothing moves us like fitba’,

Sae ither men the sword may draw,

And keep us safe and free.

Lay the Prussian Junkers low,

An’ we’ll see’d a’ in a picter show,

Hoo oor brave billies struck their blow,

An’ dared to do or die.

Sae let puir Belgium thole her pains,

An’ mourn for murdered wives and weans,

We dinna care to risk oor banes,

Or fecht to set her free.

2

‘Awa’ for a Sodjer’

As war was declared, men rushed to enlist. Eager volunteers flocked to the colours, their reasons as complex and varied as their backgrounds. Nowhere was this more evident than in Scotland, a country which, although small in size and population, nevertheless managed to provide 690,235 recruits during the war; a figure which included a higher proportion of volunteers than any other home country. Some enlisted out of a sense of patriotism or duty; others saw it as an opportunity for adventure, with memories of short-term service in the Boer War still fresh in their mind. Others saw it as relief from unemployment or the chance of escape, however temporary, from a life of drudgery. Whatever the reason, men came forward in unprecedented numbers. The demand for manpower was immediate, with Lord Kitchener making a direct appeal to the people of Scotland:

I feel certain that Scotsmen have only to know that the country urgently needs their services to offer them with the same splendid patriotism as they have always shown in the past... their services were never more needed than they are today... I rely confidently on a splendid response to the national appeal.

Scotland responded enthusiastically to this call for manpower, with crowds of eager volunteers filling the recruiting offices and overflowing into the streets outside. Edinburgh’s Cockburn Street recruiting office remained open day and night processing crowds of volunteers. Working-class men, eager to support their country, rubbed shoulders with members of the Faculty of Advocates – the recruiting office in Cockburn Street was a short stone’s throw from the High Courts. In Dundee, where smaller but no less enthusiastic crowds gathered, the city’s Nethergate recruiting office was ‘practically invaded by men of all classes offering their services’. William Linton Andrews, a journalist in Dundee, used his literary skills to describe the sight that greeted his arrival at the local drill hall:

Men were pouring in, overwhelming the ordinary staffs. Men were ready to sign anything, and say anything. They gave false names, false addresses, false ages. They suppressed their previous military service, or exaggerated it, just as seemed to promise them best. (W.L. Andrews, The Haunting Years, p.13)

There were similar scenes in Glasgow, where large crowds gathered outside the city’s Gallowgate recruiting office. It was quickly reported that the Gallowgate office had been unable to cope with the rush of recruits and ‘the police had difficulty in getting hundreds of intending soldiers to wait in the queues till their turn came’. Men who had come forward to enlist found that they were expected to wait in the street while the recruiting staff, unable to grasp the urgency of the moment, continued to follow the slow, laborious, pre-war procedure, including a cold bath for every volunteer prior to medical examination. L.B. Oatts, in his work Proud Heritage: The Story of the Highland Light Infantry, describes the scene at Hamilton in the early days of the war:

The HLI Depot at Hamilton, already worked off its feet dealing with the reservists, was thrown into a complete state of chaos lasting four days, by ‘a howling rabble arriving from Glasgow to enlist.’ These stout hearts declined to leave, and the majority slept in the open in and around the barracks until they could be dealt with – when two of them were found to have only one leg apiece, one tried to get away with ‘a wooden foot’, and several others had glass eyes.

Further north, in Aberdeen, Alexander Cheyne, who had graduated in Classics from Aberdeen University, worked his passage across the Atlantic and rode the Canadian prairie for a year before returning to Aberdeen to train for the ministry. When the war broke out, one of his professors set the class an essay on the subject ‘My duty in the present national crisis’, and when they had finished writing the entire class marched down to the nearest recruiting office and enlisted. Cheyne, Second Lieutenant 5th Battalion Gordon Highlanders, was the sole survivor of this enthusiastic young group.

It was not only in Scotland that Scots were coming forward. C.N. Barclay enlisted in London and highlighted his reasons for coming forward:

With three or four friends I decided to join the London Scottish, and one day during the second half of August I visited their headquarters in Buckingham Gate, London, was medically examined and enlisted. My real reason for doing this was a simple one – at my age and in my circumstances, and in the atmosphere of patriotic enthusiasm at the time, I would have been ashamed not to do so, and my parents would have been ashamed of me if I had not done so. Secondary reasons were that several of my friends were joining the same regiment; also I had already decided that I did not want to be a Civil Engineer. It seemed likely to be a dull sort of profession. [He subsequently served in the army for thirty-two years.]

Joseph Brotherton MacLean, who was born in Glasgow on 30 March 1889, had emigrated to New York in 1911 but returned to Scotland in 1914 shortly after the outbreak of war, sailing from New York on 28 October. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 7th Battalion Cameronians. H.E. May was working as a London policeman when war began. He travelled north to Scotland and enlisted in the Cameron Highlanders, rising to the rank of sergeant and in the process winning the Military Medal. In some parts of Scotland it was an adventure merely to reach the recruiting depot. Robert M. Craig, Corporal, 5th Battalion Cameron Highlanders, had to travel south from Shetland by ferry as far as Aberdeen and then by train on the notorious Highland Railway. He recalled his feelings on arrival in his diary:

In due course I arrived at Fort George – a very dismal place, right on the seashore – and entered barracks, which looked to me exactly like a prison. I should not have been surprised to see the ‘Abandon hope’ inscription over the door, and I certainly felt very small and forlorn, and not at all military-like.

In Glasgow, William Nelson’s initial attempt to enlist met with failure:

He was initially rejected on medical grounds and his ill-health was attributed to poor dental health. To improve the position all of his teeth were extracted. The operation was carried out at home by the dentist on the kitchen table where he was held down by members of his family. He was given a glass of whisky as an anaesthetic and the upper row was removed one day and the following day the same procedure ensued in removing the bottom row. The only amusing part of this ritual was the family cat chasing the discarded teeth on the kitchen floor.

This was one of the enticements advertised to stimulate recruitment; local dentists took out advertisements offering their services free to potential recruits. Even in time of crisis the army would refuse any man with poor teeth as he would be unable to chew the regulation biscuits. How many men lived because of poor dental hygiene? After recovering from his kitchen table surgery William Nelson was later able to enlist in the 7th (Blythswood) Territorial Battalion of the Highland Light Infantry in Bridgeton, Glasgow, on 18 September 1914. In Scotland, residual loyalty to a clan chieftain was still a major factor in recruiting for Highland regiments. At a recruiting meeting in Inverness on 1 September 1914, Cameron of Lochiel remarked that ‘just as in the old days… Highlanders responded to the call of their chiefs.’

In the early winter of 1914 reservists were joining one of the Highland regiments. The men trickled in at most of the stations in Caithness, and they became more numerous as the train entered Sutherlandshire. As the short winter day closed in, snow began to fall; as the train wound through the valleys, all the houses were lit up and the people stood at the doors waving torches and chanting a high-pitched battle song. Except for the railway, nothing was changed. It was thus all through the ages that the clans had mustered, and it was thus that the women, the grandfathers, and the children had sent their men to war. (D.T. Jones, Rural Scotland During the War)

Lochiel, approached by Kitchener to raise new battalions for the Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders, quickly declared ‘I want to raise a thousand Highlanders for my own battalion and I have no doubt I shall have little difficulty in doing so’. He quickly initiated a recruiting campaign, placing advertisements in the Scottish press:

I give my personal guarantee that at the end of the war the battalion will be brought back to Inverness, where it will be disbanded with all convenient dispatch. Companies and platoons will be organised according to local districts, so that men from each district of the highlands will always be kept together in their own section, platoon, or company.

Lochiel was not alone in using the ties of heritage and clan loyalty in an effort to raise recruits. He was joined in this by Lord Lovat, who was requested by the War Office to use his position of influence to raise recruits, especially for the Lovat Scouts. In January 1915 Lord Rosebery headed an appeal to the men of the Lothians on behalf of ‘their noble and historic regiment, the Royal Scots’. He pointed out that ‘lowlanders should be as proud of their regiments as highlanders’. Many others were in a position to adopt a more direct approach to the provision of recruits. Companies, and in some cases individuals, offered a signing-on bonus to those men prepared to enlist.

Sir Ralph Anstruther arrived at the recruiting office in Cupar with his chauffeur, four of his gardeners and one of his footmen. The six unfortunates were then enlisted in the Black Watch. Sir Ralph was not alone in his desire to encourage recruitment among his domestic employees. The new Earl of Wemyss went so far as to threaten to dismiss any of his estate workers between the ages of eighteen and thirty who failed to take the opportunity to enlist. Lord Rosebery drove round his estates collecting his young employees for recruitment while in Glasgow the owners of motor cars were patrolling the streets advertising for recruits, ‘shanghaiing’ those that they found lounging around and transporting them to the nearest recruiting office.

Meanwhile, local authorities were willing to use any means to promote enlistment:

At the sheriff court in Forfar the local Chief Constable suggested that those brought before the court on charges such as drunkenness be ‘persuaded’ to enlist and it would appear that the option of military service for those appearing before the courts was not isolated to Forfar as the number of convicted persons sent to prison in Scotland’s four main cities in late 1914 showed a marked drop over the figures for the previous year.

Similarly, in Glasgow the Night Asylum was reported empty of those young unemployed men who were normally resident there. They ‘had all disappeared; they had gone to serve their country’. Alastair Crerar was working as a legal clerk in 1914 and recalled:

I found life very frustrating. The war was involving everything and many of my friends and nearly all of my male cousins were joining the Army or Navy and I wanted to do the same, but for various reasons mainly the fact that I was deterred by my bosses in the office who needed me, and perhaps also sympathy for my mother who had been left a widow little more than a year ago, I couldn’t get away yet.

He eventually managed to join the Officer Training Corps, which allowed him to obtain a commission in the 2nd Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers. The harsh realities of the manpower needs overruled the residual ties to his family:

A few days into the New Year, the postman brought me a long official envelope containing a beautifully lithographed document in the name of King George the Fifth ‘to our trusty and well beloved Alastair Henry Crerar’ appointing me an officer in the land forces in the rank of 2nd Lieutenant.

James Campbell was working as Assistant Inspector of Poor at Cambuslang when hostilities broke out. As a Territorial in the Royal Garrison Artillery, he was mobilised at the outbreak of war but found the dull routine of gunnery practices, route marches and practice with limbers did not live up to his idea of doing his bit. He deserted, changed into his civilian clothes in a nearby wood and sent his uniform back by post. He chose to enlist in the 6th Battalion Cameron Highlanders in Inverness as his brother was already there. After training at Liphook in Hampshire, he got his wish for action and was posted to France on 8 July 1915 with 15th (Scottish) Division, in time for the Battle of Loos. T. Chamberlain was employed as a clerk in a timber merchant’s office in Glasgow when he saw Lovat’s call for recruits. ‘Well I joined the Cameron Highlanders because I knew a number of people who had already joined there.’ Others saw enlistment in a different light. W. Sorley Brown, Lieutenant, 4th Battalion King’s Own Scottish Borderers, recalled in his diary:

I came to the conclusion that the sword is mightier than the pen in these eventful times. So I hied me down one morning to the local Recruiting Office and offered to join the Foreign Service Battalion of the 4th King’s Own Scottish Borderers.

He enlisted in Galashiels and was medically examined by the local doctor, who knew him well. The doctor wasn’t keen to pass him and, although he informed the Recruiting Officer ‘well, he’s passed the tests, but he’s always ailing, and I’m not so sure if he’s really fit to go out there’, Brown was allowed to enlist, going on to serve with the battalion in Gallipoli, Palestine and Egypt. In George Square, Glasgow, an outdoor cinema was erected and was used to show films of local battalions training in an effort to stimulate recruitment. Friends and relatives would crowd round to see ‘weel kent’ faces and, it was hoped, feel a duty to enlist. Robert Irvine recalled that at this time he was swept up in the feeling of war enthusiasm, often mistaken for patriotism:

When Lord Kitchener’s pointing finger was on every hoarding throughout the country – ‘Your King and Country Needs You’ – I was one of the innocents who was enmeshed in the web of patriotism at the First World War. I was only a shop assistant at the time, and on reflection I think it was more that I wanted to escape from the humdrum life behind a grocer’s counter and see a bit of the country. (R. Irvine in MacDougall, Voices from War and some Labour Struggles, p.28)

Many came forward to enlist and lied about their age and, although they were obviously underage, the recruiting sergeant, or officer, would turn a blind eye. The recruiting sergeant and examining doctor were still, even after the outbreak of war, paid a bounty for each recruit passed as fit and sworn in. Initially it was five shillings per man and, although it was later reduced in the light of the number of men coming forward, there was still an incentive to turn a blind eye. Recruiting vans toured the outlying districts of rural Scotland in an effort to enlist those men who had been unable to walk the long distance to regional recruiting offices. Meanwhile, in the cities tramcars carried advertisements urging the young men to enlist in local regiments. For the first time Glasgow trams carried advertisements, in this case for the Cameron Highlanders and the Highland Light Infantry. ‘Illuminated tramcars nightly toured the streets of Glasgow with bands on board in an effort to stir the suburbs into action. Determined not to be outdone, Edinburgh took this concept one stage further by converting one of its tramcars into a mobile recruiting station, complete with recruiting sergeant, doctor, and justice of the peace.’

On 1 October 1914, The Scotsman reported:

A new method of attracting recruits was put into operation yesterday through the Edinburgh and District Tramway Company. A car, decorated by Sir Robert Maule with the flags of the ‘Allies’ – Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium and Japan – and pictures of the King and Queen, was run over different routes of the system. In the front of the car were the words conspicuously placed ‘To Berlin via France’, and at the back ‘Take your seats for Berlin’. A piper – one of the company’s employees – played music on the top of the car, and inside or on the footboard was the recruiting sergeant who was ready to attend to all who were willing to give their services. A justice of the peace was also in attendance.

This tramcar travelled the various routes of the city and suburbs, stopping at all key points and catching the spontaneous recruits before they had time to reconsider, in many cases before the effects of alcohol wore off. Some were determined to get into uniform and did not require the enticement of a recruitment campaign or the inducement of financial reward. William Cameron was lucky on the fourth attempt:

The first real attempt I made to get into khaki was after I turned eighteen years of age. This was in the month of October 1915 and I was rejected by the Doctor or I would have been sporting an ‘Argyll’ kilt. My next attempt was under the Derby Scheme when on the 12th December 1915 I was again considered of no use by a Rutherglen man, Doctor Allison by name. I was beginning to think I would never be taken, but alas on the 12th May I got papers from Bath Street telling me to report there when I turned nineteen. I didn’t wait till this event came off but I went on the 18th May (with a recommendation from Mr John my old employer) to try to get away with the Glasgow Highlanders but again my luck was out, they said I was too small. I went up to Bath Street the next day and after passing the medical test I managed to get into the Scottish Horse, a crack regiment.

Serving with the 4th Battalion Black Watch, Private Cuthill voiced his opinion of those who failed to come forward and enlist – as he saw it, to do their duty:

In the last letter I got you were saying that some of the boys had joined the HLI [Highland Light Infantry] well I think it was about time as I don’t see why they should stay at home and all of us here.

There was a bit more anger in his later writing: ‘I see by the papers that the scavengers are on strike. Well if I had anything to do with them I would send the lot out here and make them do their bit.’ Crowds gathered at street corners and at recruiting rallies, listening to speakers calling on the young men to step forward and do their duty. Even the sight of young women giving out white feathers to those men not in uniform, a predominantly English practice, was not unknown in Scotland. Large-scale public gatherings such as football matches were seen as prime opportunities to drum up trade for the recruiters. Local battalions would march round the pitch at half-time, while local dignitaries gave speeches and tried to encourage or perhaps entice members of the crowd to come forward and enlist. At some events there were such histrionic scenes as the burning of a ‘fiery cross’, a blatant attempt to arouse Celtic nationalism. There was a call for professional footballers to enlist and show an example to the community:

Let Rangers and Celtic directors forget all about their dividends at present, stop their football playing, and encourage their players to enlist, thus ensuring a spontaneous rush of football enthusiasts to join the colours.

On 26 November 1914, after a home match at Tynecastle, the entire Heart of Midlothian football team enlisted at the Haymarket recruitment office, prompting large numbers of shareholders and supporters to join up. With the majority of the players enlisting in the 16th Battalion Royal Scots, they and a number of their followers formed ‘C’ Company. The presence of these players, their supporters and a contingent from Watsonians Rugby Club gained for the battalion, in some quarters, the title Edinburgh Sportsmen’s Battalion. Interestingly, despite severe criticism of the Football League and its tardy record of recruitment, the Heart of Midlothian team was the only football team in Britain to enlist en masse. If Britain was to compete with the large conscript armies on the continent, there would have to be a significant increase in recruitment. The early manpower demand was for infantry and recruits were encouraged to join this branch. Thomas Williamson was confronted with this fact when enlisting in Dundee:

The first man to greet us when we went further into the recruiting office was a burly sergeant. ‘Well,’ he said, in a deep bass voice, ‘Are you two chaps going to join up?’ We replied, ‘Yes’ I began to ply him with questions such as, could we join the Army Service Corps, or the Royal Field Artillery, or the Royal Engineers? The sergeant said with a smile, ‘no lads, what we are requiring urgently is infantrymen.’

Not all who came forward were successful in enlisting. Twenty-one-year-old Mitchell Lawson was one of seven young men, work colleagues, who went to enlist in August 1914. He was rejected as his chest was too small and he continued to work in the Ice and Cold Storage Company until drafted in 1918 to the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry. Lawson served as a non-combatant but was sent to France after the war ended. Of the other six who successfully enlisted four were killed.

One aspect of the recruiting drive was to distribute postcards depicting the history of a particular regiment and a picture of soldiers in regimental dress. Space was left for the name of an individual to be inserted when he offered to enlist – this served to reinforce ties to a particular regiment. W. Nelson received one such card from the HLI. Although Territorial battalions were receiving recruits in large numbers, not all were opting for foreign service. The bearer was able to carry such a card – suitably filled in – until he went into uniform. The card prevented pressure from other parties to enlist. Recruitment marches were used to promote the local battalions, which would spend several days criss-crossing the county, staying each night in the local drill hall and collecting new recruits on the way. When marching through towns and villages these battalions would often send a youth on ahead carrying a placard showing the number of men the battalion still required to come up to full strength.

Men came forward in large numbers for Lord Kitchener’s New Armies and the Territorial Force. In August 1914 some 40,138 men enlisted for both services, while in September 58,255 men came forward, the highest monthly figure for Scottish recruitment. The 16th Battalion Royal Scots, which received the majority of Hearts players and their supporters, was one of only a handful of ‘Pal’s Battalions’ raised in Scotland. These ‘Locally Raised’ battalions were primarily a phenomenon of English recruitment and only seven were raised in Scotland with varying degrees of success. In Glasgow four such battalions were formed. As a result of a council meeting on 3 September, the Corporation of Glasgow raised two battalions, the 15th and 16th Highland Light Infantry. The 15th (City of Glasgow) Battalion became known as the Tramways Battalion, as the majority of original members were employees of Glasgow Corporation Tramways Department. The 16th Battalion was made up predominantly of past and serving members of the Boys’ Brigade. A third battalion, 17th Highland Light Infantry, was raised at the same time by Glasgow Chamber of Commerce. The fourth such battalion raised in Glasgow, the 18th Battalion Highland Light Infantry, was raised in 1915 as a ‘Bantam’ battalion for those under 5ft 3in in height. The other three battalions were raised in Edinburgh. The 15th Battalion Royal Scots was raised by the City Council and created controversy when its ranks were filled by recruits from Manchester. The 16th Battalion Royal Scots was raised by Sir George McCrae. The third battalion, 17th Battalion Royal Scots, was raised by the Rosebery Royal Scots Recruitment Committee and was also a Bantam battalion.

3

Training

The urgent manpower needs of the army dictated that the training period be as short and as practical as possible. Recruits were taught the basic rudimentary skills necessary for them to be absorbed into the army. They were taught to march and drill and were introduced to the intricacies of rifle drill, bayonet drill, etc. Initial training was limited, as those left behind on mobilisation to train the new cadres often managed to find their way to the front. Many, fearful of missing out on what was supposed to be a short war – perhaps the only one of their generation – simply ignored orders and went along with their battalions to France. Others were quickly posted overseas when the BEF began to suffer high casualty rates in the early months of fighting. Retired soldiers were called back to the colours to train the new citizen armies. Although these ‘dugouts’ were usually the product of the Boer War, and some even saw service in the Sudan campaign, they were generally competent enough to supervise the basic training requirements of the army and many saw active service. The number of recruits outstripped the resources available, and they frequently spent their first months in the army wearing their civilian clothes and drilling with broom handles. For many the only uniforms available were made from surplus blue cloth intended for the Post Office, while others were clad in a mixture of dress uniforms and leftovers from the wars in South Africa. New battalions out on route marches made a motley sight and did little to instil confidence. Instruction took place at camps throughout the British Isles, camps which were initially tents but quickly became semi-permanent, with the construction of accommodation huts. By their very nature these camps were established in isolated and often barren localities, where a harsh environment was seen as a positive aspect. In the early months of the war, conditions in training camps situated in Scotland were primitive, with most of the men accommodated throughout the winter of 1914 in tents and temporary huts. Jim Braid ran away from home in Kirkcaldy, Fife, and joined the regular army on 3 February 1914. At the outbreak of war, after six months’ training at Aldershot, Private Braid was posted to Nigg Bay in Ross-shire with the 3rd Battalion Black Watch:

It is like mid-winter up here shivering every night. It is all right through the day trench digging and route marching. Our company were away on a route march yesterday and what a march it was. The Captain would hardly give us a rest. After the last halt we walked for two hours right into camp. They don’t march up here, they gallop, nearly everybody was dropping out.

Braid frequently wrote home to his parents in Kirkcaldy, describing conditions in the camp:

The grub is very poor up here. Nearly all tinned meat and stinking. We have sometimes an apology for ham. What a disgrace. It is enough to sicken a dead dog.

The subject of food was dear to Braid’s heart and permeated his letters to his parents. He also asked them ‘When do you think the war will finish now. Are we to be home by summer?’ In a letter to his parents on 3 October 1914 Braid wrote excitedly:

We received a wire this afternoon to the effect that 30,000 Germans are killed and 20,000 are prisoners. The war is about finished now the enemy are being scattered right and left and are starving.

In a later letter he again asked:

When do you think the war will finish now, are we to be home by summer. The Austrians are about finished now they are unable to stand up against the advance of the Russians. The Russians will no doubt finish the war and the quicker the better.

As we have seen, the Cameron Highlanders had taken the unusual step of opening their own recruiting office in Glasgow and setting their own criteria for recruits. This ‘elitism’ was passed on to those enlisting in the regiment. When T. Chamberlain enlisted in the Cameron Highlanders in January 1915 he was sent to Invergordon for training:

We were there for about 3 months but as a draft was urgently required in France we were sent out there. We didn’t need the same amount of training as Kitchener’s Army.