Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites E-Book

Ming Qiu Zhang

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 683

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

A state-of-art guide on the interdisciplinary aspects of design, chemistry, and physical properties of bio-inspired self-healing polymers

Inspired by the natural self-healing properties that exist in living organisms—for example, the regenerative ability of humans to heal from cuts and broken bones—interest in self-healing materials is gaining more and more attention. Addressing the broad advances being made in this emerging science, Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites incorporates fundamentals, theory, design, fabrication, characterization, and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites to describe how to prepare self-healing polymeric materials, how to increase the speed of crack repair below room temperature, and how to broaden the spectrum of healing agent species.

Some of the information readers will discover in this book include:

• Focus on engineering aspects and theoretical backgrounds of smart materials

• The systematic route for developing techniques and materials to advance the research and applications of self-healing polymers

• Integration of existing techniques and introduction of novel synthetic approaches and target-oriented materials design and fabrication

• Techniques for characterizing the healing process of polymers and applications of self-healing polymers and polymer composites

• Practical aspects of self-healing technology in various industrial fields, such as electronics, automotive, construction, chemical production, and engineering

With this book, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of this emerging field, while new researchers will understand the framework necessary for innovating new self-healing solutions.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

PREFACE

1 BASICS OF SELF-HEALING: STATE OF THE ART

1.1 BACKGROUND

1.2 INTRINSIC SELF-HEALING

1.3 EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING

1.4 INSIGHTS FOR FUTURE WORK

2 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION AND MODELING

2.1 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS

2.2 HEALING MODELING

2.3 DESIGN OF SELF-HEALING COMPOSITES

2.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

3 EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING VIA ADDITION POLYMERIZATION

3.1 DESIGN AND SELECTION OF HEALING SYSTEM

3.2 MICROENCAPSULATION OF MERCAPTAN AND EPOXY BY IN SITU POLYMERIZATION

3.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF SELF-HEALING FUNCTIONALITY

3.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

4 EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING VIA CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION

4.1 MICROENCAPSULATION OF EPOXY BY UV IRRADIATION-INDUCED INTERFACIAL COPOLYMERIZATION

4.2 ENCAPSULATION OF BORON-CONTAINING CURING AGENT

4.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF SELF-HEALING FUNCTIONALITY

4.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

5 EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING VIA ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION

5.1 PREPARATION OF EPOXY-LOADED MICROCAPSULES AND LATENT HARDENER

5.2 SELF-HEALING EPOXY MATERIALS WITH EMBEDDED EPOXY-LOADED MICROCAPSULES AND LATENT HARDENER

5.3 SELF-HEALING EPOXY/WOVEN GLASS FABRIC COMPOSITES WITH EMBEDDED EPOXY-LOADED MICROCAPSULES AND LATENT HARDENER: HEALING OF INTERLAMINAR FAILURE

5.4 DURABILITY OF HEALING ABILITY

5.5 SELF-HEALING EPOXY/WOVEN GLASS FABRIC COMPOSITES WITH EMBEDDED EPOXY-LOADED MICROCAPSULES AND LATENT HARDENER: HEALING OF IMPACT DAMAGE

5.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS

6 EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING VIA MISCELLANEOUS REACTIONS

6.1 EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING VIA NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION AND RING-OPENING REACTIONS

6.2 EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING VIA LIVING POLYMERIZATION

6.3 EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING VIA FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION

6.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

7 INTRINSIC SELF-HEALING VIA DIELS-ALDER REACTION

7.1 MOLECULAR DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS

7.2 BLENDS OF DGFA AND FGE

7.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS

8 APPLICATIONS

8.1 COATINGS AND FILMS

8.2 ELASTOMERS

8.3 SMART COMPOSITES

8.4 TIRES

8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

APPENDIX

Index

Color Plates

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Zhang, Ming Qiu.

 Self-healing polymers and polymer composites / Ming Qiu Zhang, Min Zhi Rong.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-470-49712-8 (hardback)

 1. Polymeric composites. 2. Self-healing materials. I. Rong, Min Zhi. II. Title.

 TA455.P58Z43 2011

 547'.7–dc22

2011007555

ePDF ISBN: 9781118082874

ePub ISBN: 9781118082584

PREFACE

“Healed up without any treatment” (, bù yào ér yù), an idiom widely used in the Chinese community, describes the hope for those suffering from psychological disturbances, surgical trauma, and so on. It also reflects the anxiety about therapy, such as modern medicine, no matter how advanced it may be. Inner healing will always be desirable when something is wrong with the body.

Indeed, living organisms, including human beings, possess the ability of self-healing for nonfatal harm, like regeneration of cut skin and broken bone, guided by instinct. As a result, their injury tolerance is substantially enhanced, which ensures the healthy growth and breeding from generation to generation. Inspired by the functionality of what occurs naturally in the species, the concept of self-repair has now been transferred to the design and manufacturing of a new category of materials: self-healing materials. The rapid development of science and technology provides the ground for turning the idea in science fiction (e.g. “plastex” for constructing a self-healing building in James Graham Ballard’s 1962 story “The Thousand Dreams of Stellavista”) into reality. In this way, damages that are inevitably generated in materials during fabrication and service might be unconsciously repaired on a microscopic scale and would no longer develop into macroscopic failure as in the case of conventional materials.

Compared with metals and ceramics, polymers have distinctive molecular structures composed of repeating units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. Synthesis of macromolecules requires relatively milder conditions (lower temperature, pressure, etc.). Accordingly, concretization of the rehabilitation strategy for polymers and polymer composites, which mimics natural systems, involves many possible approaches based on physical, chemical and physicochemical interactions. It is evidenced by the healing methodologies that have been emerging one after another, lately, especially after the breakthrough in microcapsules aided by self-healing, discovered by Professor Scott White and his colleagues at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Nevertheless, the self-healing polymers and polymer composites proposed so far are not comparable to natural “materials” that became highly sophisticated, integrated and hierarchical after billions of years of evolution. From this perspective, the reported healing action is far from that level of sophistication or intelligence. Thus there is much room in this field for scientists and engineers to give rein to their imagination and creativeness. For the moment, it seems to be a dream that a self-healing polymeric material can behave like a lizard, for example, regenerating a new part after losing an old part. However, research in this field has just started. It is hard to predict how far we will proceed on this track or how great our achievements will be.

The ongoing research clearly indicates that self-healing polymers and polymer composites turn out to be a typical multidisciplinary area concerning theoretical and experimental mechanics, polymer chemistry, organic synthesis, polymer physics, processing, composites manufacturing, interfacial engineering, and so on. As one might hardly collect sufficient knowledge and information from individual books and papers on the relevant subjects, publication of a book specialized in fundamentals, theories, design, fabrication, characterization and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites is necessary. Therefore, we try to take a step toward this direction by covering the achievements of groups worldwide, particularly the work carried out in our own laboratory toward strength recovery for structural applications.

It is our intention to focus on engineering aspects of these smart materials without overlooking the theoretical background. Innovative routes that correlate materials chemistry to full capacity restoration are summarized for future industrialization and commercialization. Integrating existing techniques or inventing novel synthetic approaches for target-oriented materials design and fabrication are the emphasis throughout the book. After reading the book, readers should have a comprehensive image of the emerging field, while new researchers might have an idea of the framework for creating new materials or new applications. Those in both the academic and industrial communities will be provided with the details of the achievements to date and an insight into future development. In addition, graduate students might be able to combine the theories learned in classrooms with practical research and development of materials.

The book is arranged in a systematic way. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the field of self-healing polymers and polymer composites. In addition to the general scope, achievements made by different laboratories are carefully reviewed. Moreover, traditional approaches of crack repair are also discussed to give readers a panorama of the related topics. On the basis of the above discussion, the personal viewpoints of the authors are addressed, showing the possible development of the smart materials.

In Chapter 2, theoretical considerations on molecular interaction during healing, which have general meaning, are presented. Mechanical models related to healing procedures and the effects of healing are summarized to explain the phenomenon of self-healing. Finally, innovative ideas of creating next-generation self-healing materials and optimization of healing agent supply are elucidated. Chapters 3–7 concentrate on the self-healing strategies developed by the authors’ group and are structured in accordance with the chemical reactions responsible for crack healing.

Chapter 3 is dedicated to the self-healing system of dual capsules, which respectively contain epoxy monomer and mercaptan and are able to work without manual intervention. High healing efficiency, determined by static fracture, impact and fatigue tests, is acquired for epoxy composites at rather low capsule contents as a result of addition polymerization of the healant.

To further improve healing speed and widen windows of processing and operation, boron-containing hardener is introduced to work together with epoxy monomer to form a new set of healing agents, as discussed in Chapter 4. Taking advantage of cationic polymerization, not only is repair of cracks available at and below room temperature like the epoxy-mercaptan pair, but also the speed of crack healing is accelerated.

Chapter 5 describes the self-healing polymeric materials for advanced engineering applications, driven by anionic polymerization. The healing system consists of epoxy-loaded microcapsules and imidazole latent hardener. The latter can be predissolved in uncured composite matrix, leading to homogenous distribution of the reagent on molecular scale.

The major concern of Chapter 6 lies in usage of small molecule monomers as healing agents instead of epoxy monomer. Accordingly, nucleophilic addition, ring-opening reaction, atom transfer radical polymerization and free radical polymerization prove effective in rebinding the cracked planes.

In contrast to the extrinsic self-healing approaches surveyed in Chapters 3–6, Chapter 7 deals with design, synthesis and characterization of intrinsic self-healing epoxy, in which thermally reversible Diels-Alder bonds account for crack healing via chain reconnection. In addition to the remendability, the cured version of the novel epoxy has a mechanical performance similar to that of conventional epoxy.

Last, Chapter 8 outlines applications of self-healing polymeric materials. Although there are not many products on the market at the moment, the exposed vitality indicates brilliant prospects of this advanced technology.

We are living in stirring times, when scientific and technological progresses advance at a rate faster than ever. During the last few years, interesting results of self-healing polymers and self-healing polymer composites have been reported. The benefit that self-healing brings to the materials is no longer limited to mechanical performance, but expanded into physicochemical, electronic and even data storage properties. This book serves only as a current description of the practice. We believe that many more breakthroughs will appear in a common effort, further stimulating the exciting field. Formulating polymeric materials capable of self-healing will depend less and less on empirical prediction.

We would like to thank the support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants: U0634001, 20874117, 50573093, 50903095 and 51073176), Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Grant: 2009310004111671) and the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province (Grant: 2010B010800021), which made possible our research on this topic at Sun Yan-sen (Zhongshan) University. We are grateful to the former students of our group: Dr. Yan Chao Yuan, Dr. Ding Shu Xiao, Dr. Tao Yin, Dr. Qiao Tian, Dr. Hai Ping Wang, Dr. Ling Ming Meng, Mr. Wei Zhang and Mr. Xiao Bo Jiang. Their hard work forms the solid base of this book. We also wish to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to the team at John Wiley & Sons involved in this project.

MING QIU ZHANG

MIN ZHI RONG