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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys Hasse Fredriksson KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Ulla Åkerlind University of Stockholm, Sweden Solidification or crystallization occurs when atoms are transformed from the disordered liquid state to the more ordered solid state, and is fundamental to metals processing. Conceived as a companion volume to the earlier works, Materials Processing during Casting (2006) and Physics of Functional Materials (2008), this book analyzes solidification and crystallization processes in depth. Starting from the thermodynamic point of view, it gives a complete description, taking into account kinetics and mass transfer, down to the final structure. Importantly, the book shows the relationship between the theory and the experimental results. Topics covered include: * Fundamentals of thermodynamics * Properties of interfaces * Nucleation * Crystal growth - in vapours, liquids and melts * Heat transport during solidification processes * Solidification structures - faceted, dendritic, eutectic and peritectic * Metallic glasses and amorphous alloy melts Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys features many solved examples in the text, and exercises (with answers) for students. Intended for Masters and PhD students as well as researchers in Materials Science, Engineering, Chemistry and Metallurgy, it is also a valuable resource for engineers in industry.
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Seitenzahl: 1425
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012
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Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships
1.3 Thermodynamics of Single-Component Systems
1.4 Thermodynamics of Multiple-Component Systems
1.5 Thermodynamics of Alloys
1.6 Thermodynamics of Ideal Binary Solutions
1.7 Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Binary Solutions
1.8 Experimental Determination of Thermodynamic Quantities of Binary Alloys
Further Reading
Chapter 2: Thermodynamic Analysis of Solidification Processes in Metals and Alloys
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thermodynamics of Pure Metals
2.3 Thermodynamics of Binary Alloys
2.4 Equilibrium between Phases in Binary Solutions. Phase Diagrams of Binary Alloys
2.5 Driving Force of Solidification in Binary Alloys
2.6 Thermodynamics of Ternary Alloys
2.7 Thermodynamics of Vacancies in Pure Metals and Alloys
Exercises
References
Further Reading
Chapter 3: Properties of Interfaces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classical Theory of Interface Energy and Surface Tension
3.3 Thermodynamics of Interphases
3.4 Structures of Interfaces
3.5 Equilibrium Shapes of Crystals
Exercises
References
Chapter 4: Nucleation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Homogeneous Nucleation
4.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation. Inoculation
4.4 Nucleation of Bubbles
4.5 Crystal Multiplication
Exercises
References
Chapter 5: Crystal Growth in Vapours
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Crystal Morphologies
5.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition
5.4 Crystal Growth
5.5 Normal Crystal Growth of Rough Surfaces in Vapours
5.6 Layer Crystal Growth on Smooth Surfaces in Vapours
5.7 Influence of Impurities on Crystal Growth in Vapours
5.7 Epitaxial Growth
5.9 Whisker Growth
5.10 Mechanical Restrictions on Thin Films
Exercises
References
Chapter 6: Crystal Growth in Liquids and Melts
6.1 Introduction1
6.2 Structures of Crystals and Melts
6.3 Growth Methods
6.4 Crystal Growth
6.5 Volume Changes and Relaxation Processes during Anelastic Crystal Growth in Metal Melts
6.6 Normal Crystal Growth in Pure Metal Melts
6.7 Layer Crystal Growth of Smooth Surfaces in Liquids
6.8 Normal Crystal Growth in Binary Alloys
6.9 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Planar Crystals in Binary Alloys
6.10 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Spherical Crystals in Alloys
6.11 Impingement
6.12 Precipitation of Pores
Exercises
References
Chapter 7: Heat Transport during Solidification Processes. Thermal Analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Concepts and Laws of Heat Transport
7.3 Convection
7.4 Theory of Heat Transport at Unidirectional Solidification
7.5 Production of Single Crystals by Unidirectional Solidification
7.6 Thermal Analysis
7.7 Variable Heat of Fusion of Metals and Alloys
7.8 Variable Heat Capacitivity of Metals and Alloys
Exercises
References
Chapter 8: Crystal Growth Controlled by Heat and Mass Transport
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Heat and Mass Transports in Alloys during Unidirectional Solidification
8.3 Zone Refining
8.4 Single Crystal Production by Czochralski Technique
8.5 Cellular Growth. Constitutional Undercooling. Interface Stability
Exercises
References
Chapter 9: Faceted and Dendritic Solidification Structures
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Formation of Faceted Crystals
9.3 Growth of Faceted Crystals in Pure Metal Melts
9.4 Growth of Faceted Crystals in Alloy Melts
9.5 Growth of Dendrite Crystals
9.6 Development of Dendrites
9.7 Transitions between Structure Types in Alloys
Exercises
References
Chapter 10: Eutectic Solidification Structures
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Eutectic Structures
10.3 Normal Eutectic Growth
10.4 Degenerate and Coupled Eutectic Growth
10.5 Structures of Ternary Alloys
10.6 Solidification of Fe-C Eutectics
10.7 Solidification of Al-Si Eutectics
10.8 Transition between Normal Lamellar and Rod Eutectic Growth
Exercises
References
Chapter 11: Peritectic Solidification Structures
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations
11.3 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations in Iron-Base Alloys
11.4 Metastable Reactions in Iron-Base Alloys
11.5 Metatectic Reactions and Transformations
11.6 Microsegregation in Iron-Base Alloys
11.7 Transitions between Peritectic and Eutectic Reactions in Iron-Base Alloys
Exercises
References
Chapter 12: Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions
12.3 Production of Metallic Glasses
12.4 Experimental Methods for Structure Determination of Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts
12.5 Structures of Metallic Glasses
12.6 Comparison of the Structures of Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts. Rough Models of Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts
12.7 Casting of Metallic Glasses. Crystallization Processes in Amorphous Alloy Melts
12.8 Classification of Metallic Glasses
12.9 Properties and Applications of Metallic Glasses
Exercises
References
Answers to Exercises
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Index
This edition first published 2012
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fredriksson, Hasse.
Solidification and crystallization processing in metals and alloys / Hasse Fredriksson and Ulla Åkerlind.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-119-99305-6 (cloth)
1. Metal crystals--Growth. I. Åkerlind, Ulla.II. Title.
TN690.F73 2012
669′.94–dc23
2011014030
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-1-119-99305-6
Preface
The present book is the third and last book in a series of three:
Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys represents a deeper interpretation of the solidification and crystallization processes than that treated in the book Materials Processing during Casting, written for the undergraduate level. The aim of the present book is to analyze the solidification and crystallization processes from a general point of view and in accordance with generally accepted results and experimental evidence of modern research in the field. Hence, the book does not treat applications on casting other than as occasional examples.
The book may be useful and suitable as a text book on courses at the Master and PhD level. The mathematical level is not discouragingly high. Ordinary basic courses in Mathematics at university level are enough. On the other hand, genuine knowledge of Physics is often required. The second book, Physics of Functional Materials, or any other Physics book with any other equivalent content, will cover this want for those who need it. Numerous citations to the second book are given in the present book.
Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys starts with a chapter of basic thermodynamics. Chapter 1 is a review of the thermodynamics that later will be applied on metals and alloys. It may be a tough and abstract introduction. Alternatively, it can be studied in connection with later applications. Energy conditions play an important role for understanding the driving forces of solidification processes in metals and alloys. These topics are treated in Chapter 2. The structure and properties of interfaces between two phases and the nucleation of embryos and forming of stable nuclei are closely related to crystallization processes. The basic outlines of these fields are given in Chapters 3 and 4, respectively.
After these four basic and general chapters, Chapters 5 and 6 follow, where the mechanisms of the solidification and crystallization processes in vapours and liquids are extensively discussed. Heat transport during solidification processes is treated in Chapter 7, which also includes an orientation about modern methods of thermal analysis. Chapter 8 deals with crystal growth controlled by heat and mass transport.
The rest of the book is devoted to the structures of the solid phases that form during different types of solidification processes, i.e. faceted and dendritic structures (Chapter 9), eutectic structures (Chapter 10), peritectic structures (Chapter 11) and structure of Metallic Glasses (Chapter 12).
Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys contains many solved examples in the text and exercises for students at the end of each chapter. Answers to all the exercises are given at the end of the book. In a ‘Guide to Exercises’ full solutions to all the exercises are given on the Internet at http://www.wiley.com/go/fredriksson3
Acknowledgements
This book is based on lectures and exercises presented to PhD and Master students over the years. We want to express our sincere thanks to them for their engagement and for the fruitful discussions we have had with them about different scientific topics in the field. The communication with them helped us to identify the items that were difficult for them to understand. In this way, we could try to explain better and improve the book.
We are most grateful to MSc Per Olov Nilsson for many fruitful mathematical discussions and general support through the years. We also wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr Jonas Åberg, Thomas BergstrÖm (Casting of Metals, KTH, Stockholm), Dr Gunnar Edvinsson (University of Stockholm), Dr Bengt Örjan Jonsson (KTH), Dr Hani Nasser and Dr Sathees Ranganathan (Casting of Metals, KTH) for their valuable support concerning practical matters such as annoying computer problems and application of some special computer programs. We also thank Dr Lars Åkerlind warmly for patient assistance with checking parts of the manuscript.
We are very grateful for financial support from the Iron Masters Association in Sweden and the Foundation of Sven and Astrid Toresson, which made it possible for us to fulfill the last part of this project.
In particular, we want to express our sincere gratitude to Karin Fredriksson and Lars Åkerlind. Without their constant support and great patience through the years this book would never have been written.
Finally, we want to thank each other for a more than 10 years long and pleasant cooperation. It has been the perfect symbiosis. Neither of us could have written this trilogy without the other. We complemented each other well. One of us (guess who) contributed many years of research in the field and an ever-lasting enthusiasm to his devoted subject. The other one contributed with some Mathematics and Physics together with many years experience of book production and teaching Physics at university level and also plenty of time for the extensive project.
Hasse FredrikssonUlla ÅkerlindStockholm, May 2010
