Standard Colorimetry E-Book

Claudio Oleari

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: SDC - Society of Dyers and Colourists
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 978

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Colour is a sensation and as such it is a subjective and incommunicable quantity. Colour measurement is possible because we can create a correspondence between colour sensations and the light radiations that stimulate them. This correspondence concerns the physics of light radiation, the physiology of the visual process and the psychology of vision.

Historically, in parallel to standard colorimetry, systems for colour ordering have been developed that allow colour specifications in a very practical and concrete way, based on the direct vision of material colour samples arranged in colour atlases. Colour-ordering systems are sources of knowledge of colour vision, which integrate standard colorimetry.

Standard Colorimetry: Definitions, Algorithms and Software:

• Describes physiology and psychophysics useful to understand colorimetry
• Considers all the photometric and colorimetric systems standardized by CIE (XYZ, CIELAB, CIELUV, LMS)
• Presents colorimetric instrumentation in order to guide the reader toward colorimetric practice
• Discusses colorimetric computation to understand the meaning of numerical colour specification
• Considers colorimetry in colour syntheses and in imaging colour reproduction
• Includes ready-to-use, freely-available software, “Colorimetric eXercise”, which has multiple toolboxes dedicated to
  • displaying CIE systems, atlases, any colour and its whole numerical specification
  • colour-vision phenomena and tests

Standard Colorimetry: Definitions, Algorithms and Software is an accessible and valuable resource for students, lecturers, researchers and laboratory technicians in colour science and image technology.

Follow this link to download the free software “Colorimetric eXercise”: http://booksupport.wiley.com/


Standard Colorimetry: Definitions, Algorithms and Software is published in partnership with the Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC). Find out more at www.wiley.com/go/sdc

Leseprobe

Current and future titles in the Society of Dyers and Colourists - John Wiley Series

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Standard Colorimetry: Definitions, Algorithms and Software Claudio Oleari

The Coloration of Wool and Other Keratin Fibres David M. Lewis and John A. Rippon (Eds)

Forthcoming

Theoretical Aspects of Textile Coloration Stephen M. Burkinshaw

Natural Dyeing for Textiles: A Guide Book for Professionals Debanjali Banerjee

Colour for Textiles: A User’s Handbook, Second Edition Roger H. Wardman and Matthew Clark

Giles’s Laboratory Course in Dyeing, Fifth Edition Uzma Syed

Standard Colorimetry

Definitions, Algorithms and Software

Claudio OleariDipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universitá degli Studi di Parma, ItalySoftware developed by Gabriele Simone — Dipartimento di Informatica, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Italy

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ISBN: 9781118894446

To those who strive to be just

Contents

Society of Dyers and Colourists

Preface

1 Generalities on Colour and Colorimetry

1.1 Colour

1.2 Colorimetry

References

Bibliography

2 Optics for Colour Stimulus

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Electromagnetic Waves

2.3 Photons

2.4 Radiometric and Actinometric Quantities

2.5 Inverse Square Law

2.6 Photometric Quantities

2.7 Retinal Illumination

References

Bibliography

3 Colour and Light-Matter Interaction

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Light Sources

3.3 Planckian Radiator

3.4 Light Regular Reflection and Refraction

3.5 Light Scattering

3.6 Light Absorption and Colour Synthesis

3.7 Fluorescence

3.8 Transparent Media

3.9 Turbid Media

3.10 Ulbricht’s Integration Sphere

References

Bibliography

4 Perceptual Phenomenology of Light and Colour

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Perceived Colours, Categorization and Language

4.3 Light Dispersion and Light Mixing

4.4 Unique Hues, Colour Opponencies and Degree of Resemblance

4.5 Colour Similitude

4.6 Unrelated and Related Colours

4.7 Colour Interactions

References

5 Visual System

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Eye Anatomy and Optical Image Formation

5.3 Eye and Pre-retina Physics

5.4 Anatomy of the Retina

5.5 From the Retina to the Brain

5.6 Visual System and Colorimetry

Bibliography

References

6 Colour-Vision Psychophysics

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Adaptation

6.3 Absolute Thresholds in Human Vision

6.4 Absolute Threshold and Spectral Sensitivity in Scotopic and Photopic Visions

6.5 Luminous Efficiency Function

6.6 Light Adaptation and Sensitivity

6.7 Weber’s and Fechner’s Laws

6.8 Stevens’ Law

6.9 Fechner’s and Stevens’ Psychophysics

6.10 Wavelength Discrimination

6.11 Saturation Discrimination and Least Colorimetric Purity

6.12 Rushton’s Univariance Principle and Scotopic Vision

6.13 Tristimulus Space

6.14 Lightness Scales

6.15 Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect

6.16 Colour Opponencies and Chromatic Valence

6.17 MacAdam’s Chromatic Discrimination Ellipses

6.18 Perceived Colour Difference

6.19 Abney’s and Bezold-Brücke’s Phenomena

6.20 Chromatic Adaptation and Colour Constancy

6.21 Colour-Vision Psychophysics and Colorimetry

References

7 CIE Standard Photometry

7.1 Introduction

7.2 History of the Basic Photometric Unit

7.3 CIE 1924 Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function

7.4 CIE 1924 and CIE 1988 Standard Photometric Photopic Observers

7.5 Photometric and Radiometric Quantities

7.6 CIE 1951 Standard Scotopic Photometric Observer

7.7 CIE 2005 Photopic Photometric Observer with 10° Visual Field

7.8 CIE Fundamental Photopic Photometric Observer with 2°/10° Visual Field

References

8 Light Sources and Illuminants for Colorimetry

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Equal-Energy Illuminant

8.3 Blackbody Illuminant

8.4 CIE Daylights

8.5 CIE Indoor Daylights

8.6 CIE Standard Illuminants

8.7 CIE Light Sources: A, B and C

8.8 CIE Sources for Colorimetry

8.9 CIE Illuminants: B, C and D

8.10 Fluorescent Lamps

8.11 Gas-Discharge Lamps

8.12 Light-Emitting Diodes

References

9 CIE Standard Psychophysical Observers and Systems

9.1 Introduction

9.2 CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric System and Observer

9.3 CIE 1964 (Supplementary) Standard Colorimetric Observer/System (10°-Standard Colorimetric Observer)

9.4 CIE 1989 Standard Deviate Observer/System

9.5 Vos’ 1978 Modified Observer for 2° Visual Field

9.6 CIE Standard Stockman-Sharpe’s ‘Physiologically Relevant’ Fundamentals and XYZ Reference Frame

9.7 CIE Colorimetric Specification of Primary and Secondary Light Sources

References

10 Chromaticity Diagram from Newton to the CIE 1931 Standard System

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Newton and the Centre of Gravity Rule

10.3 Material Colours and Impalpable Colours in the Eighteenth Century

10.4 Physiological Intuitions and the Centre of Gravity Rule–Young, Grassmann, Helmholtz, Maxwell and Schrödinger

10.5 Conclusion

References

11 CIE Standard Psychometric Systems

11.1 Introduction to Psychometric Systems in Colour Vision

11.2 CIE Lightness

L

*

11.3 Psychometric Chromaticity Diagrams and Related Colour Spaces

11.4 Colour Difference Specification

11.5 Conclusion

References

12 Instruments and Colorimetric Computation

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Reflection and Transmission Optical-Modulation

12.3 Spectroradiometric and Spectrophotometric Measurements

12.4 Colorimetric Calculations

12.5 Uncertainty in Colorimetric Measurements

12.6 Physical Standards for Colour-Instrument Calibration

References

13 Basic Instrumentation for Radiometry, Photometry and Colorimetry

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Lighting Cabinet

13.3 Visual Comparison Colorimeter

13.4 Instruments with Power Spectral Weighting Measurement

13.5 Instruments for Measurements with Spectral Analysis

13.6 Glossmeter

13.7 Imaging Instruments

References

14 Colour-Order Systems and Atlases

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Colour Solid, Optimal Colours and Full Colours

14.3 Ostwald’s Colour-Order System and Atlas

14.4 Munsell’s Colour-Order System and Atlas

14.5 DIN 6264’s Colour-Order System and Atlas

14.6 OSA-UCS’s Colour-Order System and Atlas

14.7 NCS’s Colour-Order System and Atlas

References

15 Additive Colour Synthesis in Images

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Video Colour Image

15.3 Principles of Halftone Printing

15.4 Towards the Colorimetry of Appearance

References

16 Software

16.1 Introduction to the Software

16.2 Monitor

16.3 Colour-Vision Tests

16.4 Visual Contrast Phenomena

16.5 Colour Atlases

16.6 CIE 1976 CIELUV and CIELAB Systems

16.7 Cone Activation and Tristimulus

16.8 CIE Colorimetry

16.9 Black Body and Daylight Spectra and Other CIE Illuminant Spectra

16.10 Additive Colour Synthesis

16.11 Subtractive Colorant Mixing

16.12 Spectral Data View and Download – Illuminant-Observer Weights

16.13 Save File Opening

References

Index

Advert

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Table 15.4

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1

(a) Plane electromagnetic waves represented in space at fixed time and (b) in the time in a fixed point in space. This graphical representation shows the wavelength and the frequency in space and time, respectively. (c) The third graph from the top represents a wave with ‘circular polarization’; here only the electric field is represented and the magnetic field is orthogonal to the electric field. The electric field and magnetic field are mutually perpendicular and together orthogonal to the propagation direction.

Figure 2.2

Complete spectrum of electromagnetic radiation characterized by wavelength and frequency. The part of the spectrum related to visible light is expanded and a hue name is associated to each wavelength range. The colours printed here are only representative and approximate for many reasons, which will become clear on reading the book. For completeness, the non-spectral hues (purple and magenta hues) are added, which are specified by the complementary wavelengths (Section 4.3). ‘c’ before the wavelength numbers in the extra-spectral region means ‘complementary of’.

Figure 2.3

Section of the ocular bulb and geometrical aspects of the radiation in relation with the definition of radiance. In this case, the apparent surface is shown.

Figure 2.4

Section of the ocular bulb and geometrical aspects of the radiation in relation with the definition of radiance. In this case, the solid angles and the distances of the observed objects is considered.

Figure 2.5

Equal surface elements A

1

and A

2

, located, respectively, at a distance r

1

and r

2

from a point source, underlying solid angles

Ω

1

and

Ω

2

, which are inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Since the radiant intensity is uniform within these solid angles, the flow across the elements of the surface A and A is proportional to the subtended solid angles and therefore varies with the distance r in the same way to the change of the solid angle, that is, inversely proportional to the square of the distance r.