The Codes Guidebook for Interiors E-Book

Katherine E. Kennon

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1239

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

THE INTERIOR CODES AND STANDARDS REFERENCE OF CHOICE FOR DESIGNERS AND ARCHITECTS—UPDATED FOR THE 2018 AND 2021 CODES

If you are involved with the design or management of buildings and spaces, it is important to remain up-to-date on the ever-evolving codes and standards that keep communities safe. With over 80,000 copies sold, The Codes Guidebook for Interiors continues to provide comprehensive explanations of the major codes and standards applicable to commercial and residential interior projects. The ­easily navigable format gives clear perspective to how these often confusing concepts and requirements are integrated into real world practice, helping designers incorporate the relevant standards into their ­projects. Updated with the most recent changes and insights to the codes and standards of the ICC, NFPA, ANSI, ADA, and other standards, the Eighth Edition provides unparalleled and integrated guidance on building safety, accessibility, sustainability, energy efficiency, and more.

Updates to the Eighth Edition include:

• Explanations of code requirements, highlighting the latest changes in the 2018 and 2021 ICC codes, including the International Building Code and the NFPA’s Life Safety Code
• Clarifications to how and when the ADA, ABA and the ICC/ANSI accessibility requirements will apply to a project
• Introduction to the codes and standards that address sustainability in typical projects
• In-depth examinations of fire and smoke resistant assemblies, fire protection systems, and plumbing and mechanical requirements
• A companion website with printable study flashcards, instructor’s manual, and PowerPoint slides for use in academic settings
• Digital and printable code checklists that can guide code research for professional projects and use in a design studio

Current, practical, and relevant to nearly any interior or architectural project, The Codes Guidebook for Interiors provides invaluable insight and reference for both student and professional interior designers and architects.

Leseprobe

THE CODES GUIDEBOOK FOR INTERIORS

Eighth Edition

Katherine E. Kennon

Sharon K. Harmon

Copyright © 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Kennon, Katherine E., author. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher.

Title: Codes guidebook for interiors / Katherine E. Kennon.

Description: Eighth edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2022] | Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021021348 (print) | LCCN 2021021349 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119720959 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119720973 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119720966 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Building laws—United States. | Buildings—Specifications—United States. | Interior architecture—Specifications—United States. | LCGFT: Model acts.

Classification: LCC KF5701 .H37 2021 (print) | LCC KF5701 (ebook) | DDC 343.7307/8624—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021021348

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021021349

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © Getty Images/E+/ExperienceInteriors

This book is dedicated to the men in my life, James, Drake and Noel who continue to encourage me in my interests and endeavors. And a special thanks to Mr. Darcy for his constant companionship on my desk.

INSET INDEX

How Codes Change

Knowing What is New in the Code

ICC Evaluation Service

Codes and Standards in Other Countries

Testing Agencies and Certification

UL Labels

ADA-ABA Accessibility Guidelines Development

Risk Factors and Hazards in Occupancies

Custodial Care versus Medical Care

Rooms and Spaces

Design Loads

Combustible Materials

Atriums and Mezzanines

High-Rise Buildings

Special Egress Strategies

Elevators

Travel Distance Factors

Smoke and How It Travels

Fire Technology

Integrated Alarms

Extinguishing Systems

Plumbing Systems

Mechanical Systems

Power and Electrical Systems

Low-Voltage Cabling Systems

Building Automation Systems

Fire Development Stages

Industry Standards

Specifying Tested Furniture

Slip Resistant for Accessibility and Codes

Flame-Retardant Treatments

Plastic Finishes

Administration Chapter

Options in Codes

Performance Codes

ISO Standards for Sustainability

Federal Sustainability Certifications

The Red List

PREFACE

Codes and standards continue to change and evolve. Even federal regulations are amended and updated. Why does this seem like a never-ending process? Because it is a never-ending process. The various organizations and individuals that develop the regulations continue to evaluate our interaction with buildings, the way we build them, and what we put in them; then, they propose and implement changes to the requirements to make buildings safer and better for us. Thus, we want codes, standards, and federal regulations to change to be consistent with what we, as a society, feel is a reasonable level of safety and health. So, you can view the regulations that we will discuss in this book as a codified form of expectations for the built environment to protect us and not harm us. That is why there is ongoing discussion and change.

Codes change for wide array of reasons and in response to a variety of events. Evaluations of recent building fires, natural disasters, and even acts of terrorism shed light on how building safety can be improved. Industry trends, new building products, and improved technology provide new options for addressing building safety. In addition to concerns about safety, changing ideals for the health, quality, and equitability of our environments drive changes in sustainability, energy efficiency, and accessibility requirements to name a few. In the future editions of the codes, we will most likely see evidence of what we have learned from a recent world pandemic that affects our desire for health and safety in our buildings. In many cases, each concern has a separate advocate group and results directly in code requirements. But the increase in collaboration between groups is helping to minimize redundant efforts that can create conflicts between requirements or redundant codes. Regardless, the ongoing changes challenge design professionals to stay up-to-date.

This book concentrates on the interior of a building because every building has an interior. As you will see, the majority of codes, regulations, and federal requirements will apply to all interior projects. Even if the building is being developed as a core and shell for future tenants, it must be designed to meet codes and with all the issues addressed in this book in mind. If the exterior and interior are being developed as single project, these codes, standards, and federal regulations apply in a more specific way. And, if the interior of an existing building (apart from the exterior) is being renovated, redesigned, or restored, both the key and detailed requirements must be revisited.

This book, however, does not take the place of the various code publications. The requirements are too detailed and complex. The goal of this book is to introduce the key code concepts and to make an identifiable path through the various codes, standards, and federal regulations.

What sets this book apart is that it does more than just repeat the code requirements; it explains how the requirements and concepts behind the requirements work together to produce a building that protects the health, safety, and welfare of its occupants. This book is also unique in that it considers the requirements from more than one code publication and organization. It discusses the relationship of these documents and indicates how different requirements may overlap in a single project. Understanding the terms and overall concepts behind the codes as well as the specific requirements make safer buildings. When the objectives are clear, the code research process can be more efficient and allow more time for the design process. This eighth edition of The Codes Guidebook for Interiors includes the most recent changes and updates to the codes, standards, and federal regulations. The following previews what is included.

Focuses on the most current and widely used building code, the

International Building Code (IBC)

as well as other related International Code Council (ICC) codes, such as the

International Fire Code, International Plumbing Code

and

International Mechanical Code

. This edition of the book addresses the 2018 and 2021 cycles of these code publications.

Discusses how to use the

NFPA 101

, also known as the

Life Safety Code (LSC)

in conjunction with the

IBC

. These documents overlap on various code topics including occupancy classifications, means of egress, fire resistant assemblies, and finish/furniture requirements. This edition of the book addresses the 2018 and 2021 cycles of the NFPA code publications.

Incorporates information on standards referenced by the codes or used by the building and interior industry.

Integrates the most up-to-date accessibility requirements including the

2010 ADA Standards

and 2017

ICC A117.1

. Each chapter highlights the similarities and differences in these guidelines based on the chapter topic.

Addresses the influence of sustainability and green practices and the various green codes and standards, including the

International Green Construction Code (IgCC)

and the

ASHRAE/USGBC/IES 189.1, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings

.

Describes the relationship between the energy codes, such as the

International Energy Conservation Code (IECC),

sustainability codes, and federal energy regulations, and the

IBC

.

Includes interior-related electrical code requirements based on the 2017 and the 2020

National Electrical Code (NEC)

.

Discusses current interior finish and furniture standards and testing required by the

IBC, IFC, NFPA 101,

and seen as industry best practices. Enhanced discussions on requirements for decorative and acoustic material applications.

Explains the role of alternative materials and methods and performance codes to allow creative options for providing safety with innovative approaches and accommodating challenging existing conditions.

Includes multiple examples and sample floor plans covering a wide variety of building types and occupancy classifications.

Includes diagrams combining code and accessibility-related requirements for elements such as means of egress, toilet and bathing rooms, and finish- and furniture-related items.

Discusses good practices and changing expectations for collaborating with code officials in the design process.

Provides information that is applicable to a variety of interior project types, new construction, renovation, and tenant build out, both large and small.

Appendixes provide information specifically for existing buildings, historic buildings, and single-family homes.

New to this edition, the ‘Research’ section of each chapter, guides you to the specific codes, chapters and sections in the pertinent code publications for your research.

To assist in documentation of your code research, digital code checklists are available with the purchase of this book. The individual checklists can be downloaded and used to document your code research and help you to apply the correct requirements to your projects. Instructions for the use of these interactive checklists are given at the end of each chapter.

If you are an instructor and are using this as a textbook, there are PowerPoint presentations and suggestions for classroom activities available in the

Instructor's Manual

. These are available online as part of your purchase of this book. A companion

Study Guide

can be purchased separately. This contains word bank, application exercises, and short answer questions per chapter that can be used for class activities, work outside of the classroom, or as test applications.

If you are a design student, recent graduate, pre-professional studying for your professional exam, flash cards and similar study materials are available online with the purchase of this book. You also may find the

Study Guide

to be a valuable resource to test your understanding of the terms, concepts, and requirements presented in this book.

Whatever your reason for opening this book, I hope that you find it helpful to you.

Katherine E. Kennon, AIA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am often asked how I became interested and subsequently so involved with building codes and accessibility issues. I always relate it back to an event early in my professional career. It began with a sign-up sheet circulating around the office with an offer to attend a code seminar compliments of the firm. At the time, not knowing a whole lot about codes from the brief introduction in design school and wanting to take advantage of the free education, I signed up. Days later, my boss, Richard Butcosk, called me into his office. He was wondering why I wanted to go to a code seminar, considering that I had been hired to be part of the design team, not particularly because of such pragmatic interests. My response was that if not being familiar with code requirements could negatively affect my designs, then I viewed them as critical design information. I was allowed to attend, the first of many. Shortly after that, the Americans with Disability Act was passed and again another series of seminars. And so began an interest intertwined in my design career.

Later, I taught a design studio class that integrated the teaching of codes and accessibility as related to a commercial project. This led to me meeting Sharon K. Harmon, who was the author of the assigned textbook. That book was the first edition of what was to become this book. Beginning with the second edition, Sharon and I became coauthors of the book. She has now moved onto a different emphasis in her career, and starting with the sixth edition, the book has been my opportunity to continue to present codes and accessibility issues to design students and designers (architects and interior designers). The common thread continues to be the importance of knowing code and accessibility requirements as we design buildings, particularly their interior layout and components.

For the book to continue to be relevant and accurate, having industry professionals give perspective on the content is essential. I luckily find people willing to take the time to read, comment, and make suggestions on sections and chapters within their professional purview. For this edition, I want to thank Lisa Ballard (electrical), Shaw Coleman (mechanical), Ricky Bost (plumbing/fire protection), and Joe Maddox (communication technology.)

I want to thank the International Code Council (ICC) and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), who continue to allow the use of their source material and to clarify code requirements so that they can be accurately represented in this text.

I want to thank the building and associated industry representatives who continue to allow the use of their images and products such APCO Graphics, Steelcraft Manufacturing, Underwriters Laboratories, and ACT. They make it possible to give real examples and images of code-related elements.

Even though this book is on its eighth edition, the creation of the final product is continually redefined by new technologies, processes, and people. For perspective, the submission process for the second edition involved a large amount of paper and shipping time (and expense) for the physical delivery of the edited material: now, the process occurs instantaneously and completely through cyberspace. So, for this edition, I specifically appreciate Kalli Schultea, Amy Odem, and Todd Green at John Wiley & Sons, Inc., who helped me through nuances of the process for this edition. I thank Susan Geraghty, who after I had read the revision so many times, I couldn't see the words clearly, read the text with care and fine- tuned it to its present completeness. I appreciate all those at John Wiley who continue to be advocates for this book, to value its unique place in the industry, and who have been integral to its development, past and present.

I would particularly like to thank the readers, who continue to buy and recommend the book. Whether you use this book as a student, educator, or for your own personal professional development, your feedback and support of the book is what motivates me to keep this endeavor up-to-date and pertinent to the industry. I hope that this relationship continues to benefit the design community and safe building environments.

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

Codes, standards, and federal regulations are an essential part of designing buildings. This book is intended to help whether you are an interior designer, architect, engineer, builder, building owner, or facility manager. Although most of the code publications address the entire building—exterior and interior—this book concentrates on the codes that pertain to the interior of a building. The Codes Guidebook for Interiors is designed help you understand the system of code requirements and to help determine which codes and regulations apply whether you are space planning the interior of a new building, designing a new tenant space in part of a building, or making some minor changes in an existing building. This will help you to minimize your research time. Incorporating these requirements into the design should become a natural part of every interior project. I hope that it will also make the many interior codes, standards, and federal regulations more user-friendly.

In this eighth edition of the Codes Guidebook, each section has been updated to inform you of the most current interior-related codes, standards, and federal regulations. Referencing both the 2018 and 2021 editions of the codes, this book concentrates on the requirements of the International Building Code and the Life Safety Code, two of the most widely used codes. However the parallel and prominent NFPA codes are also discussed. Most chapters also discuss interior-related information from the fire codes, the electrical and energy-related codes, and the plumbing and mechanical codes. The most current accessibility and sustainability requirements are discussed including the 2010 ADA Standards.

It is suggested that you read through the book systematically at least once. In this way, you can get an overall understanding of how the various codes, standards, and regulations work during the progression of a design. Then you may refer to each individual chapter as needed to clarify or be reminded about the codes that address that part of the project. To help you understand the application of specific requirements, multiple examples, explanatory diagrams, and checklists are provided in each chapter.

Note

This book deals with interior codes only. Unless otherwise noted, it is assumed that the exterior walls—including doors and windows—and the existing shell of the building are either existing or already determined.

TERMS TO KNOW

Certain terms when used by the codes have specific meanings. Sometimes these meanings are different than how we may use them in our typical conversation. For example, although the terms corridor, passageway, and hallway may be somewhat interchangeable in our daily language, they are very different in code language. It is important to understand the specific definition of terms when using the codes. Each code typically has a chapter of terms used in the code to clarify how each term in defined. You may want to check the code specific definition of the terms used in this book. Many are defined in the glossary in the back of the book. Here are some common terms used throughout this book.

ACCESSIBLE: Unless otherwise noted, this term refers to areas, products, or devices usable by persons with disabilities, as required by the codes, federal legislation such as the Americans with Disabilities Act, and other accessibility standards.

AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION (AHJ): Used by the code organizations to indicate organizations, offices, or individuals that administer and enforce the codes. In this book, we designate these as code jurisdictions, code departments, and code officials, respectively.

CODE OFFICIAL: Also known as a building official; an employee of a codes department who has the authority to interpret, administer, and enforce the codes, standards, and regulations within that jurisdiction. A code official can have several different titles, including plans examiner, building inspector, and, sometimes, fire marshal. Also generally referred to as the AHJ by the codes.

CODES DEPARTMENT: A local government agency that administers and enforces the codes within a jurisdiction. Some small jurisdictions may have a codes department that consists of only one person or code official, and some large jurisdictions may include many different agencies and departments. Also generally referred to as the AHJ by the codes.

GREEN DESIGN: Design of products, environments, and buildings that treats environmental attributes as an important design objective. It aims to minimize the potential harmful effects on human health and the environment by choosing eco-friendly building materials and construction practices. It may also include systems that increase the efficiency of a building so that it uses less materials, energy, and water. (See also Sustainable Design.)

JURISDICTION: A determined geographical area that uses the same codes, standards, and regulations. Each jurisdiction passes a law specifying which codes and standards are required and how they will be regulated. A jurisdiction can be as small as a township or as large as an entire state. The code jurisdiction of a project is determined by the location of the building. Also generally referred to as the AHJ by the codes.

PERFORMANCE CODE: A code that is more generally described and gives an objective but not specific instructions on how to achieve it. The focus is on the desired outcome, not a single solution, and compliance is based on meeting the criteria established by the performance code. (Engineering tools and methodologies are often used to substantiate the use of the code criteria.)

PRESCRIPTIVE CODE: A code providing a specific requirement that must be met for the design, construction, and maintenance of a building. The focus is on a specific solution to achieve an objective or outcome based on historical experience and established engineering. Historically, codes in the United States have been prescriptive in nature.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: More encompassing than green design, sustainability typically includes three main tenets: environmental responsibility, economic strength, and social responsibility. Buildings and spaces that incorporate sustainable design are designed to lessen their impact on the environment, stimulate the economy, and provide improvements to those involved in the development and the community.

Note

Sustainable design and green design are not the same; sustainable design is more comprehensive.

USING CODES IN THE DESIGN PROCESS

The best time to research codes and use this book is in the early stages of a design project, preferably in the programming phase or schematic phase while the designs are still preliminary. It is especially advisable to review these requirements before construction documents are started and construction costs are estimated. Figure I.1 summarizes how the various phases of the typical design process relate to the steps taken during the suggested code review process. Refer to this chart as you work on a project to make sure you are covering the necessary code steps. (A more detailed flowchart of the code process is included in Chapter 11.) The Codes Guidebook is organized so that you can follow it while working on a design project from beginning to end, in the order in which you would typically research the codes.

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK

Chapter 1 in The Codes Guidebook for Interiors gives a brief history of codes and provides some background on each of the main code publications, federal regulations, and standards organizations. This edition concentrates on the International Codes® (I-Codes®) by the International Code Council (ICC) and a few NFPA codes including the NFPA 101 Life Safety Code (LSC) and the National Electrical Code (NEC). Chapter 1 explains these individual codes. Chapter 1 is helpful in determining which codes and standards publications and which federal regulations apply to an interior project. Chapter 11, the last chapter in this book, discusses code officials and the code process. It describes how they work and how to work with them. If you are new to codes research, you may want to review Chapter 1 and Chapter 11 together to gain a basic understanding before reading the rest of the book.

Design Process

Code Process

Description

Programming/Predesign

Preliminary Research

Determine applicable codes, standards, and federal regulations.

Preliminary code research to determine important code issues such as occupancy type, occupancy load, etc.

Determine level of sustainability required: code, standard, rating system, and/or a green building program.

Schematic/Conceptual Design

Incorporate code and sustainability compliance into design, keeping in mind means of egress, rated walls, etc.

Design Development

Preliminary Review

Meet with code official to review conflicting code requirements (optional unless using performance codes, but could be helpful).

May also be done during Schematic Design Phase.

Construction Documents

Check specific technical requirements such as aisle widths, stair dimensions, clearances, finish classifications.

Compare code, sustainability, and accessibility requirements.

Incorporate requirements into final design.

Specify and/or detail items as required to meet codes, standards, and federal requirements.

Bidding Process

Permitting Process

Contractor applies for building permit.

Purchasing

As items are ordered, confirm compliance with applicable codes and standards.

Construction Administration

Inspection Process

Code officials review work by contractor to confirm that work complies with approved construction documents, including any incorporated performance and/or sustainability requirements.

Client Move-in

Final Inspection

Final code approval of construction must occur before client can move in.

Post-Occupancy Evaluation

Provide clients with documentation necessary for them to maintain building and/or contents as required for codes and standards (including performance and sustainability items).

Figure I.1 Comparison of design and code process.

Each of the remaining chapters pertains to a specific code concept and discusses the related code, standard, and federal requirements for that topic using the publications summarized in Chapter 1. The chapters have been organized in the order in which these issues are typically considered during an interior project. Once you have used Chapter 1 to determine which publications apply to your project, we suggest you research the codes the order presented by the book chapters.

Like the code publications, most of the chapters in this book build on and add to the preceding ones. For example, the occupancy classifications in Chapter 3 are important because many of the other codes are based on the occupancy of a building or space. Therefore, it is suggested that the first-time user read this book in the order in which it is written and use it as a guide while referencing the actual codes, standards, and federal publications. Each chapter in the book includes the most current code tables, realistic design examples, summary charts, helpful diagrams, and project checklists. Each chapter also includes relevant accessibility regulations, sustainability requirements, and performance code information.

Note

All codes can be divided into two types. In the past, most codes were considered prescriptive-type codes. These codes require specific compliance. The use of performance-type codes are increasing, which allows more than one solution to achieve acceptable results.

An index is provided so that you can refer to specific topics of interest. As you become familiar with the codes, use the index and the table of contents to direct you to the section of the book that applies to a specific code issue. Then refer to the appropriate code, standard, and federal publication to get the specific details.

Note

A project may be governed by more than one jurisdiction. For example, both a city and a state municipality may regulate a particular project.

The appendixes in this book are intended to address additional code issues that may apply to your research or project. Appendix A addresses concepts pertaining to sustainability that are not currently required by the codes but may influence the development of a project. (See the section “Sustainability Requirements” later in this Introduction.)

Note

When using the code tables, be sure to check all footnotes. They often specify extra conditions that may apply to a project.

Appendix B briefly describes the additional codes and regulations that may apply to existing and historic buildings. Most of this discussion concentrates on the requirements in the ICC International Existing Building Code (IEBC), which, if adopted by the jurisdiction, may apply instead of the IBC. Special consideration is often given to historic buildings because they usually are subject to additional regulations on a local or even national level.

Appendix C briefly discusses codes relating to the interior of private residences. These residences (single-family or duplex structures) are regulated by a separate ICC code publication, the International Residential Code (IRC) instead of the IBC. Although the Codes Guidebook is primarily intended to cover codes and regulations that apply to commercial and public projects, some commercial residential occupancies are allowed to follow certain aspects of the IRC, so it is discussed briefly.

The bibliography for this book has been organized by topic to help you start or add to your personal reference library. The complete list can be found on the companion website, www.wiley.com/go/codesguidebook8e.

AVAILABLE CODES AND STANDARDS

There are currently two main code organizations: the International Code Council (ICC), which publishes a comprehensive set of codes known as the International Codes, or I-Codes, and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), which publishes another set of codes known as the C3-Codes. The I-Codes continue to be the “family” of codes most widely used in the United States. At least one of the series has been adopted by a code jurisdiction in every US state. Often, several of the I-Codes are included in a jurisdiction's enforceable codes. In some cases, jurisdictions that had custom codes in the past have now adopted one of the I-Codes or modified it as their custom code. Although the International Building Code is more often chosen as the building code than the NFPA 5000 (building) code, several of the NFPA codes are used as well. (See Chapter 1.)

Overall, this eighth edition of The Codes Guidebook for Interiors concentrates on the requirements and code tables from the 2018 and 2021 International Building Code (IBC), as well as other current code publications from the ICC such as the International Plumbing Code (IPC) and the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). Because many jurisdictions also use NFPA's Life Safety Code (LSC) and National Electrical Code (NEC), both of these codes are explained throughout this book in relation to the I-Codes. (See Chapter 1.)

Note

Many jurisdictions throughout the United States are using the International Building Code (IBC) or a code based on the IBC.

Certain standards are referenced by the codes and, therefore, are required by a jurisdiction. Others have become standard practice to incorporate in a project, often for the health, safety, and/or welfare of the building occupants. Many of these standards are explained in this book. Some of them are explained in Chapter 1 as the various standards organizations are described; this includes standards by the ICC and the NFPA. Additional standards are discussed in other chapters based on the relevant topic.

PRESCRIPTIVE AND PERFORMANCE

Both the ICC and the NFPA now include performance criteria in addition to prescriptive requirements in their codes. (See preceding “Definitions” section.) The NFPA includes the performance-based requirements as a separate chapter within many of its publications. By contrast, the ICC produces a separate performance code publication that can be used in conjunction with its other codes when recognized by the code jurisdiction. Where a jurisdiction has not adopted the performance code, you have the option of using sections in the International Building Code that allow for some flexibility from the prescriptive code. The most common is titled Section 104.11, Alternative Materials, Design and Methods of Construction and Equipment. (See the subsection “Performance Codes” in Chapter 1.)

Note

When discussing prescriptive codes, the term requirements is often used. However, performance codes typically set criteria, goals, or objectives.

The performance codes are meant to be used in conjunction with the prescriptive codes. A project with an unusual design may require the use of a performance code. Most often performance-based criteria will be used for a particular part of the project and the standard prescriptive codes will be used for the rest. It would be unusual for an entire project to be designed using only performance codes. When a performance code requirement is used, there is more responsibility on the designer. Not only must the performance-related criteria be correctly documented but also it must be proven that these criteria are being met with the use of fire models, testing, and so on.

Various performance codes are mentioned in each chapter of this book as they relate to the corresponding prescriptive codes. Chapter 11 discusses how to document the use of performance codes for codes review. Ultimately, performance codes can be used to explore unique designs and allow for the use of new technology. Even if you do not typically use them, by becoming familiar with the various performance requirements you will gain more insight into the prescriptive codes. They will also give you insight into using IBC Section 104.11.

Note

NFPA's Life Safety Code and National Electrical Code are widely used throughout the US.

ACCESSIBILITY REGULATIONS

Most interior projects are required to be designed to be accessible to persons with various disabilities. The building codes include accessibility requirements and reference the ICC accessibility standard ICC A117.1. In addition, federal laws require privately and federally owned buildings to be accessible based on individual standards. The ICC standard and the various federally required accessibility regulations are summarized in Chapter 1.

Note

Many of the diagrams in this book include code- and accessibility-related information.

However, because accessibility affects all aspects of a design, accessibility standards and the ADA are also discussed throughout this book as they relate to each relevant topic. (The information focuses on the 2009 ICC standard and the 2010 ADA Standards.) For example, accessible toilet facilities are discussed in the plumbing chapter (Chapter 8), and accessible ramps are discussed in the chapter on means of egress (Chapter 5). Like the codes discussed in this book, not every specific accessibility dimension and requirement has been mentioned. For specific requirements and additional information, you must still consult the ADA and its related guidelines or standards, specific chapters within the building codes, and any other accessibility regulations required by a jurisdiction. (When discrepancies are found between the ADA standards and ICC standard, the strictest requirements are typically discussed.)

Note

With the adoption of the 2010 ADA Standards by the Department of Justice (DOJ), the original ADAAG is now referred to as the 1991 ADA Standards.

SUSTAINABILITY REQUIREMENTS

Sustainability (and green) codes and standards add a whole new dimension to the code process, affecting design as well as material, equipment, and product selection. There have been code requirements, standards and federal regulations that promote or require sustainable practices such as energy efficiency, water usage (waterless urinals), and graywater recycling systems, and so on for several code cycles. Green and sustainable codes and standards are quickly increasing in development and use. The two most prominent are the ASHRAE/USGBC/IES 189.1, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings and the International Green Construction Code (IGCC), both of which are discussed throughout this book. In addition, the federal government continues to raise the minimum requirements for energy efficiency, and various organizations have recently completed and continue to collaborate to create new sustainable standards.

Note

Universal design is a term often used in relation to accessibility. However, universal design is more inclusive: It involves making sure a design considers the needs of different age groups as well as persons with disabilities.

Chapter 1 summarizes these sustainability-related publications and federal laws. Actual sustainability requirements are discussed throughout this book (including the appendixes) as they pertain to the various code topics presented. In most cases, these requirements can already be found in the codes. In other cases, they exist only as industry standards that have become common practice. As the interest and commitment to sustainability increases, several code jurisdictions have adopted formal sustainable programs or created customized “green building programs” to fill the gap. Appendix A explains these sustainability topics that are used in the industry but are not necessarily part of the code process.

Note

Numerous jurisdictions have created customized green building programs, many of which incorporate a green rating system. (See Chapter 10 and Appendix B for more information.)

FIGURES IN THE BOOK

The figures in this book and the code tables are based on the 2018 and/or 2021 edition of the I-codes and the current 2010 ADA Standards, where applicable. In the diagrams, metric numbers are shown in parentheses, as in other code and accessibility documents, and represent millimeter measurements unless noted otherwise.

Many of the diagrams include both code and accessibility requirements. For example, the means of egress diagrams in Chapter 5 include clearances and minimum dimensions as required in the building codes, the ADA Standards, and the ICC A117.1 standard. In each case, the most stringent requirements are used. In some instances, notes have been added to clarify conflicting requirements. When working on a project, however, be sure to consult the original document as required by the local jurisdiction.

Note

The codes and accessibility publications do not always use the same metric conversion for a particular dimension. When there is a discrepancy, the most restrictive metric number is used.

GETTING STARTED

This book should be used as a guide to assist you in researching the codes and to help you organize your projects. It is not a substitute or replacement for the actual code publications. It would be impossible to discuss every specific code, standard, and federal regulation in one book. In addition, some jurisdictions may have modified some of the requirements. Therefore, this book must be used in conjunction with the appropriate code publications. A thorough investigation of the codes and standards may include working closely with code officials, engineers, and other professionals.

Before beginning a project, you need to know which codes, standards, and federal publications must be referenced. Use Chapter 1 to help you confirm which codes and standards are available. The local codes department can verify the publications that must be referenced and notify you of any required local codes or amendments. They should also be able to tell you if there are any state requirements you need to follow, and if there are any green building programs in place. Because federal publications are not typically regulated on a local level, you will need to keep abreast of the latest changes in the laws that may apply to a project. This book explains how to do this as well. It is important for you to have access to the actual publications during the project so that specific codes and regulations can be referenced and verified. Most code publications are available in hard copy and digital formats.

Note

This book is not intended to be a substitute for any code or standard required by a jurisdiction or any applicable federal publication. It should be used as a reference book to gain a better understanding of the codes and to guide you through the code process.

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

Always remember that codes, standards, and federal regulations have been developed as minimum requirements. There may be equivalent solutions, and often superior alternatives and solutions are available. By working with your client, the building requirements, and the budget for the project, you can make informed design decisions. By using the creative thinking process and working with the code officials and other professionals, the best design solutions can be developed.

Note

Rather than viewing codes as restrictive or as a burden, remember that they enable people to feel safe as they live and work in the buildings you design.

ABBREVIATIONS

There are many publications and organizations that are mentioned and discussed repetitively throughout this book. The ones that occur most frequently are listed here so that they do not have to be unnecessarily re-introduced but can be referenced quickly.

ABA

Architectural Barriers Act

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act

IBC

International Building Code

ICC

International Code Council

ICCPC

ICC Performance Code

IEBC

International Existing Building Code

IECC

International Energy Conservation Code

IFC

International Fire Code

IGCC

International Green Construction Code

ICC A117.1

Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities

IGCC

International Green Construction Code

IMC

International Mechanical Code

IPC

International Plumbing Code

IRC

International Residential Code for One-and Two-Family Dwellings

LSC

NFPA 101, Life Safety Code

NEC

National Electrical Code, NFPA 70

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

NFPA 1

Fire Code

NFPA 70

National Electrical Code

NFPA 900

Building Energy Code

NFPA 5000

Building Construction and Safety Code

UPC

Uniform Plumbing Code

UMC

Uniform Mechanical Code

CHAPTER 1ABOUT THE CODES

The purpose of the codes that pertain to the built environment can be generally summed up to protect the health, safety, and welfare of its inhabitants. This seemingly simple objective results in a variety of codes that regulate the design and construction of buildings and building interiors. In addition, there are many standards and federal regulations that add to the requirements. The most nationally recognized codes, laws, and standards organizations are described in this chapter. Accessibility codes and regulations will be discussed in Chapter 2. Most of the codes and regulations presented in this chapter are referenced and discussed throughout this book as they pertain to the interior of a building.

While reading about each of these codes, standards, and regulations, keep in mind that not all of them may apply to your project. Each jurisdiction chooses which code publications and the specific edition of that publication that will apply to projects within their area. For example, a jurisdiction could decide to adopt the 2021 edition of the International Building Code (IBC) or continue to use the 2012 edition, or a jurisdiction could decide to adopt the NFPA 101, Life Safety Code (LSC) as a stand-alone document or to be used in conjunction with the building code. The jurisdiction could also make a variety of local amendments that add or delete clauses or sections from a code. Knowing which codes are being enforced is necessary to properly research the requirements for a project. (See Chapter 11.)

Note

There are two main sets of codes: the ICC codes and the NFPA codes. Many of the ICC codes, such as the International Building Code (IBC), have been widely adopted. Often adopted NFPA codes include the LSC and the National Electrical Code (NEC).

In addition, each code publication references specific standards as part of defining its requirements. The code will also indicate the specific edition of the standard that should be followed. Standards that are not referenced in a code may still apply to a project because they can be individually required by a jurisdiction or they may be accepted as industry-wide standards. For example, even though some finish and sustainability standards are not required by a local jurisdiction, designers may want to follow them for safety, health, and/or liability reasons. The only regulations that are consistent in every jurisdiction are the regulations that are made mandatory by federal law.

A BRIEF HISTORY

We have been concerned about the safety of buildings for a long time. The use of regulatory codes can be traced back as far as the eighteenth-century BCE to the Code of Hammurabi, a collection of laws governing Babylonia. The Code of Hammurabi made the builder accountable for the houses he built. If a wall fell, the code required the builder to fix it at no cost to the owner. If one of his buildings fell and killed someone, the builder would be put to death. In the Old Testament, builders are instructed to build parapets around the roof of a house so they would not be guilty of the death of someone who fell from the roof. After the Great Fire of London in 1666, the Rebuilding of London Act was enacted to require fire-resistance qualities in the rebuilding.