The Collected Works of John Locke E-Book

John Locke

• Herausgeber: PergamonMedia
• Kategorie: Gesellschafts- und Liebesromane
• Serie: Highlights of World Literature
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Seitenzahl: 1661

Beschreibung

This comprehensive eBook presents the complete works or all the significant works - the Œuvre - of this famous and brilliant writer in one ebook - easy-to-read and easy-to-navigate: • Second Treatise of Government • An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume • An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Volume

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

TREATISE OF GOVERNMENT by JOHN LOCKE

PREFACE

Book II

CHAPTER. I.

AN ESSAY CONCERNING THE TRUE ORIGINAL, EXTENT AND END OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER. II.

OF THE STATE OF NATURE.

CHAPTER. III.

OF THE STATE OF WAR.

CHAPTER. IV.

OF SLAVERY.

CHAPTER. V.

OF PROPERTY.

CHAPTER. VI.

OF PATERNAL POWER.

CHAPTER. VII.

OF POLITICAL OR CIVIL SOCIETY.

CHAPTER. VIII.

OF THE BEGINNING OF POLITICAL SOCIETIES.

CHAPTER. IX.

OF THE ENDS OF POLITICAL SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT.

CHAPTER. X.

OF THE FORMS OF A COMMON-WEALTH.

CHAPTER. XI.

OF THE EXTENT OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER.

CHAPTER. XII.

OF THE LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND FEDERATIVE POWER OF THE COMMON-WEALTH.

CHAPTER. XIII.

OF THE SUBORDINATION OF THE POWERS OF THE COMMON-WEALTH.

CHAPTER. XIV.

OF PREROGATIVE.

CHAPTER. XV.

OF PATERNAL, POLITICAL, AND DESPOTICAL POWER, CONSIDERED TOGETHER.

CHAPTER. XVI.

OF CONQUEST.

CHAPTER. XVII.

OF USURPATION.

CHAPTER. XVIII.

OF TYRANNY.

CHAPTER. XIX.

OF THE DISSOLUTION OF GOVERNMENT.

AN ESSAY CONCERNING HUMANE UNDERSTANDING

IN FOUR BOOKS

BY JOHN LOCKE

LONDON

MDCXC

EPISTLE DEDICATORY TO THE EARL OF PEMBROKE

THE EPISTLE TO THE READER

INTRODUCTION

BOOK I. NEITHER PRINCIPLES NOR IDEAS ARE INNATE.

I. NO INNATE SPECULATIVE PRINCIPLES II. NO INNATE PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES III. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING INNATE PRINCIPLES, BOTH SPECULATIVE AND PRACTICAL

BOOK II. OF IDEAS.

I. OF IDEAS IN GENERAL, AND THEIR ORIGINAL II. OF SIMPLE IDEAS III. OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF SENSATION IV. IDEA OF SOLIDITY V. OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF DIVERS SENSES VI. OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF REFLECTION … VII. OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF BOTH SENSATION AND REFLECTION VIII. SOME FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING OUR SIMPLE IDEAS OF SENSATION IX. OF PERCEPTION X. OF RETENTION XI. OF DISCERNING, AND OTHER OPERATIONS OF THE MIND XII. OF COMPLEX IDEAS XIII. OF SIMPLE MODES:—AND FIRST, OF THE SIMPLE MODES OF THE IDEA OF SPACE XIV. IDEA OF DURATION AND ITS SIMPLE MODES XV. IDEAS OF DURATION AND EXPANSION, CONSIDERED TOGETHER XVI. IDEA OF NUMBER AND ITS SIMPLE MODES XVII. OF THE IDEA OF INFINITY XVIII. OF OTHER SIMPLE MODES XIX. OF THE MODES OF THINKING XX. OF MODES OF PLEASURE AND PAIN XXI. OF THE IDEA OF POWER XXII. OF MIXED MODES XXIII. OF OUR COMPLEX IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES XXIV. OF COLLECTIVE IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES XXV. OF IDEAS OF RELATION XXVI. OF IDEAS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT, AND OTHER RELATIONS XXVII. OF IDEAS OF IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY XXVIII. OF IDEAS OF OTHER RELATIONS XXIX. OF CLEAR AND OBSCURE, DISTINCT AND CONFUSED IDEAS XXX. OF REAL AND FANTASTICAL IDEAS XXXI. OF ADEQUATE AND INADEQUATE IDEAS XXXII. OF TRUE AND FALSE IDEAS XXXIII. OF THE ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THOMAS, EARL OF PEMBROKE AND MONTGOMERY, BARON HERBERT OF CARDIFF LORD ROSS, OF KENDAL, PAR, FITZHUGH, MARMION, ST. QUINTIN, AND SHURLAND;

LORD PRESIDENT OF HIS MAJESTY'S MOST HONOURABLE PRIVY COUNCIL; AND LORD LIEUTENANT OF THE COUNTY OF WILTS, AND OF SOUTH WALES.

MY LORD,

MY LORD,

JOHN LOCKE

THE EPISTLE TO THE READER

READER,

ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING.

INTRODUCTION.

NEITHER PRINCIPLES NOR IDEAS ARE INNATE

CHAPTER I.

NO INNATE SPECULATIVE PRINCIPLES.

CHAPTER II.

NO INNATE PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER III.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING INNATE PRINCIPLES, BOTH SPECULATIVE AND PRACTICAL.

BOOK II

OF IDEAS

CHAPTER I.

OF IDEAS IN GENERAL, AND THEIR ORIGINAL.

CHAPTER II.

OF SIMPLE IDEAS.

CHAPTER III.

OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF SENSE.

CHAPTER IV.

IDEA OF SOLIDITY.

CHAPTER V.

OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF DIVERS SENSES.

CHAPTER VI.

OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF REFLECTION.

CHAPTER VII.

OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF BOTH SENSATION AND REFLECTION.

CHAPTER VIII.

SOME FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING OUR SIMPLE IDEAS OF SENSATION.

CHAPTER IX.

OF PERCEPTION.

CHAPTER X.

OF RETENTION.

CHAPTER XI.

OF DISCERNING, AND OTHER OPERATIONS OF THE MIND.

CHAPTER XII.

OF COMPLEX IDEAS.

CHAPTER XIII.

COMPLEX IDEAS OF SIMPLE MODES:—AND FIRST, OF THE SIMPLE MODES OF IDEA OF SPACE.

CHAPTER XIV.

IDEA OF DURATION AND ITS SIMPLE MODES.

CHAPTER XV.

IDEAS OF DURATION AND EXPANSION, CONSIDERED TOGETHER.

CHAPTER XVI.

IDEA OF NUMBER.

CHAPTER XVII.

OF INFINITY.

CHAPTER XVIII.

OTHER SIMPLE MODES.

CHAPTER XIX.

OF THE MODES OF THINKING.

CHAPTER XX.

OF MODES OF PLEASURE AND PAIN.

CHAPTER XXI.

OF POWER.

CHAPTER XXII.

OF MIXED MODES.

CHAPTER XXIII.

OF OUR COMPLEX IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES.

CHAPTER XXIV.

OF COLLECTIVE IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES.

CHAPTER XXV.

OF RELATION.

CHAPTER XXVI.

OF CAUSE AND EFFECT, AND OTHER RELATIONS.

CHAPTER XXVII.

OF IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

OF OTHER RELATIONS.

CHAPTER XXIX.

OF CLEAR AND OBSCURE, DISTINCT AND CONFUSED IDEAS.

CHAPTER XXX.

OF REAL AND FANTASTICAL IDEAS.

CHAPTER XXXI.

OF ADEQUATE AND INADEQUATE IDEAS.

CHAPTER XXXII.

OF TRUE AND FALSE IDEAS.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

OF THE ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS.

AN ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING

BOOK III. OF WORDS.

CHAP.

I. OF WORDS OR LANGUAGE IN GENERAL II. OF THE SIGNIFICATION OF WORDS III. OF GENERAL TERMS IV. OF THE NAMES OF SIMPLE IDEAS V. OF THE NAMES OF MIXED MODES AND RELATIONS VI. OF THE NAMES OF SUBSTANCES VII. OF PARTICLES VIII. OF ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE TERMS IX. OF THE IMPERFECTION OF WORDS X. OF THE ABUSE OF WORDS XI. OF THE REMEDIES OF THE FOREGOING IMPERFECTION AND ABUSES

BOOK IV. OF KNOWLEDGE AND PROBABILITY.

CHAP.

I. OF KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL II. OF THE DEGREES OF OUR KNOWLEDGE III. OF THE EXTENT OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE IV. OF THE REALITY OF OUR KNOWLEDGE V. OF TRUTH IN GENERAL VI. OF UNIVERSAL PROPOSITIONS: THEIR TRUTH AND CERTAINTY VII. OF MAXIMS VIII. OF TRIFLING PROPOSITIONS IX. OF OUR THREEFOLD KNOWLEDGE OF EXISTENCE X. OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXISTENCE OF A GOD XI. OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXISTENCE OF OTHER THINGS XII. OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE XIII. SOME OTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING OUR KNOWLEDGE XIV. OF JUDGMENT XV. OF PROBABILITY XVI. OF THE DEGREES OF ASSENT XVII. OF REASON [AND SYLLOGISM] XVIII. OF FAITH AND REASON, AND THEIR DISTINCT PROVINCES XIX. [OF ENTHUSIASM] XX. OF WRONG ASSENT, OR ERROR XXI. OF THE DIVISION OF THE SCIENCES

BOOK III

OF WORDS

CHAPTER I.

OF WORDS OR LANGUAGE IN GENERAL.

CHAPTER II.

OF THE SIGNIFICATION OF WORDS.

CHAPTER III.

OF GENERAL TERMS.

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE NAMES OF SIMPLE IDEAS.

CHAPTER V.

OF THE NAMES OF MIXED MODES AND RELATIONS.

CHAPTER VI.

OF THE NAMES OF SUBSTANCES.

CHAPTER VII.

OF PARTICLES.

CHAPTER VIII.

OF ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE TERMS.

CHAPTER IX.

OF THE IMPERFECTION OF WORDS.

CHAPTER X.

OF THE ABUSE OF WORDS.

CHAPTER XI.

OF THE REMEDIES OF THE FOREGOING IMPERFECTIONS AND ABUSES OF WORDS.

BOOK IV

OF KNOWLEDGE AND PROBABILITY SYNOPSIS OF THE FOURTH BOOK.

CHAPTER I.

OF KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL.

CHAPTER II.

OF THE DEGREES OF OUR KNOWLEDGE.

CHAPTER III.

OF THE EXTENT OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE.

CHAPTER IV. OF THE REALITY OF KNOWLEDGE.

CHAPTER V. OF TRUTH IN GENERAL.

CHAPTER VI. OF UNIVERSAL PROPOSITIONS: THEIR TRUTH AND CERTAINTY.

CHAPTER VII. OF MAXIMS

CHAPTER VIII. OF TRIFLING PROPOSITIONS.

CHAPTER IX. OF OUR THREEFOLD KNOWLEDGE OF EXISTENCE.

CHAPTER X. OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXISTENCE OF A GOD.

CHAPTER XI.

OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXISTENCE OF OTHER THINGS.

CHAPTER XII. OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE

CHAPTER XIII.

SOME FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING OUR KNOWLEDGE.

CHAPTER XIV. OF JUDGMENT.

CHAPTER XV. OF PROBABILITY.

CHAPTER XVI. OF THE DEGREES OF ASSENT.

CHAPTER XVII. OF REASON

CHAPTER XVIII.

OF FAITH AND REASON, AND THEIR DISTINCT PROVINCES.

CHAPTER XIX. [not in early editions]

CHAPTER XX.

OF WRONG ASSENT, OR ERROR.

I. WANT OF PROOFS.

II. WANT OF ABILITY TO USE THEM.

III. WANT OF WILL TO SEE THEM.

IV. WRONG MEASURES OF PROBABILITY.

I. PROPOSITIONS THAT ARE IN THEMSELVES CERTAIN AND EVIDENT, BUT DOUBTFUL AND FALSE, TAKEN UP FOR PRINCIPLES.

II. RECEIVED HYPOTHESES.

III. PREDOMINANT PASSIONS OR INCLINATIONS.

IV. AUTHORITY.

CHAPTER XXI.

OF THE DIVISION OF THE SCIENCES.

TREATISE OF GOVERNMENT by JOHN LOCKE

BY IOHN LOCKE

SALUS POPULI SUPREMA LEX ESTO

LONDON PRINTED MDCLXXXVIII

REPRINTED, THE SIXTH TIME, BY A. MILLAR, H. WOODFALL, 1. WHISTON AND B. WHITE, 1. RIVINGTON, L. DAVIS AND C. REYMERS, R. BALDWIN, HAWES CLARKE AND COLLINS; W. IOHNSTON, W. OWEN, 1. RICHARDSON, S. CROWDER, T. LONGMAN, B. LAW, C. RIVINGTON, E. DILLY, R. WITHY, C. AND R. WARE, S. BAKER, T. PAYNE, A. SHUCKBURGH, 1. HINXMAN

MDCCLXIII

TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT. IN THE FORMER THE FALSE PRINCIPLES AND FOUNDATION OF SIR ROBERT FILMER AND HIS FOLLOWERS ARE DETECTED AND OVERTHROWN. THE LATTER IS AN ESSAY CONCERNING THE TRUE ORIGINAL EXTENT AND END OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT.

1764 EDITOR'S NOTE The present Edition of this Book has not only been collated with the first three Editions, which were published during the Author's Life, but also has the Advantage of his last Corrections and Improvements, from a Copy delivered by him to Mr. Peter Coste, communicated to the Editor, and now lodged in Christ College, Cambridge.

PREFACE

Reader, thou hast here the beginning and end of a discourse concerning government; what fate has otherwise disposed of the papers that should have filled up the middle, and were more than all the rest, it is not worth while to tell thee. These, which remain, I hope are sufficient to establish the throne of our great restorer, our present King William; to make good his title, in the consent of the people, which being the only one of all lawful governments, he has more fully and clearly, than any prince in Christendom; and to justify to the world the people of England, whose love of their just and natural rights, with their resolution to preserve them, saved the nation when it was on the very brink of slavery and ruin. If these papers have that evidence, I flatter myself is to be found in them, there will be no great miss of those which are lost, and my reader may be satisfied without them: for I imagine, I shall have neither the time, nor inclination to repeat my pains, and fill up the wanting part of my answer, by tracing Sir Robert again, through all the windings and obscurities, which are to be met with in the several branches of his wonderful system. The king, and body of the nation, have since so thoroughly confuted his Hypothesis, that I suppose no body hereafter will have either the confidence to appear against our common safety, and be again an advocate for slavery; or the weakness to be deceived with contradictions dressed up in a popular stile, and well-turned periods: for if any one will be at the pains, himself, in those parts, which are here untouched, to strip Sir Robert's discourses of the flourish of doubtful expressions, and endeavour to reduce his words to direct, positive, intelligible propositions, and then compare them one with another, he will quickly be satisfied, there was never so much glib nonsense put together in well-sounding English. If he think it not worth while to examine his works all thro', let him make an experiment in that part, where he treats of usurpation; and let him try, whether he can, with all his skill, make Sir Robert intelligible, and consistent with himself, or common sense. I should not speak so plainly of a gentleman, long since past answering, had not the pulpit, of late years, publicly owned his doctrine, and made it the current divinity of the times. It is necessary those men, who taking on them to be teachers, have so dangerously misled others, should be openly shewed of what authority this their Patriarch is, whom they have so blindly followed, that so they may either retract what upon so ill grounds they have vented, and cannot be maintained; or else justify those principles which they preached up for gospel; though they had no better an author than an English courtier: for I should not have writ against Sir Robert, or taken the pains to shew his mistakes, inconsistencies, and want of (what he so much boasts of, and pretends wholly to build on) scripture-proofs, were there not men amongst us, who, by crying up his books, and espousing his doctrine, save me from the reproach of writing against a dead adversary. They have been so zealous in this point, that, if I have done him any wrong, I cannot hope they should spare me. I wish, where they have done the truth and the public wrong, they would be as ready to redress it, and allow its just weight to this reflection, viz. that there cannot be done a greater mischief to prince and people, than the propagating wrong notions concerning government; that so at last all times might not have reason to complain of the Drum Ecclesiastic. If any one, concerned really for truth, undertake the confutation of my Hypothesis, I promise him either to recant my mistake, upon fair conviction; or to answer his difficulties. But he must remember two things.

First, That cavilling here and there, at some expression, or little incident of my discourse, is not an answer to my book.