The Fall of Constantinople E-Book

50MINUTES

• Herausgeber: 50Minutes.com
• Kategorie: Bildung
• Serie: History
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 36

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the events of the Fall of Constantinople in next to no time with this concise guide.

50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the Fall of Constantinople. In May 1453, Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the Ottomans after a 53-day siege. This conquest marked the end of the mighty Roman Empire and a key point in the Ottoman advance to the West. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire is a major event in European history, and is seen by some as signalling the end of the Middle Ages in Europe.

In just 50 minutes you will:
• Understand the historical, political and social context of mid-15th century Europe
• Identify the two forces in the battle and their reasons for fighting
• Analyse the outcome of the battle and its role in the end of the Byzantine Empire and the golden age of the Ottomans

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Leseprobe

The Fall of Constantinople

Key information

When: 6 April-29 May 1453Where: In Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire (now Istanbul)Context: The Ottoman expansion (14th - 17th century)Belligerents: The Byzantine Empire against the Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders:Constantine XI, Byzantine emperor (1403-1453)Mehmet II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1432-1481)Outcome: Ottoman victoryVictims:Byzantine camp: approximately 4 000 dead and 50 000 taken prisonerOttoman camp: figure unknown, but losses were significant

Introduction

A major turning point in European history, the fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire (commonly called the Byzantine Empire) in favor of the Ottoman Empire. According to many historians, this event precipitated the end of the Middle Ages and marked the entry of Western Europe into modern times.

The fight for Constantinople began on 6 April 1453. The attack was ordered by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, who wanted to bring an end to the Byzantine presence on the Bosphorus. The stakes were high: taking possession of Constantinople would not only ensure the control of commercial links between the East and the West, but would also end the last Christian stronghold in the East. The Ottomans, aware of this issue, therefore undertook the siege of the city, seeking to seize it by progressively weakening it through a series of offensive attacks, but also through a blockade intending to isolate and deprive it of any external help.

The Byzantine Empire that tried to resist the attack was declining. Behind the impressive ramparts of Constantinople, the emperor Constantine XI managed to keep the Turks at bay for more than 50 days. Nevertheless, given the successive assaults, the city finally fell on 29 May 1453, sealing the fate of the two Empires, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and the dawn of the Ottoman Empire.

Political and social context

Byzantium: an empire in agony

A milestone in the history of the 15th century, the fall of Constantinople was only the final act of a process of a centuries-long decline for the Byzantine Empire. Since the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D., which marked its advent, nearly a thousand years passed, during which the empire was maintained, despite the claims that some (such as the Arabs, Serbs, Bulgarians, Venetians, Genoese and Turks) had on its territories.

Good to know

For some historians, the birth of the Byzantine Empire occurred in 395 A.D. when Emperor Theodosius I (347-395) decided to share the Roman Empire between his sons. Although several divisions had already been made in the past, this was definitive. However, it was primarily administrative and the inhabitants of the two empires did not perceive any real differences compared to the previous situation. For example, they were subject to the same legislation. It was not until 476 A.D. that the Byzantine Empire conducted its own destiny.

The decline of the Byzantine Empire began in 1204, when the Republic of Venice, for reasons of commercial competition, redirected the Fourth Crusade (1201-1204), which was originally headed for Constantinople, towards the re-conquest of the Holy Land and Jerusalem, then under the control of the Arabs. This event, which was rooted in the religious quarrel between the Churches of the East and the West since the schism of 1054, would have devastating consequences. The Byzantine capital was indeed besieged and conquered by the Crusaders who ransacked it, signaling the end of the Byzantine Empire, which then broke up into four entities:

the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-1261), which included Thrace, northwestern Minor Asia, Lesbos, Samos and Chios, and was in the hands of Westerners;the Despotate of Epirus (1204-1318), located in the Balkans and extending to Albania and Greece;the Empire of Nicaea (1204-1261), located along the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, led by the Emperor Theodore I Laskaris (c. 1174-1222);the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1461), located in the Pont region, on the coast of the Black Sea, which was one of the last refuges of the Greeks before falling into the hands of the Ottomans in 1461.