The Gastrointestinal System at a Glance E-Book

Satish Keshav

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: At a Glance
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 263

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

This concise introduction to the gastrointestinal system encapsulates the fundamental facts and principles of this rapidly growing and changing specialty. Written by experienced clinicians and teachers, the text covers the basic concepts of both the science surrounding the gastrointestinal system and the basics of clinical practice in an accessible, lucid format.

Now fully supported by a companion website at www.ataglanceseries.com/gastro containing interactive MCQs and downloadable digital flashcards, The Gastrointestinal System at a Glance is the ideal revision aid for medical and allied health students, and provides valuable insight for anyone seeking a comprehensive and concise guide to this subject area.

• Fully revised and updated to include further coverage of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy, revised liver chapters and a new chapter on embryology
• Now in full colour throughout
• Supported by a companion website containing interactive self-assessment and digital flashcards - perfect for both study and revision
• Provides an integrated approach to both the basic and clinical science of this core specialty

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Website ad

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Organization of the book

How to use this book

Anatomical and clinical detail

Acknowledgements

List of abbreviations

Introduction and overview

Structure and function

Integrated function

Diseases and disorders

Part 1: Structure and function

1 Mouth and teeth

Structure

Function

Common disorders

2 Salivary glands

Structure

Function

Common disorders

3 Tongue and pharynx

The tongue

The pharynx

4 Oesophagus

Structure

Function

Common disorders

5 Stomach

Structure

Function

Common disorders

6 Duodenum

Structure

Function

Common disorders

7 Pancreas

Structure

Function

Common disorders

8 Liver

Structure

Function

Common disorders

9 Biliary system

Structure

Function

Common disorders

10 Hepatic portal system

Structure

Function

Portal hypertension

11 Jejunum and ileum

Structure

Function

Common disorders

12 Caecum and appendix

Structure

Function

Common disorders

13 Colon

Structure

Function

Common disorders

14 Rectum and anus

Structure

Function

Common disorders

Part 2: Integrated function

15 Embryology

Basic structure

Foregut

Mid-gut

Hindgut

16 Enteric motility

Structure

Function

Regulation

Common disorders

17 Enteric endocrine system

Structure

Function

Common disorders

18 Enteric and autonomic nerves

Structure

Function

Common disorders

19 Mucosal immune system

Structure

Function

Common disorders

20 Digestion and absorption

Coordination

Motility

Mechanical disruption

Solubilization

Emulsification and micelle formation

Acidification and alkalization

Enzymes

Special factors

Surface area

Specialized absorptive surfaces

21 Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Common disorders

22 Digestion of vitamins and minerals

Water-soluble vitamins

Vitamin B12 (hydroxocobalamin)

Folic acid (pteroylmonoglutamate)

Fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids

Iron

Calcium

Copper

Zinc

23 Nutrition

Basic nutritional concepts

Assessing nutrition

Control of body mass

Gastrointestinal disease and nutrition

Enteral and parenteral nutrition

24 Fluid and electrolyte balance

Fluid flux

Mechanisms

Regulation

25 Hepatic metabolic function

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Metabolic failure

26 Hepatic synthetic function

Amino acids

Synthesis of proteins

Synthetic liver failure

27 Hepatic detoxification and excretion

Conjugation

Oxidases and cytochrome P450

Canalicular secretion

Urea cycle

Bilirubin

Alcohol (ethanol)

Paracetamol (acetaminophen)

Regulation

Part 3: Disorders and diseases

28 Nausea and vomiting

Muscular coordination

Neural control

Common causes

Effects and consequences

Treatment

29 Diarrhoea

Mechanisms

Treatment

30 Constipation

Causes and mechanisms

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

31 Functional disorders and irritable bowel syndrome

Definition

Classification

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

32 Gastro-oesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia

Pathogenesis

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

33 Peptic ulcer and Helicobacter pylori

Pathology

Pathogenesis

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

34 Gastroenteritis and food poisoning

Pathogenic mechanisms

Clinical features

Food poisoning

Traveller’s diarrhoea

Endemic and epidemic diarrhoea

Immunocompromised patients

Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea

Diagnosis

Treatment

35 Gastrointestinal system infections

Commensal flora

Bacterial overgrowth

Worms and parasites

Candidiasis

Whipple’s disease

Systemic infection, abscesses and masses

Inflammatory bowel disease

Clinical presentation and diagnosis

Treatment

36 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

Aetiology

Macroscopic pathology

Microscopic pathology

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

37 Coeliac disease

Aetiology and pathogenesis

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

38 Obesity and malnutrition

Obesity

Starvation, malnutrition and anorexia

39 Colon and rectal cancer

Pathology

Aetiology and pathogenesis

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

40 Gastrointestinal, pancreatic and liver tumours

Gastric cancer

Oesophageal cancer

Gastrointestinal lymphoma

Pancreatic cancer

Neuroendocrine tumours and carcinoids

Liver cancer and masses

41 Haemorrhoids and anorectal disease

Haemorrhoids

Anal fissure

Anorectal abscess and fistula

Proctitis

Pruritis ani

Proctalgia fugax

Anal warts and sexually transmitted infections

Peri-anal tumours

42 Gallstones and pancreatitis

Gallstones

Pancreatitis

43 Hepatitis and acute liver disease

Viral hepatitis

Drugs and toxins

Miscellaneous causes

Pathogenesis

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

44 Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease

Causes

Pathophysiology

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

Part 4: Diagnosis and treatment

45 History, examination and tests

History

Examination

Stool examination

Basic blood tests

46 Diagnostic endoscopy

Rigid instruments

Flexible upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy

Enteroscopy

Capsule endoscopy

Endoscopic ultrasound

Advanced endoscopic imaging

47 Therapeutic endoscopy

Bleeding

Polypectomy

Treatment of luminal obstruction

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and biliary endoscopy

Endoscopic ultrasound-assisted therapy

Bariatric endoscopy

48 Radiology and imaging

Plain X-rays

Plain X-rays with luminal contrast

Computed tomography scan

Magnetic resonance imaging

Ultrasound scanning

Radioisotope scans

Interventional radiology

49 Functional tests

Breath tests

Absorption and excretion tests

Stimulation tests

Manometry

pH measurement

50 Pharmacotherapy

Special considerations

51 Gastrointestinal surgery

Basic considerations

Stomas

Laparoscopic surgery

Common operations

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Inflammatory bowel disease

Cancer

Obesity

Transplantation

Index

This new edition is also available as an e-book.

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This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Previous edition 2004

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Keshav, Satish.

 The gastrointestinal system at a glance / Satish Keshav, Adam Bailey. – 2nd

ed.

p. ; cm. – (At a glance series)

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-4051-5091-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)

 I. Bailey, Adam, Dr. II. Title. III. Series: At a glance series (Oxford, England)

 [DNLM: 1. Digestive System. 2. Digestive System Diseases. WI 100]

 612.3'2–dc23

2012007480

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover design: Meaden Creative

Preface

Organization of the Book

The Gastrointestinal System at a Glance is organized in four parts, each starting with a structural and functional overview of the main components of the system and followed by chapters dealing with integrated gastrointestinal function. The clinical relevance of aspects of anatomy, physiology and function is discussed in each chapter in order to highlight the practical importance of each subject. The third and fourth sections are more clinical, covering the most important gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases and the major aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy and radiology are described in dedicated chapters. Self-assessment questions on the accompanying website are all based on the text, and can be used to check understanding and recall.

How to Use This Book

This book offers a visual and graphic scaffold for further detailed study. The aim is to provide pictures that will illustrate concepts and make them more memorable. Thus, the book can be read before starting on coursework, annotated with additional details from lectures, tutorials and self-directed study, and then used for revision before examinations. It will therefore be useful for students approaching a subject for the first time, particularly as part of an integrated systems-based medical curriculum. The diagrams, many of which will also be available as online flashcards, should trigger recall of facts that might otherwise be lost in plain text.

Anatomical and Clinical Detail

The anatomical diagrams are representations, and not exact reproductions, to illustrate how structure supports function, rather than to provide exact detail. For more thorough anatomy, students may use Anatomy at a Glance, also available in this series. Similarly, specific diseases are discussed to demonstrate pathogenic mechanisms and general principles, rather than to provide exhaustive detail. This book should be used to understand the normal physiology, how it goes wrong in disease, and the principles underlying modern clinical practice in gastroenterology and hepatology.

Satish KeshavAdam Bailey

Acknowledgements

We thank all the staff at Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, particularly Martin Sugden, Fiona Pattision, Ben Townsend, Martin Davies, and Karen Moore, who encouraged us through the gestation of this edition. Professor Darrell Evans of Brighton and Sussex Medicine School co-authored the chapter on Embryology, for which we are grateful.

List of Abbreviations

ACh

acetylcholine

AFP

α-fetoprotein

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ALP

alkaline phosphatase

ALT

alanine transaminase

ANCA

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

APC

adenomatous polyposis coli

5ASA

5-aminosalicylic acid

ASCA

Anti-saccharomyces cerevesiae antibody

AST

aspartate transaminase

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

ATPase

adenosine triphosphatase

AVM