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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Serie: Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics
- Sprache: Englisch
The second edition of the highly successful Handbook of Discourse Analysis has been expanded and thoroughly updated to reflect the very latest research to have developed since the original publication, including new theoretical paradigms and discourse-analytic models, in an authoritative two-volume set.
- Twenty new chapters highlight emerging trends and the latest areas of research
- Contributions reflect the range, depth, and richness of current research in the field
- Chapters are written by internationally-recognized leaders in their respective fields, constituting a Who’s Who of Discourse Analysis
- A vital resource for scholars and students in discourse studies as well as for researchers in related fields who seek authoritative overviews of discourse analytic issues, theories, and methods
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The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
Second Edition
Edited by
Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Deborah Schiffrin
VOLUME I
The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
Second Edition
Edited by
Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Deborah Schiffrin
VOLUME II
This second edition first published 2015
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. except for Chapter 16 © Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Edition History: Blackwell Publishers Ltd (1e, 2001)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The handbook of discourse analysis / edited by Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. Hamilton & Deborah Schiffrin. – Second edition. volumes cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-67074-3 (cloth) 1. Discourse analysis–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Tannen, Deborah, editor. II. Hamilton, Heidi Ehernberger, editor. III. Schiffrin, Deborah, editor. P302.H344 2015 401′.41–dc23
2014048413
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: Painting on canvas © petekarici / iStock
For Michael, Dan, and Louis with love
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Preface to the Second Edition
Introduction to the First Edition
What Is Discourse Analysis?
Deborah Tannen
Deborah Schiffrin
Heidi E. Hamilton
Purpose of the
Handbook
Conclusion
References
VOLUME I
I Linguistic Analysis of Discourse
1 Discourse and Grammar
0 Introduction
1 The Basic Sentence
2 The Word
3 The Clause
4 Beyond the Nuclear Clause
5 The Complex Sentence
6 Coherence
7 Interaction
8 Conclusion
Notes
References
2 Intertextuality in Discourse
0 Introduction
1 Philosophical and Definitional Foundations
2 (Re)Contextualization, Genre, and the Intertextual Gap
3 Reported Speech and Constructed Dialogue
4 Intertextuality, Discourse, and Power
5 Conclusion
References
3 Cohesion and Texture
0 Beyond the Clause
1 Cohesion
2 Discourse Semantics
3 Modeling Social Context: Register and Genre
4 Cohesion, Texture, and Coherence
Notes
References
4 Intonation and Discourse
0 Introduction
1 Looking Back
2 Looking at Now
3 New Territories and Frontiers
4 Looking Ahead
5 Transcription Conventions
Notes
References
5 Voice Registers
0 Introduction
1 At the Intersection of Two Concepts of Register
2 Background
3 Falsetto Voice
4 Creaky Voice
5 Whisper Voice
6 Breathy Voice
7 Discussion
Notes
References
6 Computer-Mediated Discourse 2.0
0 Introduction
1 Classification of Computer-Mediated Discourse
2 Discourse Structure
3 Meaning
4 Interaction Management
5 Social Practice
6 Multimodal Computer-Mediated Discourse
7 Conclusions
Notes
References
7 Discourse Analysis and Narrative
0 Introduction
1 Structural Approaches to Narrative
2 Interactional Approaches to Narrative
3 Narrative in Sociocultural Practice
4 The Narrative Turn across Disciplines
5 Current State of the Field
References
8 Humor and Laughter
0 Introduction
1 The Precursors
2 The Functionalist Phase
3 Corpus-Based Synthesis
4 Paradigmatic Shifts in the Study of Humorous Discourse
5 Conclusion
References
9 Discourse Markers
Language, Meaning, and Context
0 Introduction
1 Discourse Markers: Three Perspectives
2 Markers across Contexts, across Languages, and over Time
3 Conclusion: Markers, Discourse Analysis, and Grammar
Notes
References
10 Historical Discourse Analysis
0 Introduction
1 Historical Discourse Analysis
2 Diachronically Oriented Discourse Analysis
3 Discourse-Oriented Historical Linguistics
4 Conclusion
Notes
References
11 Discourse, Space, and Place
0 Introduction
1
1 Space as a Tool for Expression
2 Built Space
3 Private versus Public Space
4 Space and Identity
5 Space and Place
6 Space and Access
7 Space and Language Structure
8 Space and Cognition
9 Space and Technology
10 Conclusion
Notes
References
12 Gesture in Discourse
0 Introduction
1 Communicative Dynamism and the Psychological Predicate
2 Space as Discourse
3 Catchments and Prosody
4 Beats
5 Viewpoints and Subjectivity: A New Look
6 Pointing
7 Mimicry and Social-Interactive Discourse
8 In Children
9 Conclusions
Notes
References
II Approaches and Methodologies
13 Nine Ways of Looking at Apologies
0 Introduction: The Problems, Paradoxes, and Pleasures of Interdisciplinary Research
1
1 A Case in Point: Understanding Apology
2 The Function of Apologies
Notes
References
14 Interactional Sociolinguistics
0 Introduction: Background
1 Diversity as a Central IS Theme
2 IS Method
3 Conclusion
Notes
References
15 Framing and Positioning
0 Introduction
1
1 Framing
2 Positioning
3 Integrated and Related Perspectives
4 Conclusions and future directions
Notes
References
16 Conversational Interaction
*
0 Introduction
1 Generic Problems and Practice(d) Solutions
2 Interactional Practices at the Roots of Human Sociality
3 Closing
Notes
References
17 Transcribing Embodied Action
0 Introduction
1 Talk and Visible Action
2 Bodily Interaction
3 The Use of Tools and Technologies
4 The Presentation of Fragments
5 Emerging Challenges
Notes
References
18 Constraining and Guiding the Flow of Discourse
0 Introduction
1 Foci of Consciousness and Centers of Interest
2 Topics
3 Topic Navigation
4 Navigation by Schema
5 Navigation by Interaction
6 The Text
Notes
References
19 Imagination in Narratives
0 Introduction
1 Imagining Stories
2 Participating in Narratives
3 Conclusion
References
20 Oral Discourse as a Semiotic Ecology
0 Introduction
1
1 Orienting Discussion
2 Transcribed Examples
3 Conclusion
Notes
References
21 Multimodality
0 Introduction
1 A Short History of Multimodality as a Field of Study
2 Visual Grammar
3 Multimodality and Genre
4 Applications
5 Conclusion
References
22 Critical Discourse Analysis
0 Introduction: What Is Critical Discourse Analysis?
1 Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks
2 Research in Critical Discourse Analysis
3 Conclusion
References
23 Computer-Assisted Methods of Analyzing Textual and Intertextual Competence
0 Introduction
1 Terms and Data
2 Lexical Norms in a Non-fiction Text
3 Methods of Observation
4 Lexical Norms in Different Text Types
5 Lexical Norms in a Literary Text: Process and Product
6 Conclusion
Notes
References
24 Register Variation
0 Introduction
1 A Register Perspective on Traditional Linguistic Investigations
2 The Multidimensional Approach to Register Variation
3 Conclusion
Notes
References
VOLUME II
III The Individual, Society, and Culture
25 Voices of the Speech Community
0 Preface
1 Donald Poole, Martha's Vineyard
2 Jacob Schissel, New York City
3 Larry Hawthorne, South Harlem
4 Celeste Sullivan, 1973
5 Jackie Garopedian, Chicago
6 Latasha Harris, West Philadelphia
Notes
References
26 Language Ideologies
0 Introduction
1 Theoretical Roots
2 Sociolinguistic Responses to Language Ideology in the Women's Movement
3 The Recruitment of Language to Political and Cultural Projects
4 Language Ideologies and Social Categories in Nation-State Formation
5 Language Ideologies in Powerful Institutional Complexes
6 Conclusion
References
27 Discourse and Racism
0 Introduction
1 Concepts of “Race” and “Racism”
2 Discourse Analytical Approaches to Racism
3 Conclusions
Notes
References
28 Code-Switching, Identity, and Globalization
0 Introduction
1
1 Speech Community Identities
2 Nation-State Identities
3 Multicultural and Interethnic Identities
4 Hybrid Identities
5 Conclusions
Notes
References
29 Cross-cultural and Intercultural Communication and Discourse Analysis
0 The Cultural and the Discursive
1 Ways of Thinking about Culture
2 Basic Methodological Distinctions, and Traps
3 Individuals and Intention
4 Conclusion
References
30 Discourse and Gender
0 Introduction
1 Laying the Foundation: Early Gender and Language Research
2 Gender Differences as Discursive Strategies
3 Analyzing and Theorizing Gender and Discourse
4 The Intersectionality of Identities: Race, Class, and Sexuality
5 Identity and Discourses of Gender
6 Language and Gender Online
7 Conclusion
Notes
References
31 Queer Linguistics as Critical Discourse Analysis
0 Introduction
1
1 Introducing Queer Linguistics: Queerness in Language as Desire, and More
2 Queer Linguistics, Sexuality, and Normative Discourse
3 Queer Linguistics, Performativity, and Metaphor
4 Queer Linguistics, Institutional Practice, and Global versus Local Voice
5 Conclusions
Notes
References
32 Child Discourse
0 Introduction: Placing Child Discourse in a Tradition
1 Adult–Child Discourse
2 Child–Child Discourse
3 Conclusion
References
33 Discourse and Aging
0 Introduction
1 Who Is Old? Conceptualizations of Old Age
2 Embracing Multiple Disciplinary Perspectives
3 Modes of Inquiry
4 Areas of Inquiry
5 Conclusions
Notes
References
34 Discursive Underpinnings of Family Coordination
0 Discourse and Family Life
1 Family Coordination and Reflexive Speech
2 Coordination and Family Coherence
3 Coordination Troubles
4 Conclusion
Notes
References
IV Discourse in Real-World Contexts
35 Institutional Discourse
0 Introduction
1 The Relationship between Institutions, Discourse, and Power
2 Critical and Postmodern Studies of Institutional Discourse and Power
3 Power and Resistance in Spoken Institutional Discourse
4 Discourse Analytical Approaches to Institutional Research
5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research
References
36 Political Discourse
0 Introduction
1 Representation: Reference and Metaphor
2 Politics and Grammar: Things Turn “Critical”
3 Discourse and Political Pragmatics
4 The Discursive Production Politicians and the Political Stance
5 Sounds Political
6 Conclusions and Summary
References
37 Discourse and Media
0 Introduction
1 The Development of Media Discourse Analysis
2 Approaches to Media Discourse
3 Key Components of Media Discourse
4 Insights for Discourse
5 Directions for Continued Research
6 Summary
Notes
References
38 Discourse Analysis in the Legal Context
1 A Brief Background of Linguistics and Law
2 Identifying the Speech Event
3 Identifying Schemas
4 Identifying Agendas Revealed by Topics and Responses
5 Identifying Speech Acts
6 Identifying Conversational Strategies
7 Contextualizing the Smaller Smoking Gun Language Units
8 Directions and Future Connections
References
39 Discourse and Health Communication
0 Introduction
1 Challenges for the Discourse Analysis of Health Communication
2 Clinical Encounters
3 Beyond the Clinic
4 Narrative
5 New Directions in the Study of Health and Risk Discourse
References
40 Discourse in Educational Settings
0 Introduction
1 Approaches to Analyzing the Language of School
2 Topics of Discourse Analysis in School Settings
3 Application of Discourse Studies to Education
4 Conclusion
Notes
References
41 Discourse in the Workplace
0 Introduction
1 Types of Discourse
2 Sociolinguistic Perspectives in Workplace Discourse Analysis
3 Conclusion
Notes
References
42 Discourse and Religion
0 Introduction
1
1 Materializing the Immaterial
2 Directions for Future Research: Articulations of Religion and the Secular
Notes
References
Author Index
Subject Index
EULA
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Chapter 10
Table 10.1
Chapter 12
Table 12.1
Table 12.2
Table 12.3
Table 12.4
Table 12.5
Table 12.6
Table 12.7
Chapter 19
Table 19.1
Chapter 24
Table 24.1
Table 24.2
Chapter 25
Table 25.1
Table 25.2
Table 25.3
Chapter 34
Table 34.1
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
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Notes on Contributors
Carolyn Temple Adger is a Senior Fellow at the Center for Applied Linguistics. Her research focuses on language in education, including classroom discourse and teachers' professional talk. Her applied linguistics work addresses social concerns such as dialects in US schools and biliteracy in developing countries. She is a co-author of Dialects in Schools and Communities (1999, 2007).
Jannis Androutsopoulos is Professor in German and Media Linguistics at the University of Hamburg. His research interests are in sociolinguistics and media discourse studies. He has written extensively on sociolinguistic style, language and youth identities, multilingualism and code-switching, media discourse and diversity, and computer-mediated communication.
Salvatore Attardo holds a PhD from Purdue University and is Professor of Linguistics and Dean of the College of Humanities, Social Sciences and Arts at Texas A&M University-Commerce. He has published two books on the linguistics of humor and was editor-in-chief of HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research and of the Encyclopedia of Humor Studies.
Douglas Biber is Regents' Professor of Applied Linguistics at Northern Arizona University. His previous books include Variation across Speech and Writing (1988), Dimensions of Register Variation (1995), Corpus Linguistics (1998), The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999), University Language (2006), Discourse on the Move (2007), Real Grammar (2009), and Register, Genre, and Style (2009).
Laurel J. Brinton is Professor of English Language at the University of British Columbia. Working within a grammaticalization framework, she has published on aspectual systems, pragmatic markers, and comment clauses in the history of English. She is co-editor (with Alexander Bergs) of the two-volume English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook (2012).
Wallace Chafe is Professor Emeritus and Research Professor of Linguistics at the University of California at Santa Barbara. He divides his time and energy between documenting several Native American languages and trying to understand how speaking relates to thinking, with a focus lately on distinguishing semantic structures from underlying thoughts.
Herbert H. Clark is Albert Ray Lang Professor of Psychology at Stanford University. He has published on many issues in linguistics and psycholinguistics, including spatial language, word meaning, types of listeners, definite reference, common ground, interactive language in joint activities, quotations, gestures, and disfluencies. Much of this work is reviewed in Arenas of Language Use (1992) and Using Language (1996).
Susan Conrad is Professor of Applied Linguistics at Portland State University. Her previous books include Corpus Linguistics (1998), The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999), The Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English (2002), Real Grammar (2009), and Register, Genre, and Style (2009).
Jenny Cook-Gumperz is Professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in the Gevirtz Graduate School of Education. Her research focuses on Interactional Sociolinguistics and the sociology of literacy. Her works include Social Control and Socialization (1973), Children's Worlds and Children's Language (1986), The Social Construction of Literacy (2nd edn. 2006), and numerous papers. She is currently working on a new book of papers, Communicating Diversity, co-authored with her late husband John J. Gumperz.
Colleen Cotter is a Reader in Media Linguistics at Queen Mary University of London. Her research focuses on news media discourse and the ethnographic contexts of language use. Her book, News Talk: Investigating the Language of Journalism (2010), incorporates insights from a prior career as a news reporter and editor.
Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen is Finland Distinguished Professor in the Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies, University of Helsinki. Her research interests include grammar and prosody in interaction. Key publications include Introduction to English Prosody (1986), English Speech Rhythm (1993), Prosody in Conversation (with Margaret Selting, 1996) and Studies in Interactional Linguistics (with Margaret Selting, 2001).
Anna De Fina is Professor of Italian Language and Linguistics at Georgetown University. Her interests and publications focus on discourse and migration, identity, and narrative. Her more recent books include Discourse and Identity (co-edited with Deborah Schiffrin and Michael Bamberg, 2006) and Analyzing Narratives (co-authored with Alexandra Georgakopoulou, 2011).
Susan D. Duncan is a psycholinguist who received her PhD from the University of Chicago in 1996 and whose research contributes to a theory of human language that takes into account its multimodality and context-embeddedness. Her work focuses on gesture and prosody in language compared across language/cultural groups, child developmental stages, spoken and signed languages, and healthy adults versus those with neurogenic language impairments.
Jesse Egbert is a visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Linguistics and English Language at Brigham Young University. His research on academic writing and quantitative methods in applied linguistics has been published in journals such as Applied Linguistics, Corpora, English for Academic Purposes, and Linguistics and Education.
Frederick Erickson is George F. Kneller Professor of Anthropology of Education, Emeritus, and Professor of Applied Linguistics, Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles. A pioneer in the use of video to study social interaction and the musicality of talk, he has also taught at Harvard, Michigan State University, and the University of Pennsylvania.
Cynthia Gordon is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University. She is the author of Making Meanings, Creating Family: Intertextuality and Framing in Family Interaction (2009). Her interests include Interactional Sociolinguistics, expert–novice communication, family discourse, and health-related interaction.
John J. Gumperz was Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of California at Berkeley when he passed away in March 2013. His work exploring issues of language contact and linguistic diversity spanned a half-century. His publications include Discourse Strategies (1982), Language and Social Identity (1982), and Rethinking Linguistic Relativity (co-edited with Stephen Levinson, 1996).
Kira Hall is Associate Professor of Linguistics and Anthropology at the University of Colorado Boulder. Her research focuses on issues of language and social identity, particularly as they materialize within hierarchies of gender, sexuality, and social class in northern India. Her publications include Gender Articulated (1995), Queerly Phrased (1997), and numerous articles in journals and edited volumes.
Toshiko Hamaguchi is Associate Professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at the University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo. Her research focuses on the analysis of intergenerational interaction involving older adults and narratives of people with Alzheimer's disease or dementia in private and public settings.
Heidi E. Hamilton is Professor and Chair in the Department of Linguistics, Georgetown University, where she has taught courses in linguistic discourse analysis and applications of Interactional Sociolinguistics since 1990. Her research and consulting interests focus on issues of language and Alzheimer's disease, language and aging, and health discourse.
Christian Heath is Professor in the Department of Management, King's College London, and is co-director of the Work, Interaction and Technology Research Centre. His recent publications include The Dynamics of Auction: Social Interaction and the Sale of FineArt and Antiques (2014). He is co-editor of the book series Learning in Doing (Cambridge University Press).
Susan C. Herring is Professor of Information Science and Linguistics at Indiana University Bloomington. Her research applies discourse analysis methods to computer-mediated communication, especially concerning issues of gender, genre, interaction management, and multilingual and multimodal computer-mediated communication. Her current research interests include robot-mediated communication.
Adam Hodges is author of The “War on Terror” Narrative: Discourse and Intertextuality in the Construction and Contestation of Sociopolitical Reality (2011), editor of Discourses of War and Peace (2013), and co-editor of Discourse, War and Terrorism (2007). His work in discourse analysis takes an intertextual approach to the study of public discourse with an emphasis on the domains of politics and mass media.
Janet Holmes holds a Chair in Linguistics and is Director of the Wellington Language in the Workplace Project at Victoria University of Wellington. She teaches and researches in the area of sociolinguistics, specializing in workplace discourse and language and gender. She is currently investigating workplace discourse of relevance to migrants.
Barbara Johnstone is Professor of English at Carnegie Mellon University. Her research concerns how people evoke and shape places in talk and what can be learned about language and discourse by taking the perspective of the individual. Her most recent book is Speaking Pittsburghese: The Story of a Dialect (2013).
Rodney H. Jones is a Professor of Applied Linguistics at City University of Hong Kong. His research interests include mediated discourse analysis, health and risk communication, digital literacies, and intercultural communication. He is the author of Discourse Analysis: A Resource Book for Students (2012) and Health and Risk Communication: An Applied Linguistic Perspective (2013).
Elizabeth Keating is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin, where she has also been Director of the Science, Technology and Society Program. Her research includes technologically mediated interaction, language and space, language and social inequality, computer-gaming, virtual work collaborations, multimodality, and discourse and culture.
Shari Kendall is Associate Professor in the Department of English at Texas A&M University. Her research interests include discourse and gender, sexuality, law, work, and family. Her publications include Family Talk: Discourse and Identity in Four American Families (2007) and articles and chapters in Discourse & Society, Language in Society, Text & Talk, and The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics (2013).
Scott F. Kiesling is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Pittsburgh. He is the co-editor of Intercultural Discourse and Communication: The Essential Readings (2004) and the Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication (2014). His work focuses on language and masculinities, and he has also worked on ethnic identity in Sydney, Australia, and place identity in Pittsburgh, USA.
Tamar Kremer-Sadlik is the Director of Programs for the Social Sciences Division and an adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology at UCLA. Her research interests include sociocultural perspectives on family life, cross-cultural studies of parenting and childhood, language and morality, food ideologies and practices, and children's health.
Amy Kyratzis is Professor of Education at the Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, University of California, Santa Barbara. She uses ethnography and talk in interaction to study children's peer language socialization. Her current research examines preschoolers' bilingual play. She has published articles in Journal of Child Language, Pragmatics, Research on Language and Social Interaction, and other journals.
William Labov is Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. He has published several books dealing with discourse analysis, including Therapeutic Discourse (with David Fanshel, 1976) and The Language of Life and Death (2013), as well as research on linguistic change and variation.
Robin Tolmach Lakoff is Professor of Linguistics Emerita at the University of California, Berkeley. Her work is in the areas of pragmatics and sociolinguistics, with particular emphasis on language and gender, discourse analysis, the politics of language, and the language of politics. Her many books include Language and Woman's Place (1975; reissued with commentaries in 2004), Talking Power (1990), and The Language War (2000).
William L. Leap is Professor in the Department of Anthropology at American University (Washington, DC). He coordinates the annual Lavender Languages Conference (www.american.edu/cas/anthropology/lavender-languages) and is the founding senior editor of the Journal of Language and Sexuality.
Michael Lempert is Associate Professor in Linguistic Anthropology at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He is author of Discipline and Debate: The Language of Violence in a Tibetan Buddhist Monastery (2012) and co-author of Creatures of Politics: Media, Message, and the American Presidency (with Michael Silverstein, 2012).
Elena T. Levy is Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Connecticut. Her graduate studies were conducted at the University of Chicago, under the supervision of David McNeill, and she received her PhD in 1984. She is currently completing a book co-authored with David McNeill on the embodiment of early narrative development.
Paul Luff is Professor of Organizations and Technology at the Department of Management, King's College London. With his colleagues in the Work, Interaction and Technology Research Centre, he has undertaken video studies in a diverse variety of settings including in control rooms, news and broadcasting, healthcare, museums, galleries, and science centers and within design, architecture, and construction.
J. R. Martin is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Sydney. His research interests include systemic theory, functional grammar, discourse semantics, register, genre, multimodality, and Critical Discourse Analysis, focusing on English and Tagálog with special reference to the transdisciplinary fields of educational linguistics, forensic linguistics, and social semiotics.
Yael Maschler is Professor of General and Hebrew Linguistics and is interested in the crystallization of grammatical structure from interaction. She works in the fields of discourse and grammar and interactional linguistics, focusing on the syntax of spoken language, discourse markers, self-repair, language contact in pragmatics, and bilingual discourse. Her current main project concerns the emergent grammar of Hebrew clause-combining.
Andrea Mayr is a Lecturer in the School of English at Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, where she teaches multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis, particularly in the area of media. Among her previous publications are Prison Discourse (2004), Language and Power (2008), and The Language of Crime and Deviance (2012).
David McNeill is Emeritus Professor of Psychology and Linguistics at the University of Chicago and received his PhD in psychology from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1962. His research for the past three decades has focused on the nexus of speech-gesture and how speech and gesture comprise an integrated system of thought and communication. Three books comprising an inadvertent trilogy – Hand and Mind (1992), Gesture and Thought (2005), and How Language Began (2012) – sum up this project.
Marianne Mithun is Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Her interests include morphology, syntax, discourse, and their interaction; language contact; language change, especially the development of grammar; typology; language documentation; and Native North American and Austronesian linguistics.
Chad Nilep is an Adjunct Associate Professor with the Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Nagoya University. He analyzes the political and ideological effects of everyday discourse, both in media and in face-to-face interaction. He is the co-editor of Discourse, War and Terrorism (with Adam Hodges, 2007).
Elinor Ochs is UCLA Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Applied Linguistics. She has been honored as a MacArthur Fellow, Guggenheim Fellow, and Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is the author of Culture and Language Development (1988), Constructing Panic (1995), Living Narrative (2001), and Linguaggio e Cultura (2006).
Susan U. Philips is Professor Emerita of Anthropology at the University of Arizona. She is the author of The Invisible Culture: Communication in Classroom and Community on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation (1983) and Ideology in the Language of Judges: How Judges Practice Law, Politics and Courtroom Control (1998).
Martin Reisigl is Assistant Professor for Sociolinguistics at the University of Bern. His research interests include (critical) discourse analysis and discourse theory, academic writing, sociolinguistics, pragmatics, (political) rhetoric (language and discrimination, nationalism, racism, populism), language and history, argumentation analysis, and semiotics.
Emanuel A. Schegloff is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Applied Linguistics at the University of California, Los Angeles. His past work has been published in journals and volumes associated with a range of disciplines including (inter alia) anthropology, applied linguistics, communication, ethology, linguistics, pragmatics, psychology, semiotics, social psychology, and sociology.
Deborah Schiffrin is Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University. Her major publications include Discourse Markers (1988), Approaches to Discourse (1994), and In Other Words: Variation in Reference and Narrative (2006). She co-edited Discourse and Identity (with Anna De Fina and Michael Bamberg, 2006) and Telling Stories: Language, Narrative, and Social Life (with Anna De Fina and Anastasia Nylund, 2010).
Roger W. Shuy is Emeritus Professor of Linguistics, Georgetown University. He specializes in sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and language and law. He has consulted on over 600 law cases. Oxford University Press has published 11 of his books on language and law. He also is editor of the Oxford scholarly books series Language and Law.
Mark A. Sicoli is Assistant Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University. His research is centered on approaches to language, culture, and cognition working toward understanding human sociality as the ecological niche for human language. He has particular interest in analyzing social actions achieved through voice qualities and multimodal embodied actions.
Shelley Staples is Assistant Professor of Second Language Studies at Purdue University. Her research focuses on corpus-based analyses of specialized registers of spoken and written discourse and has been published in such journals as English for Academic Purposes and English for Specific Purposes.
Michael Stubbs has been Professor of English Linguistics, University of Trier, Germany, since 1990. He previously taught at the universities of Nottingham and London. His most recent book is Text, Discourse and Corpora (with Michael Hoey, Michaela Mahlberg, and Wolfgang Teubert, 2007). His current writing is on corpus linguistics, semantics and pragmatics, and stylistics.
Deborah Tannen is University Professor in the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University. Among her 23 books are That's Not What I Meant! (1986), Gender and Discourse (1994), The Argument Culture (1998), Conversational Style (new edition 2005), You're Wearing THAT? (2006), Talking Voices (2nd edn. 2007), and You Were Always Mom's Favorite! (2009). She has been McGraw Distinguished Lecturer at Princeton University as well as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford.
Mija M. van der Wege is an Associate Professor of Psychology at Carleton College. She has published primarily in the area of conversational common ground. Her current research investigates how interlocutors represent and make use of common ground in conversation and other modes of language use.
Teun A. van Dijk has been Professor of Discourse Studies at Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, since 1999, after retiring from the University of Amsterdam. His earlier research was on modern poetry, text grammar, and the psychology of text processing. His critical-discourse-studies-oriented research since the 1980s has focused on racism and discourse, news in the press, ideology, context, and knowledge.
Theo van Leeuwen is Professor of Media and Communication at the University of Technology, Sydney. He has published widely on Critical Discourse Analysis, multimodality, and visual semiotics. His books include Reading Images (with Gunther Kress, 1996) and Discourse and Practice (2008). He is a founding editor of the journal Visual Communication.
John Wilson is Professor of Communication at the University of Ulster. His research focuses on sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and pragmatics as applied to “real” language, particularly political language. His forthcoming work includes a book for Oxford University Press titled Talking with the President: The Pragmatics of Presidential Language.
Ruth Wodak is Distinguished Professor and Chair of Discourse Studies at Lancaster University. She is a member of the British Academy of Social Sciences and the Academia Europaea, is past President of the Societas Linguistica Europaea (2010), and holds an honorary doctorate from University Örebro, Sweden. Her research interests focus on critical discourse studies, European and national identity and language politics, language and politics, and issues of racism, antisemitism, and discrimination.
Laura J. Wright is a Assistant Director of the Institute for Innovative Assessment at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her research focuses on academic language development, language assessment, and English learner students. Recent publications have appeared in Linguistics and Education, Companion to the Anthropology of Education (2011), and Academic Literacies and Adolescent ELLs (forthcoming).
Preface to the Second Edition
DEBORAH TANNEN AND HEIDI E. HAMILTON
The success of the first edition of The Handbook of Discourse Analysis has been gratifying, and sets the bar high for this second edition. Our goal for this edition, as it was for the first, is (1) to provide a vital resource for scholars and students in discourse studies as well as for researchers in related fields who seek authoritative overviews of discourse analytic issues, theories, and methods; (2) to serve the needs of students and scholars in professional and academic domains such as education, law, medicine, business, government, and media who may consult the Handbook as they consider how fine-grained examinations of discourse can illuminate central problems in their fields; and (3) to constitute an essential addition to personal, academic, and professional libraries around the world, as new collaborators join the area of discourse studies.
During the nearly 15 years since the publication of the first edition, new research has been conducted in all areas covered by the original 41 chapters. New theoretical frameworks have taken on importance even as existing ones have been expanded and enriched both by young scholars who have risen to the forefront of the field and by established researchers who have built on their own prior advances. Moreover, new types of discourse have appeared with the invention and adoption of new technologies. To capture and reflect these developments, we invited 20 new chapters for the second edition. In order to accommodate them, 19 chapters from the first edition were of necessity replaced. We regret their loss, as all made significant contributions to the field, and we hope and expect that readers will continue to consult them in the first edition.
Of the 22 chapters remaining from the first edition, 19 have been updated and one is an entirely different chapter by the same author (Emanuel Schegloff). The remaining two are unchanged because the nature of their contents is not affected by the passage of time: John Gumperz (who, sadly, passed away in 2013) provided a personal perspective on his founding of the field of Interactional Sociolinguistics, while Robin Lakoff illustrated how a single communicative act, apology, can be best understood by the application of multiple approaches. We are gratified that, in addition to adding the work of scholars who have come to prominence since the publication of the first edition and while retaining the voices of many who helped establish the field of discourse analysis, we have also been able to add chapters by leading scholars who were missing from the first edition. We have sought to maintain the international character of perspectives represented, as reflected by the fact that the contributors hail from 11 countries.
Given that nearly half the chapters in the current edition are new and that almost all of the rest are significantly revised, it was clear that the organization needed to be reconceptualized. The new organization progresses from a focus on the linguistic analysis of discourse (Part I) to increasingly broad perspectives on the world outside language: the range of academic approaches and methodologies (Part II); the individual, society, and culture (Part III); and the real-world contexts that are in part created by discourse as they are sites for its use (Part IV). We have slightly revised and significantly shortened the original introduction, retaining those sections that remain relevant and excising those that no longer apply.
It is our hope that this new edition of The Handbook of Discourse Analysis will not only reflect the range, depth, and richness of current research in the field but also inspire new, illuminating work by providing students, scholars, and practitioners with state-of-the-art discussions of key aspects of this now well established but still burgeoning field. We look forward to continuing to engage in vibrant scholarly conversations as researchers in a broad range of disciplines explore the complexity of discourse and the numerous ways in which its analysis enhances understanding of human communication and its role in tackling key problems confronting our world and the people who live in it.
We would like to express our gratitude to those who helped in a multitude of ways. First, our sincere thanks go to the contributors for their huge investments of time and creativity. We know that all have many demands on their time, and we are grateful to them for choosing to devote such a full measure of it to this project. We ourselves learned much from each chapter, and we know readers will as well.
With equal fervor, we express our deep gratitude to Gwynne Mapes for her unwavering, proactive, and perspicacious efforts on behalf of the Handbook. Gwynne's dedicated oversight, organizational genius, and consummate communication gifts shepherded the chapters through the twisting byways from submission to publication. We cannot imagine having brought this volume to fruition without her.
We are grateful, as well, to the students, staff, and our faculty colleagues in Georgetown University's Department of Linguistics. The entire department, and in particular our students and colleagues in the sociolinguistics concentration, inspire and educate us daily, as they create the intellectually stimulating and interpersonally supportive environment that grounds and nurtures all our work.
Deborah would like, in addition, to express her gratitude to the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, where she was a fellow during the academic year 2012–13, for providing an otherworldly beautiful and academically inspiring environment in which to edit chapters as they arrived.
In closing, we express our enduring gratitude, admiration, and affection for our treasured colleague and dear friend Deborah Schiffrin. Her vision, dedication, and hard work were pervasive at every stage of the first edition of this Handbook, and in the conceptualization of this second edition. Although health challenges precluded her participation in the execution of this edition, it nonetheless benefits from her significant influence throughout. We felt her spirit beside us always, as we will going forward. We see this volume as a part of her legacy, a testament to the enormous role she played in the establishment and development of the field of discourse analysis at Georgetown University and within the field of linguistics.
Introduction to the First Edition
DEBORAH SCHIFFRIN, DEBORAH TANNEN, AND HEIDI E. HAMILTON
What Is Discourse Analysis?
Research in the rapidly growing and evolving field of discourse analysis flows from numerous academic disciplines that are very different from one another. Included, of course, are the disciplines in which models for understanding, and methods for analyzing, discourse first developed, such as linguistics and anthropology. But also included are disciplines that have applied, and extended, such models and methods to problems within their own academic domains, such as communication, cognitive psychology, social psychology, philosophy, literary criticism, and artificial intelligence.
