The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Volume 2 E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1715

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

A complete exploration of the real-world applications and implications of evolutionary psychology The exciting and sometimes controversial science of evolutionary psychology is becoming increasingly relevant to more fields of study than ever before. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Volume 2, Integrations provides students and researchers with new insight into how EP draws from, and is applied in, fields as diverse as economics, anthropology, neuroscience, genetics, and political science, among others. In this thorough revision and expansion of the groundbreaking handbook, luminaries in the field provide an in-depth exploration of the foundations of evolutionary psychology as they relate to public policy, consumer behavior, organizational leadership, and legal issues. Evolutionary psychology seeks to explain the reasons behind friendship, leadership, warfare, morality, religion, and culture -- in short, what it means to be human. This enlightening text provides a foundational knowledgebase in EP, along with expert insights and the most up-to-date coverage of recent theories and findings. * Explore the vast and expanding applications of evolutionary psychology * Discover the psychology of human survival, mating parenting, cooperation and conflict, culture, and more * Identify how evolutionary psychology is interwoven with other academic subjects and traditional psychological disciplines * Discuss future applications of the conceptual tools of evolutionary psychology As the established standard in the field, The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Volume 2 is the definitive guide for every psychologist and student to understand the latest and most exciting applications of evolutionary psychology.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Part V: Group Living: Cooperation and Conflict

Chapter 25: Adaptations for Reasoning About Social Exchange

Social Exchange in Zoological and Cultural Perspective

Selection Pressures and Predicted Design Features

Conditional Reasoning and Social Exchange

Do Unfamiliar Social Contracts Elicit Cheater Detection? (D5)

Adaptive Logic, Not Formal Logic (D3, D6)

Dedicated System or General Intelligence?

How Many Specializations for Conditional Reasoning?

Social Contract Algorithms or a Permission Schema? Looking for Dissociations Within the Class of Permission Rules (D1, D2, D4)

No Benefits, No Social Exchange Reasoning: Testing D1 And D2

Intentional Violations Versus Innocent Mistakes: Testing D4

A Neuropsychological Dissociation Between Social Contracts and Precautions

Precocious Development of Social Exchange Reasoning

Cross-Cultural Invariances and Dissociations in Social Exchange Reasoning

Does Domain-General Learning Build the Specialization for Social Exchange?

Conclusions

References

Chapter 26: Interpersonal Conflict and Violence

An Evolutionary Perspective on Conflicts of Interest

Violence as a Window on Interpersonal Conflict

Kinship Mitigates Lethal Violence

Intimate Partner Violence

Lethal Conflict in Other Relationships

References

Chapter 27: Women's Competition and Aggression

Rewards and Costs of Female Aggression

Proximate Mediators and Mechanisms

The Neuropsychology of Sex Differences in Response to Threat

Two-Way Selection, Women, and Competition

Escalation to Violence: Ecological and Cultural Moderators

Summary and Conclusion

References

Chapter 28: Prejudices: Managing Perceived Threats to Group Life

The Evolved Threat-Management Psychology Underlying Prejudices, Stereotypes, and Discrimination

Alliance-Based Prejudices and Conflict

Prejudice Against Foreigners: Warfare, Immigration, and Emigration

Reducing and Confronting Prejudices

Conclusion

References

Chapter 29: Leadership in War: Evolution, Cognition, and the Military Intelligence Hypothesis

Introduction

The Natural History of Leadership in War

The Legacy of Evolution for War Leadership Today

The Military Intelligence Hypothesis

Conclusions

References

Part VI: Culture and Coordination

Chapter 30: Cultural Evolution

Can Culture Evolve? Doesn't Evolution Require Genes or Replicators?

How Did We Evolve to be a Cultural Species?

The Psychology of a Cultural Species

Cultural Evolution

Culture-Gene Coevolution

Conclusion

References

Chapter 31: Morality

Introduction

Moral Phenomena: Cutting Morality at the Joints

Moral Judgments Coordinate in Conflicts

Coordination Explains Moral Phenomena

Conflict and Agreement Over Moral Contents

Moral Emotions

Conclusions

References

Chapter 32: The Evolutionary Foundations of Status Hierarchy

Definitions

An Evolutionary Psychology Perspective on Status

Evolved Status Mechanisms

Sex Differences in Status Striving

The Evolutionary Psychology of Leadership

Conclusions

References

Chapter 33: Reputation

Introduction

What Is Reputation?

Why Does Reputation Exist?

Influencing One's Reputation and the Reputations of Others

Types of Reputation

Reputation for Cooperation

Reputation for Aggression

Harnessing the Power of Reputation

Future Directions: Toward a More Comprehensive Science of Reputation

Conclusions

References

Chapter 34: The Evolution and Ontogeny of Ritual

The Functions of Ritual in Social Group Behavior

Cultural Transmission of Ritual

Motivational Mechanisms: Social Exclusion and Group Affiliation

The Ontogeny of Ritual Cognition

Conclusion

References

Chapter 35: The Origins of Religion

Two Puzzles of Human Psychology and Cultural Evolution

The Cultural Evolution/Cognitive By-Product Framework

Commitments to Big Gods Co-Emerge With Big Groups Across Cultures and History

Religious Solutions to the Problem of Large-Scale Cooperation

Religious Cooperation Is Shaped By, and Contributes to, Intergroup Conflict and Distrust

Conclusions and Implications

References

Chapter 36: The False Allure of Group Selection

Group Selection as an Explanation of the Traits of Groups

Group Selection as an Explanation of the Traits of Individuals

Do Humans in Fact Have Adaptations That Benefit the Group at the Expense of the Self?

A Summary of the Trouble With Group Selection

References

Part VII: Interfaces with Traditional Psychology Disciplines

Chapter 37: Evolutionary Cognitive Psychology

Introduction: Selective Pressures on Cognitive Mechanisms

Decision Making: Putting Information to Use

Memory: Retrieving and Forgetting Information

Representation of Information: Modern Practices Meet Evolutionary Constraints

Conclusions: The Advantages of Limited Cognitive Systems

References

Chapter 38: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Natural Selection will have its Greatest Effects on Early Stages of Development

Development is Constrained by Biological and Environmental Factors

Adaptations of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Humans are an Inherently Social Species Beginning at Birth

Developmental Plasticity and Adaptive Individual Differences

Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 39: Evolutionary Social Psychology

Coalition Formation

Self-Protection

Disease Avoidance

Status

Mate Choice

Mate Retention

Parental Care

Dynamic Emergence: From Decision Rules to Cultural Norms

Conclusion

References

Chapter 40: The General Factor of Personality: A Hierarchical Life History Model

Evolutionary Theories of Personality Revisited

Attempted Empirical Tests of Evolutionary Personality Theories

Personality Traits as Resource Allocations

The Principle of Brunswik-Symmetry

A Hierarchy of Traits: The General Factor of Personality

The GFP in Historical Perspective

Modern Differential Psychology Constructs the GFP

Controversies Regarding the Interpretation of the GFP

Cognitive and Strategic Differentiation-Integration Theory

Empirical Tests of SD-IE Theory

Theoretical Interpretations of Empirical Tests of SD-IE

Conclusions

References

Chapter 41: The Evolution of Cognitive Bias

Foundations of Cognitive Bias

Heuristics

Biases as Artifacts

Error Management Biases

Conclusions

References

Chapter 42: Biological Function and Dysfunction: Conceptual Foundations of Evolutionary Psychopathology

Biological Functions

Conceptual Foundations of Evolutionary Psychopathology: Disorder as Failure of Designed Function

Conclusion

References

Chapter 43: Evolutionary Psychology and Mental Health

What Evolution Offers

Specific Disorders

Implications

References

Part VIII: Interfaces Across Traditional Academic Disciplines

Chapter 44: Evolutionary Psychology and Evolutionary Anthropology

Introduction

Some Lessons from Paleoanthropology

Understanding the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness

Case Study: The Evolution of Cooperation

Case Study: The Parasite-Stress Theory

Evolved Psychology and Cultural Evolution

Interpreting Cross-Cultural Variation and Cross-Cultural Uniformity

The Application of EP in EA

A Road Map for the Use of EA in EP

References

Chapter 45: Evolutionary Genetics

Introduction

Forces of Evolution

Maintenance Mechanisms

The Evolutionary Genetics Toolkit

Conclusion and Outlook

References

Chapter 46: Evolutionary Psychology and Endocrinology

Overview: The Role of Endocrinology in Human Evolutionary Psychology

Endocrine Signals and Mate Pursuit

Future Research in Evolutionary Endocrinology

References

Chapter 47: Evolutionary Political Psychology

What is Politics?

Principles of Evolutionary Political Psychology

Adaptations for Political Judgment

Adaptations for Political Behavior: Physical Dominance

Adaptations for Political Behavior: Coalitional Psychology

Adaptations for Political Behavior: Persuasion and Informational Vigilance

Mass Politics is a Both Strange and Familiar Place to the Evolved Mind

Conclusion

References

Chapter 48: Evolutionary Literary Study

Introduction

Human Nature, Cultural Norms, and the Arts

Imaginative Virtual Worlds and the Adaptive Function of the Arts

The Degree of Consensus About the Adaptive Function of the Arts

The Goals of Biocultural Research

Analyzing Meaning in Literary Representations

World Views of Authors and Critics

The Future

References

Part IX: Practical Applications of Evolutionary Psychology

Chapter 49: Evolutionary Psychology and Public Policy

Introduction

Beyond the Contradictions of Human Behavior: Evolutionary Challenges and Psychological Mechanisms

Why Sometimes Generous and Sometimes Greedy?

Why are People Sometimes Patient and Sometimes Impatient?

Implications for the Goals of Development Policies

Conclusion

References

Chapter 50: Evolution and Consumer Psychology

Introduction

Survival

Mating

Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 51: Evolution and Organizational Leadership

Adaptive Systems and Leadership

The Lessons of History

Theories of Leadership: An Evolutionary Critique

The Universal Leader—An Evolutionary Perspective

The Future of Leadership: An Evolutionary Perspective

References

Chapter 52: Evolutionary Psychology and the Law

Increasing Efficiency

Discovering Useful Patterns in Regulable Behavior

Uncovering Policy Conflicts

Sharpening Cost-Benefit Analyses

Clarifying Causal Links

Providing Theoretical Foundation and Potential Predictive Power

Assessing Comparative Effectiveness of Legal Strategies

Revealing Deep Patterns in Legal Architecture

Exposing Unwarranted Assumptions

Disentangling Multiple Causes

Increasing Accuracy

Increasing Law-Relevant Understanding About People

Generating New Research Questions

Conclusions

The Past Decade: An Update

References

Afterword

Author Index

Subject Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 25.1

Table 25.2

Table 29.1

Table 29.2

Table 29.3

Table 29.4

Table 29.5

Table 38.1

Table 38.2

Table 39.1

Table 40.1

Table 41.1

Table 41.2

Table 43.1

Table 43.2

List of Illustrations

Figure 25.1

Figure 25.2

Figure 25.3

Figure 25.4

Figure 25.5

Figure 25.6

Figure 32.1

Figure 38.1

Figure 49.1

Figure 49.2

Figure 49.3

Figure 49.4

Figure 49.5

Figure 51.1

Figure 51.2

Figure 51.3

Figure 52.1

Figure 52.2

Figure 52.3

Guide

Cover

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The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology

Second Edition

Volume 2 Integrations

Edited by

David M. Buss

Cover design: Wiley

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Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Handbook of evolutionary psychology (Hoboken, N.J.)

The handbook of evolutionary psychology / edited by David M. Buss. — 2nd edition.

volumes cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Contents: Volume 1. Foundations — volume 2. Application.

ISBN 978-1-118-75580-8 (cloth) — ISBN 978-1-118-76399-5 (set) —ISBN 978-1-118-75602-7 (pdf) — ISBN 978-1-118-75597-6 (epub)

1. Evolutionary psychology. 2. Human evolution. I. Buss, David M.II. Title.

BF698.95.H362016

155.7—dc23

2015008090

Part VGroup Living: Cooperation and Conflict

David M. Buss and Daniel Conroy-Beam

Homo sapiens has been called “the social animal” for a good reason. Living in groups defines a key mode of human existence. Groups contain a bounty of resources critical to survival and reproduction. They afford safety and protection from predators and from other humans. They are populated with potential friends for mutually beneficial social exchange. They contain reproductively valuable mates. And they are inhabited with kin, precious carriers of our genetic cargo, from whom we can receive aid and in whom we can invest. At the same time, group living intensifies competition over precisely those reproductively relevant resources, creating sources of conflict not faced by more solitary creatures. The chapters in this part describe many of the complexities of the evolutionary psychology of group living, focusing on cooperation and conflict.

In Chapter 25, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby provide a comprehensive review of the extensive body of research, much of it conducted by them and their students, on neurocognitive adaptations for social exchange. They elucidate the many design features that such adaptations theoretically should possess and provide compelling arguments that domain-general mechanisms cannot achieve the specific outcomes needed for successful social exchange. They review competing theories to explain the content effects on the Wason selection task and marshal empirical evidence relevant to adjudicating among those theories. In a display of the sort of methodological pluralism advocated by Simpson and Campbell (Chapter 3, this Handbook, Volume 1), Cosmides and Tooby describe cross-cultural studies, studies using traditional methods of cognitive psychology, and studies using neurocognitive techniques.

Martin Daly's chapter (Chapter 26) on interpersonal violence and homicide begins by articulating an evolutionary perspective on conflicts of reproductive interests—a long-standing ingenious strategy pioneered by Daly and his long-time collaborator Margo Wilson. Next, he articulates the rationale for using violence and homicides as assays of social conflicts. Thus, Daly's focus is not so much in explaining violence per se, although key insights into violence do indeed emerge. Rather, his central aim is to exploit patterns of violence to reveal underlying conflicts of evolutionary interests that occur between individuals when they live in groups. He deploys this strategy to make novel scientific discoveries. Kin, for example, who typically have a greater confluence of interest compared to unrelated individuals, display much less violence toward each other, despite the fact that they interact more frequently. Intimate mates, to take another example, can have converging genetic interests, as when they have mutually produced offspring. But conflicts of interest emerge from at least six sources, such as temptations for genetic cuckoldry, temptations to trade up, relationship defection, and channeling pooled resources toward one set of kin at the expense of another (see also Conroy-Beam, Goetz, & Buss, 2015). Violence is more common precisely when these conflicts of interest emerge in intimate mateships.

Anne Campbell's chapter (Chapter 27) provides an overview of theory and research on women's competition and aggression. She explores both the proximate mechanisms (hormones, physiological maturation, neuropsychology) and ultimate selective forces underlying women's competition and aggression. Fear, she argues, acts as a more powerful brake on women's than on men's violent aggression, due to the greater costs of engaging in violent conflict (e.g., costs not only to the woman, but also to her children). But make no mistake, Campbell argues—women's competition, although less ostentatiously violent, can be ferocious. Women compete for the best mates, for example, a form of competition possibly exacerbated by socially imposed monogamy. She argues that appearance (cues to fertility) and fidelity (cues to paternity certainty) become key weapons by which women compete with other women, with tactics that include shunning, stigmatizing, derogating, and ostracizing their rivals. When tactics do escalate to actual violence, they occur in predictable contexts such as resource scarcity and a sex ratio imbalance involving too few men as potential mates. In short, Campbell's excellent chapter provides a detailed analysis of the underlying adaptations for female competition and aggression, the ways in which they are sex-differentiated in design, and the contextual and ecological variables to which they respond.

Prejudice seems to be a ubiquitous feature of human social living. Everywhere, people seem prone to dislike and distrust some others, discriminating against them within groups and even warring with them when they are out-groups. Steven Neuberg and Peter DeScioli (Chapter 28) provide an outstanding chapter on the evolved psychology—threat management systems—designed to deal with adaptive problems arising from within and outside of one's group. These prejudices can cause harm and discrimination in the modern environment, they argue, which makes it all the more important to understand their design features and how they play out in this new world.

Humans are an extraordinarily coalitional species. We form groups, often in competition with other groups. Dominic Johnson's chapter (Chapter 29) on leadership and war focuses on group-on-group conflict. He outlines different hypotheses about the evolution of leader traits in the context of war, or alternatively features of coalitional leadership psychology that could have been coopted for war, and examines the relevant empirical evidence. He makes a compelling case that war has been a major selective force on human psychology, including the evolution of leadership and followership traits—arguments that have critical relevance in a modern world beset with warfare in forms unimaginable in the past, but that exploit the same suite of psychological adaptations.

Group living is what we do as a species. It offers a bounty of benefits through cooperation and an abundance of costs through social conflict. As a consequence, it is reasonable to expect that humans have evolved a large number of specialized adaptations for dealing with other humans, both for within-group interactions and for dealing with other groups. Collectively, these chapters highlight the complexity of human evolutionary psychology for group living and pave the way for the discovery of many more adaptations for grappling with the challenges posed by other humans—challenges centering on cooperation and conflict.

References

Conroy-Beam, D., Goetz, C., & Buss, D. M. (2015). Why do people form long-term mateships? A game-theoretic model.

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

(Vol. 51, pp. 1–39). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Chapter 25Adaptations for Reasoning About Social Exchange

Leda Cosmides and John Tooby

If a person doesn't give something to me, I won't give anything to that person. If I'm sitting eating, and someone like that comes by, I say, “Uhn, uhn. I'm not going to give any of this to you. When you have food, the things you do with it make me unhappy. If you even once in a while gave me something nice, I would surely give some of this to you.”

Nisa from Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman, Shostak, 1981, p. 89

Instead of keeping things, [!Kung] use them as gifts to express generosity and friendly intent, and to put people under obligation to make return tokens of friendship…. In reciprocating, one does not give the same object back again but something of comparable value.