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- Herausgeber: Ben Business Group LLC
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
The History of Norway - From Brutal Battle of World War II To Present Day
Most of Scandinavia has been covered by ice at least three times, and the last ice melted about 14,000 years ago. The first traces of man in Norway dates back to sometime after 10,000 BC and they came both from the South and the North East.
The Viking Age (793-1066 AD)
For more than three centuries, the Vikings voyaged and invaded neighboring countries. Little by little they acquired national identities and became Swedes, Danes and Norwegians. Local chieftains were administrating their own areas of the country until Harald Hårfagre united Norway into one kingdom and became the first king around 885.
The fundamental element for the Vikings was the ships, the instrument and symbol of Viking expansion. Due to the exceptional qualities and navigational skills, they spread across Europe, down the Caspian Sea, to Greenland and Iceland, and in the year 1000 to North America, where Leif Eriksson reached the American continent – about five hundred years earlier than Christopher Columbus. At that time Norway became a Christian country and the ruling king oppressed the Viking religion, but many people continued to hold on to the old beliefs. Traces of this Nordic mythology can still be seen in the names of the days of the week and in Norwegian holiday celebrations.
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History-Episode
Table of contents
The History of Norway
Introduction
World War II
Independence and Union with Sweden in 1814
Dissolution of the Union, 1905
The Unification of Norway
The Court System
Equality Between the Sexes
The Monarchy
King Haakon and Queen Maud
King Olav and Crown Princess Märtha
The Royal Regalia
Population Structure and Nature
Answers
Conclusion
The History of Norway
by History-Episode - From Brutal Battle of World War II To Present Day
The History of Norway
Most of Scandinavia has been covered by ice at least three times, and the last ice melted about 14,000 years ago. The first traces of man in Norway dates back to sometime after 10,000 BC and they came both from the South and the North East.
The Viking Age (793-1066 AD)
For more than three centuries, the Vikings voyaged and invaded neighboring countries. Little by little they acquired national identities and became Swedes, Danes and Norwegians. Local chieftains were administrating their own areas of the country until Harald Hårfagre united Norway into one kingdom and became the first king around 885.
The fundamental element for the Vikings was the ships, the instrument and symbol of Viking expansion. Due to the exceptional qualities and navigational skills, they spread across Europe, down the Caspian Sea, to Greenland and Iceland, and in the year 1000 to North America, where Leif Eriksson reached the American continent – about five hundred years earlier than Christopher Columbus. At that time Norway became a Christian country and the ruling king oppressed the Viking religion, but many people continued to hold on to the old beliefs. Traces of this Nordic mythology can still be seen in the names of the days of the week and in Norwegian holiday celebrations.
Introduction
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
World War II
Independence and Union with Sweden in 1814
Dissolution of the Union, 1905
The Unification of Norway
Democracy
The Government
The Norwegian Legal System
The Court System
Equality Between the Sexes
The Monarchy
King Haakon and Queen Maud
King Olav and Crown Princess Märtha
The Royal Regalia
Population Structure and Nature
Questions
Answers
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Most of Scandinavia has been covered by ice at least three times, and the last ice melted about 14,000 years ago. The first traces of man in Norway dates back to sometime after 10,000 BC and they came both from the South and the North East.
The Viking Age (793-1066 AD)
For more than three centuries, the Vikings voyaged and invaded neighboring countries. Little by little they acquired national identities and became Swedes, Danes and Norwegians. Local chieftains were administrating their own areas of the country until Harald Hårfagre united Norway into one kingdom and became the first king around 885.
The fundamental element for the Vikings was the ships, the instrument and symbol of Viking expansion. Due to the exceptional qualities and navigational skills, they spread across Europe, down the Caspian Sea, to Greenland and Iceland, and in the year 1000 to North America, where Leif Eriksson reached the American continent – about five hundred years earlier than Christopher Columbus. At that time Norway became a Christian country and the ruling king oppressed the Viking religion, but many people continued to hold on to the old beliefs. Traces of this Nordic mythology can still be seen in the names of the days of the week and in Norwegian holiday celebrations.
Union with Denmark
Norway entered the union with Denmark as a consequence of a Royal marriage in the 14th century. In addition, the loss of political power was also effected by the Black Death which killed more than 50% of the Norwegian population. The trading activity was taken over by the Hanseatic liege and for about 200 years they controlled the distribution of fish from Bergen to the Baltic area.
The kingdom was named “Denmark-Norway” and the capital was Copenhagen. Danish became the official language among state officials from 1450 and a considerable cultural integration took place. By the end of the period the economy in general was growing and the population increasing. The fight for a more independent position within the union was confirmed by establishing the University in Oslo in 1811.
Union with Sweden
The year 1814 is a remarkable year in the Norwegian history. As a result of the Allies decision, Norway was handed over to Sweden after the end of the Napoleonic war. A constitutional law was formed and signed and the Swedish king Karl Johan came to Norway. The union with Sweden lasted less than 100 years and ended in 1905 as a result of a popular referendum. It was a “technical” union and non-cultural integration took place between the two countries. The parliament was divided in two and as the king was obligated to stay in Oslo for at least 3 months per year, the parliament building (Storting) and the Royal Palace was built during the middle of the 19th century – today forming the “heart” of the city center of Oslo.
Norwegian Independence
Norway declared itself neutral during both the First and the Second World War but nevertheless Norway was invaded and occupied by the Germans on April 9th, in 1940. With help from allied forces, Norway was liberated in May 1945 after resisting strongly against the German occupancy. Norway accepted the Marshall Plan) from The United States and rebuilt the country within five years. After the war, Norway became a member of NATO and in 1952 the Nordic Council was established. The strong will to be “independent” is probably one of several reasons that explains the complexity subject regarding Norway`s relationship to Europe and to the fact that Norwegians have voted “No” to the European Union both in 1972 and in 1994.
World War II
German troops invaded Norway on 9 April 1940, planning to capture the King and the Government in order to force the country to surrender. However, the Royal Family, the Government and most members of the Storting were able to flee before the occupying forces reached Oslo.
The heavy cruiser Blücher sailed into the Oslofjord in the early morning hours of 9 April. Accompanied by several smaller vessels, the Blücher was transporting German troops to the capital. Their task was to arrest the King and the members of the Government to compel Norway to capitulate immediately.
Invasion
The German vessels were first spotted by the Norwegian Coast Guard at Færder lighthouse and subsequently at Bolærne Fort in the Oslofjord. Notification of approaching foreign battleships was sent to Oscarsborg Fortress, strategically located at the narrowest point of the Oslofjord. As the ships entered the Drøbak Sound, the commander at Oscarsborg, Colonel Birger Eriksen, gave the order to open fire. The Blücher was hit by artillery from the fortress’s cannon, nicknamed “Moses” and “Aron”, and then by torpedoes fired from the adjacent island of Northern Kaholmen. The Blücher sank at 06.22 hours, and much of its crew of over 1,300 men were killed.
The sinking of the Blücher delayed the German troops’ advance on Oslo, giving the Royal Family, the Government and the Storting representatives the time needed to escape to safety.
The King’s First Refusal
The members of the Royal Family, the Government and the Storting boarded a special train at the Oslo Eastern Railway Station and headed northwards. Convened at Elverum in Eastern Norway, the Storting gave the King and the Government full authority to rule the country for the duration of the war.
On 10 April King Haakon met with the German envoy, Curt Bräuer. The Germans demanded that the Government headed by Johan Nygaardsvold, which had refused to capitulate, step down, and that the King appoint a government headed by Nazi sympathizer Vidkun Quisling.
The King put forth the German demands in an extraordinary meeting of the Council of State in the village of Nybergsund. The King stated that he would not attempt to influence the decision of the Government in this matter, but that he could not comply with the German ultimatum. He would rather abdicate than appoint Quisling prime minister.
The Government supported the King’s decision and maintained its oppositional stance. The German forces responded by repeatedly bombing Nybergsund.
Exile
It soon became clear that Norway would be unable to withstand the German forces, even with Allied support. The Allies decided to withdraw, leaving the King with a difficult choice. He decided it would be best to leave the country, together with Crown Prince Olav and the Government. They departed from Norway on the British heavy cruiser Devonshire on 7 June. A government in exile was established in London. It was essential that Norway’s constitutional powers be upheld in unoccupied territory. For the next five years the government-in-exile led and coordinated Norwegian war efforts from its base in London.
King Haakon became the foremost symbol of the Norwegian people’s will to fight for a free and independent Norway, and his radio broadcasts from London served as a source of inspiration for young and old alike.
In Norway the German occupation authority, led by Reich commissioner Josef Terboven, attempted to establish a legal occupation government, elected by the Storting, to collaborate with the Nazis. However, this required the King’s abdication. In a speech on 8 July 1940 King Haakon made clear that he would continue to fulfil his duties as King of Norway, once again refusing to comply with German demands.
On 25 September plans to establish an occupation government were finally abandoned. Terboven declared the King and the Government deposed, and outlawed all political parties other than the Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian National Socialist party). All activities in support of the Royal Family were forbidden. King Haakon and the government-in-exile stood firm in their resolve to fight until Norway was liberated.
On 30 June 1944 the government-in-exile in London appointed Crown Prince Olav Chief of Defense. He overtook leadership of the Norwegian armed forces and cooperated with the Allied Powers.
Crown Princess Märtha
Crown Princess Märtha and her three children crossed the border into Sweden on the night of 9 April 1940. They stayed with her Swedish family until 12 August, when they travelled to the USA at the invitation of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Her friendship with the US president and his wife opened doors for the Crown Princess, who worked assiduously to promote Norwegian interests while living in the USA.
Homecoming
Germany capitulated on 8 May 1945. On 13 May Crown Prince Olav and five government ministers returned to a liberated Norway. King Haakon, Crown Princess Märtha and the children returned on 7 June, five years to the day that the King and Crown Prince had been forced to leave the country.
Independence and Union with Sweden in 1814
The year 1814 was perhaps the most eventful in Norway’s history. At the beginning of the year the country was ruled by Denmark, an absolute monarchy under King Frederik VI. By the end of the year it was a constitutional monarchy in a union with Sweden. In the months between, Norway became an independent state, adopted its own constitution and chose its own king. Norway was forced to accept union with Sweden, but the Swedish king had to accept the Norwegian Constitution – a constitution that took precedence over the monarch.
