The Language of Medicine E-Book

Sven Frank

• Herausgeber: tredition
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Seitenzahl: 1108

Beschreibung

Es handelt sich bei dem Buch um ein Wörterbuch mit medizinischen Fachbegriffen auf Englisch. Dieses medizinische Lexikon hilft Menschen, die im englischsprachigen Ausland arbeiten möchten, die medizinische Fachterminologie zu verstehen.

Leseprobe

Sven Frank

The Language of

Medicine

An Indispensable Medical Dictionary for Every Home

© 2023 Sven Frank

Umschlag, Illustration: Tredition GmbH

Lektorat: Sven Frank

Druck und Distribution im Auftrag des Autors:

tredition GmbH, Heinz-Beusen-Stieg 5, D-22926 Ahrensburg

ISBN

Paperback

978-3-384-02124-3

Hardcover

978-3-384-02125-0

e-Book

978-3-384-02126-7

Das Werk, einschließlich seiner Teile, ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Für die Inhalte ist der Autor verantwortlich. Jede Verwertung ist ohne seine Zustimmung unzulässig. Die Publikation und Verbreitung erfolgen im Auftrag des Autors, zu erreichen unter: tredition GmbH, Abteilung "Impressumservice", Heinz-Beusen-Stieg 5, 22926 Ahrensburg, Deutschland.

Introduction:

Welcome to "The Language of Medicine: An Indispensable Medical Dictionary for Every Home." In today's day and age, understanding medical terminology has become increasingly essential for individuals and families to navigate the complex world of healthcare. Whether you are a student, a healthcare professional, or simply an individual looking to enhance your medical literacy, this comprehensive dictionary is designed to be your indispensable companion.

In this age of advanced medical knowledge and rapid developments in healthcare, it is of utmost importance to have a resource that can bridge the gap between medical language and everyday understanding. This book aims to demystify the language of medicine, making it accessible to everyone. Its purpose is to empower individuals with the ability to comprehend medical terms, enabling them to communicate effectively with healthcare providers, understand medical conditions, and make informed decisions about their own health and well-being.

"The Language of Medicine" is carefully curated to present a wide range of medical terminology, covering various fields such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and clinical practices. With meticulous attention to accuracy and clarity, this dictionary offers concise yet informative definitions, allowing readers to grasp the essence of each term without overwhelming technicalities.

Moreover, this book goes beyond a mere compilation of definitions. It provides additional valuable features, including pronunciation guides, examples of usage in context, common abbreviations, and cross-references between related terms. These features aim to enhance comprehension and reinforce knowledge, making it an invaluable tool for continuous learning and reference.

The accessibility of medical knowledge should not be limited to healthcare professionals alone. It is our belief that every individual has the right to understand and participate in discussions surrounding their own health. By equipping yourself with the language and terminology presented in this book, you will acquire the confidence to engage in conversations, ask pertinent questions, and take an active role in your personal healthcare journey.

Whether you are a student embarking on a medical career, a caregiver ensuring the well-being of a loved one, or an individual seeking to expand your medical knowledge, "The Language of Medicine: An Indispensable Medical Dictionary for Every Home" is your comprehensive resource. Empower yourself, empower your family, and empower your community through an enhanced understanding of the language of medicine.

Inhalt

Cover

Titelblatt

Urheberrechte

Introduction:

Chapter A

Chapter B

Chapter C

Chapter D

Chapter E

Chapter F

Chapter G

Chapter H

Chapter I

Chapter J

Chapter K

Chapter L

Chapter M

Chapter N

Chapter O

Chapter P

Chapter Q

Chapter R

Chapter S

Chapter T

Chapter U

Chapter V

Chapter W

Chapter X

Chapter Y

Chapter Z

The Language of Medicine

Cover

Titelblatt

Urheberrechte

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The Language of Medicine

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A

A a human blood type of the ABO system, containing the A antigen

AA abbr Alcoholics Anonymous

A & E A & E department same as accident and emergency department

A & E medicine the medical procedures used in A & E departments

AB a blood type in the ABO system that contains the antigens A and B.

ab- prefix away from

ABC the initial examination of a casualty's condition. Airway, breathing, and circulation in full form

Abdomen space inside the body below the diaphragm, above the pelvis and in front of the spine, containing the stomach, intestines, liver and other vital organs

abdomin- prefix same as abdomino-

abdominal found in the abdomen, or relating to the abdomen

abdominal aorta the part of the aorta which lies between the diaphragm and the point where the aorta divides into the iliac arteries.

abdominal cavity the space in the body below the chest

abdominal distension a condition in which the abdomen is stretched because of gas or fluid

abdominal pain pain in the abdomen caused by indigestion or more serious disorders

abdominal viscera the organs which are contained in the abdomen, e.g. the stomach, liver and intestines.

abdominal wall muscle tissue that surrounds the abdomen

abdomino- prefix referring to the abdomen

abdominopelvic referring to the abdomen and pelvis

abdominoperineal referring to the abdomen and perineum

abdominoperineal excision a surgical procedure that involves removing tissue from the abdomen as well as the perineum

abdominoposterior referring to a position of a fetus in the uterus, where the fetus’s abdomen is facing the mother’s back

abdominoscopy an internal inspection of the abdomen by the use of an endoscope

abdominothoracic referring to the abdomen and thorax

abduce same as abduct

abducens nerve the sixth cranial nerve, which controls the muscle which makes the eyeball turn outwards

abducent referring to a muscle which brings parts of the body away from each other or moves them away from the central line of the body or a limb. Compare adducent

abducent same as abducens nerve

abduct (of a muscle) to pull a leg or arm in a direction which is away from the centre line of the body, or to pull a toe or finger away from the central line of a leg or arm. Compare adduct

abduction the movement of a part of the body away from the centre line of the body or away from a neighbouring part. Opposite adduction.

abductor a muscle which pulls a part of the body away from the centre line of the body or away from a neighbouring part. Opposite adductor

aberrant not usual or expected

aberration an action or growth which is not usual or expected

ablation the removal of an organ or of a part of the body by surgery

abnormal not usual

abnormality a condition which is not usual

abocclusion a condition in which the teeth in the top and bottom jaws do not touch

aboral positioned away from or opposite the mouth

abort to eject an embryo or fetus, or to cause an embryo or fetus to be ejected, and so end a pregnancy before the fetus is fully developed

abortifacient a drug or instrument which provokes an abortion

abortion a situation where a fetus leaves the uterus before it is fully developed, especially during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy, or a procedure which causes this to

happen - to have an abortion to have an operation to make a fetus leave the uterus during the first period of pregnancy

abortionist a person who helps a woman abort, usually a person who performs an illegal abortion

abortion pill a drug that causes an abortion to occur very early in pregnancy

abortion trauma syndrome different symptoms sometimes experienced in the period after an abortion including guilt, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, eating and sleeping disorders and suicidal thoughts

abortive not successful

abortive poliomyelitis a mild type of polio which only affects the throat and intestines

abortus a fetus which is expelled during an abortion or miscarriage

abortus fever same as brucellosis

ABO system a system of categorizing blood groups.

abrasion a condition in which the surface of the skin has been rubbed off by a rough surface and bleeds

abreact to release unconscious psychological tension by talking about or regularly remembering the events that caused it

abreaction the treatment of a person with a neurosis by making him or her think again about past bad experiences

abruptio placenta an occasion when the placenta suddenly comes away from the uterus earlier than it should, often causing shock and bleeding

abscess a painful swollen area where pus forms

absolute alcohol alcohol which contains no water

absorb to take up or soak up something, especially a liquid, into a solid

absorbable suture a suture which will eventually be absorbed into the body, and does not need to be removed

absorbent cotton a soft white material used as a dressing to put on wounds

absorption 1. the process by which a liquid is taken into a solid 2. the process of taking into the body substances such as proteins or fats which have been digested from food and enter the bloodstream from the stomach and intestines – absorption rate the rate at which a liquid is absorbed by a solid

abstainer a person who does not drink alcohol

abstinence a long-term deliberate act of not doing something, particularly not eating or drinking

abulia a lack of willpower

abusenoun1. the act of using something wrongly 2. the illegal use of a drug or overuse of alcohol 3. same as child abuse 4. bad treatment of a person verb1. to use something wrongly - to abuse one’s authority to use one’s powers in an illegal or harmful way 2. to treat someone badly

a.c. (used on prescriptions) before food. Full form ante cibum

acanthosis a disease of the prickle cell layer of the skin, where warts appear on the skin or inside the mouth

acapnia the condition where there is not enough carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues

acariasis the presence of mites or ticks on the skin

acaricide a substance which kills mites or ticks

acarophobia a bizarre phobia of mites or ticks

acatalasia an inherited condition which results in a lack of catalase in all tissue

accessorynoun something which helps something else to happen or operate, but may not be very important in itself - adjective helping something else to happen or operate

accessory nerve the eleventh cranial nerve which supplies the muscles in the neck and shoulders

accessory organ an organ with a function that is controlled by another organ

accident 1. an unpleasant event which happens suddenly and harms someone’s health 2. coincidental, or something which occurs by chance

accidental injury an injury that happens to someone in an accident

accident and emergency department the part of a hospital which deals with people who need urgent treatment because they have had accidents or are in sudden serious pain. Abbr A & E

accident form, accident report form a form to be filled in with details of an accident

accident prevention the work of taking action or changing procedures to prevent accidents from happening

accident ward a ward for urgent accident victims. Also called casualty ward

accommodation, accommodation reflex (of the lens of the eye) the ability to focus on objects at different distances, using the ciliary muscle

accommodative squint a squint when the eye is trying to focus on an object which is very close

accouchement the time when a woman is being looked after because her baby is being born, or has just been born

accretion a gradual increase in size, as through growth or enlargement. Increase by external addition or accumulation

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) an enzyme that increases blood pressure

acebutolol a drug which reduces both the heart rate and how strongly the heart muscles contract, used in the treatment of high blood pressure and irregular heart rhythms

ACE inhibitor same as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

acephalus a fetus born without a head

acetabuloplasty a surgical operation to repair or rebuild the acetabulum

acetabulum the part of the pelvic bone, shaped like a cup, into which the head of the femur fits to form the hip joint. Also called cotyloid cavity

acetaminophen US same as paracetamol

acetazolamide a drug which helps a person to produce more urine, used in the treatment of oedema, glaucoma and epilepsy

acetonaemia same as ketonaemia

acetone a colourless volatile substance formed in the body after vomiting or during diabetes.

acetonuria the presence of acetone in the urine, shown by the fact that the urine gives off a sweet smell

acetylcholine a substance released from nerve endings, which allows nerve impulses to move from one nerve to another or from a nerve to the organ it controls

acetylcoenzyme A a compound produced in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids

acetylsalicylic known as aspirin

achalasia the condition of being unable to relax the muscles

ache noun a pain which goes on for a time, but is not very severe. verb to have a pain in part of the body

Achilles tendon a tendon at the back of the ankle which connects the calf muscles to the heel and which acts to pull up the heel when the calf muscle is contracted

achillorrhaphy a surgical operation to stitch a torn Achilles tendon

achillotomy a surgical operation to divide the Achilles tendon

aching causing someone a continuous mild pain achlorhydria a condition in which the gastric juices do not contain hydrochloric acid, a symptom of stomach cancer or pernicious anaemia

acholia the absence or failure of the secretion of bile

acholuria the absence of bile colouring in the urine

acholuric jaundice a disease where unusually round red blood cells form, leading to anaemia, an enlarged spleen and the formation of gallstones. Also called hereditary spherocytosis

achondroplasia an inherited condition in which the long bones in the arms and legs do not grow fully while the rest of the bones in the body grow as usual, resulting in dwarfism

achromatopsia a rare condition in which a person cannot see any colours, but only black, white and shades of grey

achy feeling aches all over the body (informal )

aciclovir a drug that is effective against herpesviruses. Also called acyclovir

acid a chemical compound containing hydrogen, which reacts with an alkali to form a salt and water

acidaemia a state in which the blood has too much acid in it. It is a feature of untreated severe diabetes.

acid–base balance the balance between acid and base, i.e. the pH level, in plasma

acidity1. the level of acid in a liquid 2. same as hyperacidity

acidosis 1. a condition when there are more acid waste products such as urea than usual in the blood because of a lack of alkali 2. same as acidity

acidotic relating to acidosis

acid reflux a condition caused by a faulty muscle in the oesophagus allowing the acid in the stomach to pass into the oesophagus

acid stomach same as hyperacidity

aciduria a condition in which there is a higher level of acidity of the urine than is desirable

acinus 1. a tiny sac which forms part of a gland 2. part of a lobule in the lung (plural acini.)

acne an inflammation of the sebaceous glands during puberty which makes blackheads appear on the skin, usually on the face, neck and shoulders. These blackheads often then become infected.

acne same as rosacea

acne vulgaris same as acne

acoustic relating to sound or hearing

acoustic nerve the eighth cranial nerve which governs hearing and balance

acoustic neurofibroma, acoustic neuroma a tumour in the sheath of the auditory nerve, causing deafness

acoustic trauma physical damage caused by sound waves, e.g. hearing loss, disorientation, motion sickness or dizziness

acquired referring to a condition which is neither congenital nor hereditary and which a person develops after birth in reaction to his or her environment

acquired immunity an immunity which a body acquires from having caught a disease or from immunisation, not one which is congenital

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, acquired immune deficiency syndrome a viral infection which breaks down the body’s immune system. Abbr AIDS

acrivastine a drug which reduces the amount of histamine produced by the body. It is used in the treatment of rhinitis, urticaria and eczema.

acro- prefix referring to a point or tip

acrocephalia same as oxycephaly

acrocephaly same as oxycephaly

acrocyanosis a blue coloration of the extremities, i.e. the fingers, toes, ears and nose, which is due to poor circulation

acrodynia a children’s disease, caused by an allergy to mercury, where the child’s hands, feet and face swell and become pink, and the child is also affected with fever and loss of appetite. Also called erythroedema, pink disease

acromegaly a disease caused by excessive quantities of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland, causing a slow enlargement of the hands, feet and jaws in adults

acromial referring to the acromion

acromioclavicular relating to the acromion and the clavicle

acromion the pointed top of the scapula, which forms the tip of the shoulder

acronyx a condition in which a nail grows into the flesh

acroparaesthesia a condition in which the patient experiences sharp pains in the arms and numbness in the fingers after sleep

acrophobia a fear of heights

acrosclerosis sclerosis which affects the extremities

ACTH abbr adrenocorticotrophic hormone

actinomycin an antibiotic used in the treatment of children with cancer

actinomycosis a fungal disease transmitted to humans from cattle, causing abscesses in the mouth and lungs (pulmonary actinomycosis) or in the ileum

(intestinal actinomycosis)

action potential a temporary change in electrical potential which occurs between the inside and the outside of a nerve or muscle fibre when a nerve impulse is sent

active1. (Of a person) lively and energetic Opposite passive 2. (Of a disease) having an effect on a patient Compare dormant 3. (Of a drug) having medicinal effect

active immunity immunity which is acquired by catching and surviving an infectious disease or by vaccination with a weakened form of the disease, which makes the body form antibodies

active ingredient the main medicinal ingredient of an ointment or lotion, as opposed to the base active movement

active movement movement made by a person using his or her own willpower and muscles

active principle the main medicinal ingredient of a drug which makes it have the required effect on a person activities of daily living

activities of daily living a scale used by geriatricians and occupational therapists to assess the capacity of elderly or disabled people to live independently. Abbr ADLs

activity 1. What someone does 2. The characteristic behavior of a chemical

act on, act uponverb1. to do something as the result of something which has been said 2. to have an effect on someone or something

act out to express negative feelings by behaving in a socially unacceptable way

acuity keenness of sight, hearing or intellect

acupressure a treatment which is based on the same principle as acupuncture in which, instead of needles, fingers are used on specific points on the body, called pressure points

acupuncture a treatment based on needles being inserted through the skin into nerve centres in order to relieve pain or treat a disorder

acupuncturist a person who practises acupuncture

acute 1. referring to a disease or condition which develops rapidly and can be dangerous Opposite chronic 2. referring to pain which is sharp and intense (informal )

acute abdomen any serious condition of the abdomen which requires surgery

acute bed a hospital bed reserved for people requiring immediate treatment

acute care medical or surgical treatment in a hospital, usually for a short period, for a patient with a sudden severe illness or injury

acute disseminated encephalomyelitis an encephalomyelitis or myelitis believed to result from an autoimmune attack on the myelin of the central nervous system

acute glaucoma same as angle-closure glaucoma acute hospital a hospital where people go for major surgery or intensive care of medical or surgical conditions

acutely 1. having or causing a suddenly developing medical condition 2. extremely (informal )

acute lymphocytic leukaemia a form of leukaemia that is the commonest cancer affecting children

acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia a form of leukaemia that affects adults and children and is usually treated with chemotherapy

acute pancreatitis inflammation after pancreatic enzymes have escaped into the pancreas, causing symptoms of acute abdominal pain

acute respiratory distress syndrome an infection of the lungs, often following injury, which prevents them functioning properly. Abbr ARDS

acute rheumatism same as rheumatic fever

acute rhinitis a virus infection which causes inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose and throat

acute suppurative arthritis same as pyarthrosis

acute toxicity a level of concentration of a toxic substance which makes people seriously ill or can cause death

acute yellow atrophy yellow atrophy

acyclovir same as aciclovir

acystia a condition in which a baby is born without a bladder

AD abbr Alzheimer’s disease

Adam’s apple a part of the thyroid cartilage which projects from the neck below the chin in a man. Also called laryngeal prominence

adaptverb1. to change one’s ideas or behaviour to fit into a new situation 2. to change something to make it more useful

adaptation 1. A change which has been or can be made to something 2. the act of changing something so that it fits a new situation 3. the process by which sensory receptors become accustomed to a sensation which is repeated

ADD abbr attention deficit disorder

addicted physically or mentally dependent on a harmful substance - addicted to alcoholordrugs needing to take alcohol or a harmful drug regularly

addictive referring to a drug which is habit-forming and which people can become addicted to

Addison’s anaemia same as pernicious anaemia Addison’s disease a disease of the adrenal glands, causing a change in skin colour to yellow and then to dark brown and resulting in general weakness, anaemia, low blood pressure and wasting away. Treatment is with corticosteroid injections.

adducent referring to a muscle which brings parts of the body together or moves them towards the central line of the body or a limb. Compare abducent

adduct (of a muscle) to pull a leg or arm towards the central line of the body, or to pull a toe or finger towards the central line of a leg or arm. Opposite abduct

adducted referring to a body part brought towards the middle of the body

adduction the movement of a part of the body towards the midline or towards a neighbouring part. Compare abduction.

adductor, adductor muscle a muscle which pulls a part of the body towards the central line of the body. Opposite abductor

aden- prefix same as adeno- (used before vowels)

adenectomy the surgical removal of a gland

adenine one of the four basic chemicals in DNA

adenitis inflammation of a gland or lymph node. - lymphadenitis

adeno- prefix referring to glands

adenocarcinoma a malignant tumour of a gland

adenohypophysis the front lobe of the pituitary gland which secretes most of the pituitary hormones

adenoid like a gland

adenoidal referring to the adenoids

adenoidal expression a common symptom of a child suffering from adenoids, where his or her mouth is always open, the nose is narrow and the top teeth appear to project forward

adenoidal tissue same as adenoids

adenoidectomy the surgical removal of the adenoids

adenoidism the condition of a person with adenoids

adenoids plural a mass of tissue at the back of the nose and throat that can restrict breathing if enlarged. Also called pharyngeal tonsils

adenoid vegetation a condition in children where the adenoidal tissue is covered with growths and can block the nasal passages or the Eustachian tubes

adenolymphoma a benign tumour of the salivary glands

adenoma a benign tumour of a gland

adenoma sebaceum a skin condition of the face shown by raised red vascular bumps appearing in late childhood or early adolescence

adenomyoma a benign tumour made up of glands and muscle

adenopathy a disease of a gland

adenosclerosis the hardening of a gland

adenosine a drug used to treat an irregular heartbeat

adenosine diphosphate a chemical compound which provides energy for processes to take place within living cells, formed when adenosine triphosphate reacts with water. Abbr ADP

adenosine triphosphate a chemical which occurs in all cells, but mainly in muscle, where it forms the energy reserve. Abbr ATP

adenosis any disease or disorder of the glands

adenovirus a virus which produces upper respiratory infections and sore throats and can cause fatal pneumonia in infants

ADH abbr antidiuretic hormone

ADHD full meaning attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

adhesion a stable connection between two parts in the body, either in a healing process or between parts which are not usually connected

adhesive dressing a dressing with a sticky substance on the back so that it can stick to the skin

adhesive strapping overlapping strips of adhesive plaster used to protect a lesion

adipo- prefix referring to fat

adipose containing fat, or made of fat

adipose degeneration an accumulation of fat in the cells of an organ such as the heart or liver, which makes the organ less able to perform its proper function. Also called fatty degeneration

adipose tissue a tissue where the cells contain fat

adiposis a state where too much fat is accumulated in the body

adiposis dolorosa a disease of middle-aged women in which painful lumps of fatty substance form in the body. Also called Dercum’s disease

adiposogenitalis same as Fröhlich’s syndrome

adiposuria the presence of fat in the urine

adiposus - panniculus adiposus

aditus an opening or entrance to a passage

adjustment a specific directional high-speed movement of a joint performed by a chiropractor

adjuvantadjective referring to treatment by drugs or radiation therapy after surgery for cancer - noun a substance added to a drug to enhance the effect of the main ingredient

adjuvant therapy therapy using drugs or radiation after cancer surgery

ADLs abbr activities of daily living

administer to give someone medicine or a treatment - to administer orally to give a medicine by mouth

admission the act of being registered as a hospital patient

admit to register a patient in a hospital

adnexa structures attached to an organ

adolescence the period of life when a child is developing into an adult

adolescentnoun a person who is at the stage of life when he or she is developing into an adult - adjective developing into an adult, or occurring at that stage of life

adopt 1. to decide to use a particular plan or idea or way of doing something 2. to become the legal parent of a child who was born to other parents

adoptive 1. taking over the role of something else 2. referring to people who have adopted a child or a child that has been adopted

adoptive immunotherapy a treatment for cancer in which the patient’s own white blood cells are used to attack cancer cells

ADP abbr adenosine diphosphate

adrenal situated near the kidney - same as adrenal gland

adrenal body same as adrenal gland

adrenal cortex the firm outside layer of an adrenal gland, which secretes a series of hormones affecting the metabolism of carbohydrates and water

adrenalectomy the surgical removal of one of the adrenal glands

adrenal gland one of two endocrine glands at the top of the kidneys which secrete cortisone, adrenaline and other hormones. Also called adrenal body, adrenal.

adrenaline a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands which has an effect similar to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (The US term is epinephrine.)

adrenal medulla the inner part of the adrenal gland which secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline. Also called suprarenal medulla

adrenergic referring to a neurone or receptor which is stimulated by adrenaline. - beta blocker

adrenergic receptor same as adrenoceptor

adrenoceptor a cell or neurone which is stimulated by adrenaline. Also called adrenoreceptor, adrenergic receptor

adrenocortical relating to the cortex of the adrenal glands

adrenocorticotrophic hormone a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, which makes the cortex of the adrenal glands produce corticosteroids. Abbr ACTH. Also called corticotrophin

adrenogenital syndrome a condition caused by overproduction of male sex hormones, where boys show rapid sexual development and females develop male characteristics

adrenoleukodystrophy an inherited disorder of the adrenal glands in boys

adrenolytic acting against the secretion of adrenaline

adrenoreceptor same as adrenoceptor

adrenoceptor a cell or neurone which is stimulated by adrenaline. Also called adrenoreceptor, adrenergic receptor

adrenocortical relating to the cortex of the adrenal glands

adrenocorticotrophic hormone a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, which makes the cortex of the adrenal glands produce corticosteroids. Abbr ACTH. Also called corticotrophin

adrenogenital syndrome a condition caused by overproduction of male sex hormones, where boys show rapid sexual development and females develop male characteristics

adrenoleukodystrophy an inherited disorder of the adrenal glands in boys

adrenolytic acting against the secretion of adrenaline

adrenoreceptor same as adrenoceptor

adsorbent being capable of adsorption

adsorption the attachment of one substance to another, often the bonding of a liquid with a gas or vapour which touches its surface

adultadjective grown-up - noun someone who is no longer a child

adult coeliac disease a condition in adults where the villi in the intestine become smaller and so reduce the surface which can absorb nutrients

adult dentition the 32 teeth which an adult has

adulteration the act of making something less pure by adding another substance

adult-onset diabetes a form of diabetes mellitus that develops slowly in older people as the body becomes less able to use insulin effectively

adult respiratory distress syndrome a description of various lung infections which reduce the lungs’ efficiency. Abbr ARDS

advanced trauma life support the management of a trauma patient during the critical first hour after injury. Abbr ATLS

adventitia same as tunica adventitia

adventitious on the outside or in an unusual place

adventitious bursa a bursa which develops as a result of continued pressure or rubbing

adverse harmful or unfavourable - the treatment had an adverse effect on his dermatitis the treatment made the dermatitis worse

adverse occurrence a harmful event which occurs during treatment

adverse reaction a situation where someone experiences harmful effects from the application of a drug

advocacy active support for something, especially in order to help people who would have difficulty in gaining attention without your help

adynamic ileus same as paralytic ileus

aegophony a high sound of the voice heard through a stethoscope, where there is fluid in the pleural cavity

aer- prefix same as aero- (used before vowels)

aeration the adding of air or oxygen to a liquid

aero- prefix referring to air

aeroba , aerobe a tiny organism which needs oxygen to survive

aerobic needing oxygen to live, or taking place in the presence of oxygen

aerobic respiration the process where the oxygen which is breathed in is used to conserve energy as ATP

aeroembolism same as air embolism

aerogenous referring to a bacterium which produces gas

aerophagia, aerophagy the habit of swallowing air when suffering from indigestion, so making the stomach pains worse

aerosol tiny particles of a liquid such as a drug or disinfectant suspended in a gas under pressure in a container and used as a spray

aetiological agent an agent which causes a disease

aetiology1. the cause or origin of a disease 2. the study of the causes and origins of diseases (The US spelling is etiology.)

afebrile with no fever

affectverb to make something or someone change, especially to have a bad effect on something or someone - noun same as affection

affection, affect the general state of a person’s emotions

affective relating to a person’s moods or feelings

affective disorder a condition which changes someone’s mood, making him or her depressed or excited

afferent conducting liquid or electrical impulses towards the inside. Opposite efferent

afferent nerve same as sensory nerve

afferent vessel a tube which brings lymph to a gland

affinity an attraction between two substances

aflatoxin a poison produced by some moulds in some crops such as peanuts

African trypanosomiasis same as sleeping sickness

afterbirth the tissues, including the placenta and umbilical cord, which are present in the uterus during pregnancy and are expelled after the birth of a baby

aftercare 1. the care of a person who has had an operation. Aftercare treatment involves changing dressings and helping people to look after themselves again. 2. the care of a mother who has just given birth

after-effect a change which appears only some time after the cause

after-image an image of an object which remains in a person’s sight after the object itself has gone

afterpains plural regular pains in the uterus which are sometimes experienced after childbirth

afunctional which does not function properly

agalactia a condition in which a mother is unable to produce milk after childbirth

agammaglobulinaemia a deficiency or absence of immunoglobulins in the blood, which results in a reduced ability to provide immune responses

agar, agar agar a culture medium based on an extract of seaweed used for growing microorganisms in laboratories

age noun the number of years which a person has lived - verb to grow old

age group all the people of a particular age or within a particular set of ages

ageing, aging the fact of growing old

ageing process the physical changes which take place in a person as he or she grows older

agency 1. an organization which carries out work on behalf of another organisation, e.g. one which recruits and employs nurses and supplies them to hospitals temporarily when full-time nursing staff are unavailable 2. the act of causing something to happen

agenesis the absence of an organ, resulting from a failure in embryonic development

agent 1. a chemical substance which makes another substance react 2. a substance or organism which causes a disease or condition 3. a person who acts as a representative of another person or carries out some kinds of work on his or her behalf

agglutinate to form into groups or clusters, or to cause things to form into groups or clusters

agglutination the act of coming together or sticking to one another to form a clump, as of bacteria cells in the presence of serum, or blood cells when blood of different types is mixed – agglutination test 1. a test to identify bacteria 2. a test to identify if a woman is pregnant

agglutinin a factor in a serum which makes cells stick together in clumps

agglutinogen a factor in red blood cells which reacts with a specific agglutinin in serum

aggravate to make something worse

aggression the state of feeling violently angry towards someone or something

aggressive referring to treatment which involves frequent high doses of medication

aging another spelling of ageing

agitated moving about or twitching nervously because of worry or another psychological

agitation a state of being very nervous and anxious

aglossia the condition of not having a tongue from birth

agnosia a brain disorder in which a person fails to recognize places, people, tastes or smells which they used to know well

agonist 1. a muscle which causes part of the body to move and another muscle to relax when it contracts. Also called prime mover 2. a substance which produces an observable physiological effect by acting through specific receptors. - antagonist

agony a very severe physical or emotional pain

agoraphobia a fear of being in open spaces. Compare claustrophobia

agoraphobic afraid of being in open spaces. Compare claustrophobic

agranulocytosis a usually fatal disease where the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, falls sharply because of a bone marrow condition

agraphia the condition of being unable to put ideas into writing

AHF abbr antihaemophilic factor

aidnoun1. help 2. a machine, tool or drug which helps someone do something - verb to help someone or something

AID full form artificial insemination by donor. now called DI

AIDS, Aids a viral infection which breaks down the body’s immune system. Full meaning acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIDS dementia a form of mental degeneration resulting from infection with HIV related complex

AIDS-related complex, AIDS-related condition early symptoms shown by someone infected with the HIV virus, e.g. weight loss, fever and herpes zoster. Abbr ARC

AIH abbr artificial insemination by husband

ailment an illness, though not generally a very serious one

ailurophobia a fear of cats

air a mixture of gases, mainly oxygen and nitrogen, which cannot be seen, but which exists all around us and which is breathed

air bed a mattress which is filled with air, used to prevent the formation of bedsores - conduction

airborne infection an infection which is carried in the air

air conduction the process by which sounds pass from the outside to the inner ear through the auditory meatus

air embolism a blockage caused by bubbles of air, that stops the flow of blood in vessels

air hunger a condition in which the patient needs air because of lack of oxygen in the tissues

air passage any tube which takes air to the lungs, e.g. the nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

air sac a small sac in the lungs which contains air - alveolus

airsick feeling sick because of the movement of an aircraft

airsickness a queasy feeling, usually leading to vomiting, caused by the movement of an aircraft

airway a passage through which air passes, especially the trachea

airway clearing making sure that the airways in a newborn baby or an unconscious person are free of any obstruction

airway obstruction something which blocks the air passages

akathisia restlessness

akinesia a lack of voluntary movement, as in Parkinson’s disease

akinetic without movement

alacrima same as xerosis

alactasia a condition in which there is a deficiency of lactase in the intestine, making the patient incapable of digesting lactose, the sugar in milk

alalia a condition in which a person completely loses the ability to speak

alanine an amino acid

alanine aminotransferase an enzyme which is found in the liver and can be monitored as an indicator of liver damage. Abbr ALT

alar cartilage cartilage in the nose

alba - linea alba

Albee’s operation 1. a surgical operation to fuse two or more vertebrae 2. a surgical operation to fuse the femur to the pelvis

albicans - corpus albicans

albinism a condition in which a person lacks the pigment melanin and so has pink skin and eyes and white hair. It is hereditary and cannot be treated - vitiligo

albino a person who is deficient in melanin and has little or no pigmentation in the skin, hair or eyes

albuginea a layer of white tissue covering a part of the body

albuginea oculi same as sclera

albuminometer an instrument for measuring the level of albumin in the urine

albuminuria a condition in which albumin is found in the urine, usually a sign of kidney disease, but also sometimes of heart failure

albumose an intermediate product in the digestion of protein

alcohol a pure colourless liquid which is formed by the action of yeast on sugar solutions and forms part of drinks such as wine and whisky

alcohol abuse the excessive use of alcohol which adversely affects a person’s health

alcohol addiction a condition in which a person is dependent on the use of alcohol

alcohol-fast referring to an organ stained for testing which is not discoloured by alcohol

alcoholicadjective1. containing alcohol 2. caused by alcoholism - noun a person who is addicted to drinking alcohol and shows changes in behavior and personality

alcoholic cardiomyopathy a disease of the heart muscle arising as a result of long-term heavy alcohol consumption

alcoholic cirrhosis cirrhosis of the liver caused by alcoholism

alcoholic hepatitis inflammation of the liver as a result of long-term heavy alcohol consumption, often leading to cirrhosis

Alcoholics Anonymous an organisation of former alcoholics which helps people to overcome their dependence on alcohol by encouraging them to talk about their problems in group therapy. Abbr AA

alcoholicum - delirium alcoholicum

alcoholism excessive drinking of alcohol which becomes addictive

alcohol poisoning poisoning and disease caused by excessive intake of alcohol

alcohol rub the act of rubbing a bedridden person with alcohol to help protect against bedsores and as a tonic

alcoholuria a condition in which alcohol is present in the urine

aldosterone a hormone secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland, which regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the body and the amount of body fluid

aldosteronism a condition in which a person produces too much aldosterone, so that there is too much salt in the blood. This causes high blood pressure and the need to drink a lot of liquids.

alert referring to someone who takes an intelligent interest in his or her surroundings

aleukaemic 1. referring to a state where leukaemia is not present 2. referring to a state where leucocytes are not normal

Alexander technique a method of improving the way a person stands and moves, by making them much more aware of how muscles behave

alexia a condition in which the patient cannot understand printed words. Also called word blindness

alfacalcidol a substance related to vitamin D, used by the body to maintain the right levels of calcium and phosphate, and also as a drug to help people who do not have enough vitamin D

algesimeter an instrument to measure the sensitivity of the skin to pain

-algia suffix a word ending that indicates a painful condition

algid referring to a stage in a disease that causes fever during which the body becomes cold

algophobia an unusually intense fear of pain

alienation a psychological condition in which a person develops the feeling of not being part of the everyday world, and as a result often becomes hostile to other people

alignment the arrangement of something in a straight line, or in the correct position in relation to something else

alimentary providing food, or relating to food or nutrition

alimentary canal a tube in the body going from the mouth to the anus and including the throat, stomach and intestine, through which food passes and is digested

alimentary system same as digestive system

alimentation the act of providing food or nourishment

aliquot a part of a larger thing, especially a sample of

something which is taken to be examined

alive living, not dead

alkalaemia an excess of alkali in the blood

alkali one of many substances which neutralise acids and form salts

alkaline containing more alkali than acid

alkalinity the level of alkali in a body

alkaloid one of many poisonous substances found in plants and used as medicines, e.g. atropine, morphine or quinine

alkalosis a condition in which the alkali level in the body tissue is high, producing cramps

alkaptonuria a hereditary condition where dark pigment is present in the urine

allantoin powder from the herb comfrey, used to treat skin disorders

allantois one of the membranes in the embryo, shaped like a sac, which grows out of the embryonic hindgut

allele one of two or more alternative forms of a gene, situated in the same area on each of a pair of chromosomes and each producing a different effect

allergen a substance which produces hypersensitivity

allergenic producing an allergic reaction

allergenic agent a substance which produces an allergy

allergic having an allergy to something

allergic agent a substance which produces an allergic reaction

allergic purpura a form of the skin condition purpura, found most often in children

allergic reaction an effect produced by a substance to which a person has an allergy, such as sneezing or a skin rash

allergic rhinitis inflammation in the nose and eyes caused by an allergic reaction to plant pollen, mould spores, dust mites or animal hair. - hayfever

allergist a doctor who specializes in the treatment of allergies

allergy an unusual sensitivity to some substances such as pollen or dust, which cause a physical reaction such as sneezing or a rash in someone who comes into contact with them

allergy bracelet medical alert bracelet

alleviate to make pain or discomfort less severe

allied health professional a professional working in medicine who is not a doctor or nurse, e.g. a physiotherapist or paramedic

allo- prefix different

allodynia pain of the skin caused by something such as clothing which usually does not cause pain

allogeneic (of body tissues)) genetically different and therefore incompatible when transplanted

allograft same as homograft

allopathy the treatment of a condition using drugs which produce opposite symptoms to those of the condition. Compare homeopathy

allopurinol a drug which helps to stop the body producing uric acid, used in the treatment of gout

all or none law the rule that the heart muscle either contracts fully or does not contract at all

allylestrenol a steroid used to encourage pregnancy

alopecia a condition in which hair is lost. Compare hypotrichosis

alopecia areata a condition in which the hair falls out in patches

alpha the first letter of the Greek alphabet

alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, alpha-adrenoceptor blocker a drug which can relax smooth muscle, used to treat urinary retention and hypertension. Also called alpha blocker

alpha cell a type of cell found in the islets of Langerhans, in the pancreas, which produces glucagon, a hormone that raises the level of glucose in the blood. - beta cell

alpha-fetoprotein a protein produced by the liver of the human fetus, which accumulates in the amniotic fluid. A high or low concentration is tested for by amniocentesis in the antenatal diagnosis of spina bifida or Down’s syndrome, respectively.

alpha rhythm the pattern of electrical activity in the brain of someone who is awake but relaxed or sleepy, registering on an electroencephalograph at 8–13 hertz

Alport’s syndrome a genetic disease of the kidneys which sometimes causes a person

to lose his or her hearing and sight

alprostadil a drug which makes blood vessels wider, used to treat impotence, prevent coagulation, and maintain babies with congenital heart conditions

ALS abbr 1. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2. antilymphocytic serum

ALT abbr alanine aminotransferase

alternative medicine the treatment of illness using therapies such as homoeopathy or naturopathy which are not considered part of conventional Western medicine. – complementary medicine

altitude sickness a condition caused by reduced oxygen in the air above altitudes of 7000 to 8000 feet (3600 metres). Symptoms include headaches, breathlessness, fatigue, nausea and swelling of the face, hands and feet. Also called high-altitude sickness, mountain sickness

aluminium a metallic element extracted from the ore bauxite

aluminium hydroxide a chemical substance used as an antacid to treat indigestion. Formula: Al(OH)3 or Al2O3.3H2O.

alveolar referring to the alveoli

alveolar bone part of the jawbone to which the teeth are attached

alveolar duct a duct in the lung which leads from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli.

alveolar wall one of the walls which separate the alveoli in the lungs

alveolitis inflammation of an alveolus in the lungs or the socket of a tooth

alveolus a small cavity, e.g. an air sac in the lungs or the socket into which a tooth fits.

Alzheimer plaque a disc-shaped plaque of amyloid found in the brain in people who have Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease a disease where a person experiences progressive dementia due to nerve cell loss in specific brain areas, resulting in loss of mental faculties including memory

amalgam a mixture of metals, based on mercury and tin, used by dentists to fill holes in teeth

amaurosis blindness caused by disease of the optic nerve

amaurosis fugax temporary blindness in one eye, caused by problems of circulation

amaurotic familial idiocy, amaurotic family idiocy same as Tay-Sachs disease

amb- prefix same as ambi- (used before vowels)

ambi- prefix both

ambidextrous referring to a person who can use both hands equally well and who is not right- or left-handed

ambiguous genitalia a congenital condition in which the outer genitals do not look typical of those of either sex

ambisexual same as bisexual

amblyopia a lack of normal vision without a structural cause. A common example is squint and other forms may be caused by the cyanide in tobacco smoke or by drinking methylated spirits.

amblyopic affected by amblyopia

amblyoscope an instrument for measuring the angle of a squint and how effectively someone uses both their eyes together. Also called orthoptoscope

ambulance a van for taking sick or injured people to hospital

ambulant able to walk

ambulation walking - early ambulation is recommended patients should try to get out of bed and walk about as soon as possible after the operation

ambulatory referring to a patient who is not confined to bed but is able to walk

ambulatory care treatment of a patient which does not involve staying in hospital during the night

ambulatory fever a mild fever where the patient can walk about and can therefore act as a carrier, e.g. during the early stages of typhoid fever

ameba US same as amoeba

amelia the absence of a limb from birth, or a condition in which a limb is short from birth

amelioration the process of getting better

ameloblastoma a tumour in the jaw, usually in the lower jaw

amenorrhoea the absence of one or more menstrual periods, usual during pregnancy and after the menopause

ametropia a condition in which the eye cannot focus light correctly onto the retina, as in astigmatism, hypermetropia and myopia. Compare emmetropia

amfetamine an addictive drug, similar to adrenaline, used to give a feeling of wellbeing and wakefulness. Also called amphetamine

amikacin a type of antibiotic used to treat infections caused by aerobic bacteria

amiloride a drug which helps to increase the production of urine and preserve the body’s supply of potassium

amino acid a chemical compound which is broken down from proteins in the digestive system and then used by the body to form its own protein

aminobutyric acid - gamma aminobutyric acid

aminoglycoside a drug used to treat many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacterial infections

aminophylline a drug that makes the bronchial tubes wider, used in the treatment of asthma

amiodarone a drug that makes the blood vessels wider, used in the treatment of irregular heartbeat

amitosis the multiplication of a cell by splitting of the nucleus

amitriptyline a sedative drug used to treat depression and persistent pain

amlodipine a drug that helps to control the movement of calcium ions through cell membranes. It is used to treat hypertension and angina.

ammonia a gas with a strong smell, a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, which is a usual product of human metabolism

ammonium an ion formed from ammonia

amnesia loss of memory

amnia plural of amnion

amnihook a hooked instrument used to induce labour by pulling on the amniotic sac

amnio same as amniocentesis (informal )

amniocentesis a procedure which involves taking a test sample of the amniotic fluid during pregnancy using a hollow needle and syringe

amniography an X-ray of the womb

amnion the thin sac containing the amniotic fluid which covers an unborn baby in the uterus. Also called amniotic sac

amnioscope an instrument used to examine a fetus through the cervical channel, before the amniotic sac is broken

amnioscopy an examination of the amniotic fluid during pregnancy

amniotic relating to the amnion

amniotic cavity a space formed by the amnion, full of amniotic fluid

amniotic fluid the fluid contained in the amnion which surrounds an unborn baby

amniotic sac same as amnion

amniotomy a puncture of the amnion to help induce labour

amoeba a form of animal life, made up of a single cell

amoebiasis an infection caused by amoebae which can result in amoebic dysentery in the large intestine and sometimes affects the lungs

amoebic relating to or caused by amoebae

amoebic dysentery a form of dysentery mainly found in tropical areas that is caused by Entamoeba histolytica which enters the body through contaminated water or unwashed food

amoebicide a substance which kills amoebae

amorphous with no regular shape

amoxicillin an antibiotic

Amoxil a trade name for amoxicillin

amphetamine same as amfetamine

amphetamine abuse the repeated addictive use of amphetamines which in the end affects the mental faculties

amphiarthrosis a joint which only has limited movement, e.g. one of the joints in the spine

amphotericin an antifungal agent, used against Candida

ampicillin a type of penicillin, used as an antibiotic

ampoule , ampule a small glass container, closed at the neck, used to contain sterile drugs for use in injections

ampulla a swelling of a canal or duct, shaped like a bottle

amputate to remove a limb or part of a limb in a surgical operation

amputation the surgical removal of a limb or part of a limb

amputee someone who has had a limb or part of a limb removed in a surgical operation

amygdala an almond-shaped body in the brain, at the end of the caudate nucleus of the thalamus. Also called amygdaloid body

amygdaloid body same as amygdala

amyl- prefix referring to starch

amylase an enzyme which converts starch into maltose

amyl nitrate a drug used to reduce blood pressure

amyloid a waxy protein that forms in some tissues during the development of various diseases, e.g. forming disc-shaped plaques in the brain in Alzheimer’s disease

amyloid disease same as amyloidosis

amyloidosis a disease of the kidneys and liver, where amyloid develops in the tissues. Also called amyloid disease

amyloid precursor protein a compound found in cell membranes from which beta amyloid is derived. A mutation of the gene causes early onset Alzheimer’s disease in a few families.

amylopsin an enzyme which converts starch into maltose

amylose a carbohydrate of starch

amyotonia a lack of muscle tone

amyotonia congenita a congenital disease of children in which the muscles lack tone. Also called floppy baby syndrome

amyotrophia a condition in which a muscle wastes away

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis a motor neurone disease in which the limbs twitch and the muscles gradually waste away. Also called Gehrig’s disease. Abbr ALS

amyotrophy same as amyotrophia

an- prefix same as ana- (used before vowels)

ana- prefix without or lacking

anabolic referring to a substance which synthesizes protein

anabolic steroid a drug which encourages the synthesis of new living tissue, especially muscle, from nutrients

anabolism the process of building up complex chemical substances on the basis of simpler ones

anacrotism a second stroke in the pulse

anaemia