The Last Tsar E-Book

Łarysa Jermiłowa

• Herausgeber: Parkstone International
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 124

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

This is a major pictorial work about the Romanov dynasty, the supreme rulers of Russia for over 300 years, with special emphasis on the life of Nicholas II, the last Tsar. Moreover, it is an unsurpassed photographic record of the lives of the last reigning members of the Russian Royal family. The great majority of the photographs used in this book have never been published before, and have rarely been seen even by researchers from the West, having remained hidden in archives for 70 years, since the Russian revolution. The many contemporary photographs depict Russian royalty in ceremonial dress and at leisure in informal surroundings. There are also such unique items as a picture of Rasputin, the “mad monk” and confident of the Tsarina Alexandra, surrounded by female admirers.

Leseprobe

Larissa Yermilova

Authors:

Larissa Yermilova

© 2023 Confidential Concepts, worldwide, USA

© 2023 Parkstone Press International, New York, USA

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All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or adapted without the permission of the copyright holder, throughout the world. Unless otherwise specified, copyright on the works reproduced lies with the respective photographers, artists, heirs or estates. Despite intensive research, it has not always been possible to establish copyright ownership. Where this is the case, we would appreciate notification.

ISBN: 978-1-64461-795-3

Content

The Last Tsar

Introduction

Alexander II1818 – 1881

Alexander III1845 – 1894

Nicholas II1868 – 1918

Introduction

January 1613. A deputation of boyars and high-ranking clergy followed by a crowd is marching along the ancient road from Kostroma to the Ipatiev Monastery, carrying a thaumaturgy icon of Our Lady, the Gospels, a cross, the royal staff and a huge mica lantern. The deputation’s task is to advise the young boyar Mikhail Romanov, who is living with his nun-mother Marfa at the Ipatiev Monastery, of the decision of the Zemsky Sobor (the Grand National Assembly) to elect him to tsardom. They are going to ask Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov to accept the trust put in him by the Russian people.

This event was preceded by a long period of bloody strife in Russia that came to be known as the “Times of Troubles” during which, the Russian state practically disintegrated and the country was reduced to ruin and chaos. During the “Times of Troubles”, Russia was occupied by Poland; Novgorod and Pskov were seized by Sweden; Russian lands were ransacked by Lithuanians, Poles and by huge bands of brigands. For a while, a usurper – the False Dmitry – ruled in Moscow, installed on the Russian throne by the Polish army. It seemed the country was totally lost. But at that critical moment the Russian people, inspired by patriotic feelings, rallied against the invaders.

From the porch of the Cathedral of the Assumption in Nizhni-Novgorod, Kuzma-Minin appealed to the people to rise to defend their country. A volunteer army was formed and led by Prince Pozharsky to liberate Moscow. Russia won a chance to restore its unity and statehood.

Immediately after the liberation of Moscow, the higher clergy and elected representatives were summoned to Moscow for an assembly, the purpose of which was to choose a tsar. According to the historian Vassily Klyuchevsky, this was “the first ever truly representative Zemsky Sobor in which even the common folk of town and country took part.” The deputies spent three days fasting, to purify themselves from the sins of the “Times of Troubles”, and praying that God could direct them to elect a tsar “not of their inclination” but by the will of the people, sanctified by religion. Petitions were received by the Sobor from the gentry and the merchant class, from the cities of the Russian North and even from the Cossacks in the South, all pleading the cause of the young boyar Mikhail Romanov. The chronicles say on the subject: “The superiors and all people, praying for God’s mercy, began to think of how to make a righteous choice for the Muscovy throne, given by God and not by man…” And the same thought came to all, not only to the lords and the civil servants, but also to all common Orthodox Christians... They cried of one accord: “by the love of us all, we shall have as sovereign of the Moscow state, Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov Yuriev”. The final decision was left to the Russian people and word came from everywhere that people, young and old, had the same conviction: “Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov should be tsar”. It was widely known that Mikhail’s father, the Metropolitan Philaret, when besieged by the Poles in the city of Rostov, locked himself in the cathedral with the townsfolk and urged them to fight and not surrender. The enemy finally broke into the cathedral, massacred its defenders and took the Metropolitan prisoner. Another weighty factor for the sixteen-year-old Mikhail was his connection with the lawful royal dynasty. He was the grandson of Ivan the Terrible. And so, on January 13, 1613, the deputation appealed to the young boyar at the Ipatiev Monastery to accept the scepter of the tsar of Russia.

To begin with, his mother Marfa was adamant in refusing but she eventually knelt before the thaumaturgy icon of Our Lady and blessed Mikhail to tsardom.

The first thing the young tsar did after being anointed to sovereignty was to obtain the release of his father from imprisonment and to make him the Metropolitan of Moscow and of all Russia. The return of Metropolitan Philaret was an event of outstanding importance. In Moscow’s Cathedral of the Assumption, he was consecrated Patriarch and, until his death, not only headed the Church but was also associated with his son in the government of the country on an equal footing.

Patriarch Philaret, father of Michael (Mikhael Fyodorovich) Romanov, Fyodor Nikich Romanov in the world. Drawing.

A new form of government was established at the beginning of Tsar Mikhail’s reign. This was effected by the Zemsky Sobor, which was convened by elected representatives from all over Russia. During the reign of Tsar Mikhail, this assembly worked in close collaboration with the royal power and did a lot to foster patriotic feelings in the country.

Patriarch Philaret was largely responsible for the successes scored by Russia in internal and external policies under Tsar Mikhail. The chronicle reports: “A peace was concluded with the Poles, and also with Sweden who agreed to return Novgorod and Ladoga; an earth rampart was built to defend the borders of Russia from raids launched from the Crimean Steppe, and towns were built along it. In 1637, the Don Cossacks captured Azov, a delegation was sent for the first time to China, peace was established with the Turks and the Persians, and embassies exchanged... The devastated Moscow was restored and improved.” Tsar Mikhail ruled for 32 years, and died on July 13, 1645, at the age of forty-nine. He was interred in the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow.

Immediately after his demise, on the morning of July 13, 1645, Moscow pledged allegiance to his son Alexei Mikhailovich (he was to rule until 1676). The young man accepted tsardom with his father’s blessing. The coronation was celebrated with great splendor.

Alexei Mikhailovich, the “meek tsar”, was a well-educated man who had a good knowledge of the Church and lay literature of his time. He also possessed a literary gift. His letters and decrees were written in a lively and imaginative language. His extensive reading of ecclesiastical writings caused him to develop a profound piousness. The tsar prayed a lot, observed fasts and knew all the church statutes by heart. Yet it was his reign that witnessed a schism in the Orthodox Church and a conflict between the tsar and the patriarch. These developments in the religious life of the country marked an important change in the relationship between Church and State.

Election of Tsar Mikhael Fyodorovich Romanov. Drawing.

Tsar Mikhael Fyodorovich. Drawing.

A view began to spread in Russian ecclesiastical circles and in the royal palace itself that amendments needed to be introduced into the Russian liturgical books and rituals to correct errors which had crept into them in the early years of Christianity in Russia, and to make them conform to the Greek practices.

Patriarch Nikon undertook the work of correcting the liturgy and introducing other necessary reforms with the approval of the tsar. But his reforms met with violent opposition on the part of the lower clergy and the common people, who regarded these changes as the loss of national traditions and heretical concessions to the Catholics and Lutherans. Many were adamant in resisting the innovations and remained true to the Old Russian religious practices. The most fanatical of the upholders of the Old Faith was archpriest Avvakum, who suffered sorely for his convictions. Questions of faith became burning issues in the life of Russia.

Persecution of the opponents of reform was launched. The most intractable of them, such as Boyarina Morozova and Princess Urusova, were tortured and confined to prison; the monk Avraamy was executed in Moscow; the uprising in the Solovetsky Monastery was ruthlessly put down. Archpriest Avvakum was burnt alive. The Old Believers retaliated to these reprisals by mass self-immolation.

Patriarch Nikon insisted that the spiritual power was superior to the temporal one and that the Patriarch was subject to no earthly authority. He also denied the divine right of kings. The tsar’s patience exhausted, he broke with Nikon and the Church Assembly held in 1666 – 1667, and deposed the Patriarch who had become notorious as the persecutor of ancient piety. Nikon was exiled to a monastery. The authority of the Patriarch was thus undermined, and the ground was prepared for the abolition of the patriarchate in Russia, which was brought about by Alexei Mikhailovich’s son Peter the Great. The Old Believers opposed this annexation of the power of church administration by the tsar, they formed communities in which they lived according to the old religious precepts.

Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Russia laid claim to Western and Southern Russian territories. In the mid-l7th century, Muscovy advocated the unification of all Slav lands under the Russian crown. In 1649, the Ukrainian Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky started negotiations for the “acceptance of Little Russia under Moscow’s protection”, the Ukrainians having blood and religious kinship with the Russian people. In 1653, the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow took the relevant decision. But to implement it, Russia had to wage a war against Poland for possession of Ukraine. At the same time, it had to fight Sweden over the Baltic lands. Of course, Russia could not hope to win two wars at once and, in the end, had to cede Lithuania and Byelorussia to Poland and relinquish its claims to the Baltic seaboard. The lands of Novgorod and Pskov also remained under Swedish authority. A compromise was reached as regards to the Ukraine. The right bank of the Dnieper (Western Ukraine) remained subject to Poland, while Eastern Ukraine, on the left bank of the Dnieper, with the capital city of Kiev, was reunited with Russia.

Election of Tsar Mikhael Fyodorovich. Icon.

A thaumaturgy icon of the Holy Virgin of St Theodore Ipatievsky.

Here is what a chronicler wrote about the tempestuous internal and external events that befell Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich: “During his reign, the Don Cossack Stenka Razin went on a rampage on the Volga and in the Caspian Sea. He seized Astrakhan and other cities and laid them waste. He burnt down the sea-going ships, which had been built in Astrakhan, including the largest of them named ‘Orel’. In the end he was captured and incarcerated in Moscow. Twice the Crimean Khan raided Russia, but if he won victory during the first campaign, in the second, the Crimeans were completely routed.”

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich set up linen and silk-weaving factories, encouraged trade, rebuilt churches and monasteries and, enlarged and adorned Moscow.

The reign of the “meek tsar” lasted for 30 years and 5 months. He died on January 29, 1676, and was interred at the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow. He had two sons from his first marriage, to Maria Miloslavsky, – Fyodor and Ivan, and one from the second, to Natalia Naryshkin. The name of this third son was Peter.

On his deathbed the tsar appointed his elder son Fyodor to the Russian throne. The young tsar was weak in health and died six years later, in 1682. During his reign, the country was ruled by two rival families, relatives of his mother, the Miloslavskys, and relatives of his step-mother, the Naryshkins. The Miloslavskys soon managed to shoulder the Naryshkins aside, and the widow of the late tsar, Natalia Naryshkin, was forced to leave the Kremlin and move with her young son Peter to the village of Preobrazhenskoye, on the outskirts of Moscow.

Monastery. Drawing.

Tsar Fyodor Alekseyevich. Drawing.

Tsar Alexei’s fourth daughter Sophia, a woman endowed with a shrewd mind, strong character and overpowering ambition, headed the Miloslavsky clan. All of Tsar Alexei’s daughters had received a western-style education under the tutelage of the monk-scholar and writer Simeon Polotsky. Sophia, his most gifted pupil, decided to usurp her father’s throne. Tsar Fyodor died on April 27, 1682. This marked the beginning of Sophia’s dramatic struggle for the throne. The next in the order of succession was Ivan, but he was a very sick young man. The Zemsky Sobor convened to decide of the issue and ruled in favor of the ten-year-old Peter. Sophia then instigated the streltsy, the troops of the reformed army whose devotion she had worked hard to win, to revolt against the Naryshkins. Before the eyes of young Peter, the boyar Matveyev and Peter’s uncles Pyotr and Afanasy Naryshkin were speared to death by the mutinous streltsy. The terrified Boyar Duma complied with their demands. Ivan and Peter were jointly proclaimed tsars and, during their minority, Sophia was to act as regent. Eventually the streltsy, led by their general Prince Khovansky, openly declared their support for the Old Faith. This prompted Sophia to change her attitude towards them and she succeeded in ensuring their non-interference in the affairs of state. During her rule she relied a great deal on her devoted favorite, Prince Vassily Golitsyn. An educated man, who spoke both Latin and Polish, he planned to form a regular Russian army and to free the landed serfs. He led two abortive campaigns against the Crimean Tatars.

With time, Peter, having become of majority and having married Yevdokiya Lopukhina, began thinking of taking power into his own hands. Sophia in turn conspired with the streltsy to get rid of him. Fearing for his life, Peter fled from Preobra-zhenskoye to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where he gathered a troop of devoted followers.

The foreign regiment commanded by General Gordon also sided with him. Having come to an agreement with his brother Ivan on joint rule without Sophia, Peter gave orders to have Sophia incarcerated in the Novodevichy Nunnery.

Prince Pozharsky’s banner.

Tsarevna Sophia. Drawing.

The personality of Peter the First amazed both his contemporaries as well as later generations. He appeared to the nation as a workingman, who would undoubtfully exchange his crown and mantle for a caprenter’s axe. He was a man of great energy and outstanding administrative ability, and was prepared to listen to criticism and to follow wise advice.

The activities of Tsar Peter had great consequences on the fate of Russia. The most painful setback Muscovy had suffered in the 17th century, in Tsar Peter’s opinion, was the loss of the Baltic seaboard, which gave it an outlet to the west. Peter’s victory over the Swedes in the Great Northern War of 1700 – 1721, the restitution of the Baltic lands, which had been seized by Sweden, and the establishment of a new capital, St Petersburg, on the Gulf of Finland, made the European nations aware of Russia’s new strength and unity and raised her prestige among these nations.