The mysticism of Islam E-Book

E. H. Palmer

• Herausgeber: E.h.palmer
• Kategorie: Ratgeber
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

The term Súfí is derived from the Arabic word súf "wool," in allusion to the dress adopted by the Dervishes, who are the master and teachers of the sect. The system of the Sufis consists in endeavouring to reconcile Philosophy with Revealed Religion, and in assigning a mystical and allegorical interpretation to all religious doctrines and precepts. These tenets are found principally among the Shi’ites, or followers of ’Ali, and appear to have existed in Islamism from its very foundation; indeed the expression of the Corán, "I am the Truth" (Hacc), is the first principle of the system. They may be considered as forming the esoteric doctrine of that creed.

Leseprobe

E.H.Palmer

The mysticism of Islam

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Table of contents

PREFACE.

Introduction

PART I. CHAPTER I. OF THE TRAVELLER, THE GOAL, THE STAGES, AND THE ROAD.

CHAPTER II. OF LAW, DOCTRINE AND TRUTH.

CHAPTER III. CONCERNING THE PERFECT MAN, AND THE PERFECTLY FREE MAN.

CHAPTER IV. CONCERNING FELLOWSHIP AND RENUNCIATION.

CHAPTER V. CONCERNING ATTRACTION AND DEVOTION.

CHAPTER VI. CONCERNING COUNSEL.

PART II. CHAPTER I. CONCERNING THE NATURE OF GOD.

CHAPTER II. CONCERNING THE ATTRIBUTES OF GOD.

CHAPTER III. CONCERNING THE WORKS OF GOD, PHYSICALLY CONSIDERED.

CHAPTER IV. CONCERNING THE WORKS OF GOD, METAPHYSICALLY CONSIDERED.

CHAPTER V. OF THE FOUR UNIVERSAL SOURCES 1.

PART III. CHAPTER I. THE SAINTLY AND PROPHETIC OFFICES DEFINED.

PART IV. CHAPTER I. ON THE INFLUENCE OF EARLY PREJUDICE UPON BELIEF.

PART V. THE STUDY OF MAN. CHAPTER I. GROUNDS FOR THE DISCUSSION.

CHAPTER II. OF THE ORIGIN AND ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT OF MAN.

CHAPTER III. OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT OF MAN.

CHAPTER IV. OF THE UPWARD PROGRESS OR ASCENT OF MAN.

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL AND ALLEGORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN USE AMONG THE SÚFÍ POETS.

PREFACE.

THE following work is founded upon a Persian MS. treatise by ’Azíz bin Mohammed Nafasí 1, but I have endeavoured to give a clearer and more succinct account of the system than would have been afforded by a mere translation. The term Súfí is derived from the Arabic word súf "wool," in allusion to the dress adopted by the Dervishes, who are the master and teachers of the sect; the similarity to the Greek σοφὸς appears to be merely accidental. The system of the Sufis consists in endeavouring to reconcile Philosophy with Revealed Religion, and in assigning a mystical and allegorical interpretation to all religious doctrines and precepts. These tenets are found principally among the Shi’ites, or followers of ’Ali, and appear to have existed in Islamism from its very foundation; indeed the expression of the Corán, "I am the Truth" (Hacc), is the first principle of the system. They may be considered as forming the esoteric doctrine of that creed 1. Steering a mid course between the pantheism of India on the one hand and the deism of the Corán on the other, the Sufis’ cult is the religion of beauty, where heavenly perfection is considered under the imperfect type of earthly loveliness. Their principal writers are the lyric poets, whose aim is to elevate mankind to the contemplation of spiritual things, through the medium of their most impressionable feelings. This habit of contemplation, which is so constantly inculcated by them, requiring as it does retirement and seclusion for its due exercise, inclines the followers of the system somewhat towards asceticism, but in countries where luxury is the idol of the many, we may not unnaturally look for a protest against it in the tendencies of the few. My present intention is merely to give an exposition of the system; its origin and history I reserve for a future work, in which I hope to prove that Sufiism is really the development of the Primæval Religion of the Aryan race. The Ahl i wahdat form a branch of Sufiism, rather than a separate sect of Theosophists; they insist upon the Universality and Unity of God. I have translated the title "Unitarian," although I am sensible that misapprehension may arise in consequence of its current application to the professors of a particular form of modern belief. I should have preferred the use of some such term as Monopantachists had I possessed sufficient courage or position to warrant me in coining so formidable an epithet. The term may be generally understood of those Mussulmans, who, though pursuing philosophical enquiry, refuse to subscribe unreservedly to all the metaphysical doctrines of the Súfís. The expression zát i Khudá, "the Nature of God," by which the Persians designate the very essence and being of the Deity, would, perhaps (according to the general use of the word zát in construction with a proper name), be more idiomatically rendered "God Himself;" but as this treatise professes to deal in exactitudes investigated from an Oriental point of view, I have preferred keeping to the original idiom as more definitely expressing the idea. In conclusion, I have only to acknowledge my obligation to Mr C. A. Hope, of St John's College, for his valuable assistance afforded me in preparing this book for the press.

 Footnotes ix:1 The Maksad i Aksá or "Remotest Aim." Vide Hajji Khalfa, ed. Flügel, Vol. VI. p. 90. This work was originally written in Turkish and translated into Persian by Khwárazím Shah. Some fragments of it were edited in Turkish and Latin by A. Müller, Brandenburg, 1663. The copy I have made use of forms part of a volume containing miscellaneous Persian and Turkish treatises on Philosophical and Religious subjects, presented by Adam Bowen to the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. It is marked R. 13. 32. in the Catalogue. x:1 Cf. La Poesie philosophique et religieuse chez les Persans, par M. Garcin de Tassy, p. 3.

Introduction

Thy prayer-mat stain with wine, if so

  The Magian's favour thou canst win,

For travellers in the land should know

  The ways and customs of the inn.

                                    HÁFIZ.

THE verse above quoted, like most Oriental poetic Introduction.writings, is susceptible of a mystical and much higher interpretation than appears from a merely superficial perusal. It is peculiarly illustrative of the allegorical form under which the intellectual life of the Religious Philosopher is treated by the Persians, namely that of a journey, the ultimate object of which is the knowledge of the Infinite Majesty of God; a plan similar to that adopted with reference to the moral life by our own John Bunyan in the Pilgrim's Progress. At the outset of their treatises the term Traveller is applied to the intellectual man only, but the word is afterwards used in a more general sense, just as in Christian writings man is not unfrequently called a Wayfarer; it becomes often identical with Disciple. M. Garcia de Tassy, in a work already referred to in the preface, has very appropriately quoted a verse of St Thomas illustrating this point:

Ecce panis angelorum

Factus cibus viatorum.

To an elucidation of this system, and the technical terms employed therein, the following pages are devoted; but to avoid breaking the continuity of the account, I have endeavoured to present an epitome of the Oriental Mystic Philosophy from the point of view taken by the Mohammedan writers, from whom my information is chiefly derived. I must therefore premise that any dogmatical statements that may occur in the course of the work are not to be considered as enunciations of my own opinion, but as an exposition of the views of those whose system I am attempting to expound.

The first part will contain an explanation of,

1, The terms Traveller, Road, Inns or Stages, and Goal.

2, The words Law, Doctrine, Truth, and the Perfect Man, according to the Oriental definition of them.

3, What is meant by Fellowship, Renunciation, Attraction and Devotion.

The second, the Sufiistic account of,

1, The Nature; 

2, The Attributes;

3, The Works of God; 

4, The Four Universal Sources.

The third, a definition of,

1, The Saintly;

2, The Prophetic Office.

The fourth, a dissertation on the Influence of Early Prejudice upon Belief.

The fifth, the Study of Man.

For the benefit of those who study oriental poetry I have added an Appendix, containing a glossary of allegorical and technical terms in use among the Sufiistic writers.