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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Bridge the gap between the china you know and the real china of today In the last 30 years, China has transformed itself into one of the world's leaders in political, economic and social relations. With Australia a hotspot for Chinese immi-grants, understanding the cultural nuances, both from an Australian and a Chinese perspective, is now more important than ever. Your next hire or business deal could depend on it. Australia is a young country built on immigration and cultural assimilation, and whether they are new immigrants or Australian born, in the workforce or the property market, or in the suburbs or the city, the 'new Chinese' are now an integral part of this culture. Told through the personal story of author Barry Li, The New Chinese reveals: * how to navigate cultural differences between Australia and China * what four generations of Chinese are present in Australia * why political sensitivities should be observed by those doing business with China * how Chinese consumers and investors spend their wealth * what challenges are in store for China's future. The New Chinese is your essential guide to the history, culture, and mindset of Chinese migrants in Australia, and of the new China.
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Seitenzahl: 241
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
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First published in 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 42 McDougall St, Milton Qld 4064
Office also in Melbourne
© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2017
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data:
Creator:
Li, Tian (Barry), author.
Title:
The New Chinese: How they are shaping Australia / Barry Li.
ISBN:
9780730351870 (pbk.) 9780730351887 (ebook) 9780730345336 (custom)
Notes:
Includes index.
Subjects:
Chinese Australians.
Chinese — Australia — History.
Chinese Australians — Cultural assimilation.
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Australian Copyright Act 1968 (for example, a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review), no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above.
Cover design by Kathy Davis/Wiley
Cover images:
The empty China passport (koosen /Shutterstock);
Travel stamps background (Tupungato /Shutterstock)
Internal images:
Travel stamps background (Tupungato /Shutterstock)
Disclaimer
The material in this publication is of the nature of general comment only, and does not represent professional advice. It is not intended to provide specific guidance for particular circumstances and it should not be relied on as the basis for any decision to take action or not take action on any matter which it covers. Readers should obtain professional advice where appropriate, before making any such decision. To the maximum extent permitted by law, the author and publisher disclaim all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any person taking or not taking action based on the information in this publication.
To my father, Yanjiang Li, and my mother, Xiaoyu Gao, who brought me into this world, then showed me the way to live life freely and honestly.
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: THE NEW CHINESE
MY FATHER’S STORY
MY STORY
WHY SHOULD AN AUSTRALIAN READ THIS BOOK?
DEFINING THE NEW CHINESE
CHAPTER 2: FROM THE GOLD RUSH TO THE PROPERTY RUSH
CANTONESE SPEAKERS
MANDARIN SPEAKERS
RICH CHINESE
POOR CHINESE
CHAPTER 3: FOUR GENERATIONS OF CHANGE
THE 80-HOU
THE 90-HOU
CHINESE GEN X
CHINESE BABY BOOMERS
CHAPTER 4: CHINESE-STYLE DEMOCRACY
THE DILEMMAS
HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA
FROM ENTHUSIASM TO REALISM
THE REALITY
CHAPTER 5: WHAT DO THE NEW CHINESE BELIEVE?
FOLK BELIEFS AND SUPERSTITION
THE DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN
SCIENCE MEETS SUPERSTITION
DEALING WITH THE NEW CHINESE
CHAPTER 6: HOW DID CHINA GET SO RICH?
MADE IN CHINA
THE EVOLVING IT INDUSTRY IN CHINA
THE HIDDEN COSTS OF MONETARY WEALTH
THE CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH
CHAPTER 7: THE CHINESE CONSUMER
CHINESE PROPERTY OBSESSION
BUYING FACE — TO FULFIL A PROMISE
AIM FOR THE FUTURE
HOW TO SELL TO THE CHINESE
CHAPTER 8: NEW CHINESE IN THE WORKFORCE
THE NEW CHINESE GRADUATES
THE BAMBOO CEILING
THE ALCOHOL STORY
TIPS FOR WORKING WITH THE NEW CHINESE
CHAPTER 9: THE FUTURE
THE PROMISING BIG PICTURE
THE WORRYING REALITY
CHILDREN OF THE NEW CHINESE
CAUGHT BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND CHINA
AFTERWORD
INDEX
EULA
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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about the author
Barry Li was born in China a few years after the end of the Cultural Revolution, living 22 years in Qitaihe, Suzhou and later Beijing before deciding to complete his higher education studies in Australia. After graduation and a few years’ work in Australia, in 2010 he returned with his wife, Zhen, to China, to find a country transformed by an economic boom that showed no sign of slowing. Finding no place for themselves in the new China, the following year they returned to Australia to create a permanent home in Sydney.
Barry has a bachelor’s degree in Economics from the University of International Business and Economics (UIBE), Beijing, and a Master of Commerce degree from Macquarie University in Australia. He is currently pursuing further studies at the University of New South Wales.
Besides being a Certified Practising Accountant and auditor, he is a long-term volunteer for CPA Australia and currently chairs the CPA NSW Young Professionals Committee. He and Zhen have two young sons.
acknowledgements
I’d like to sincerely thank the following people who made this book possible.
First, my mentor, Glenda Korporaal, who was kind enough to coach me over several months on writing a book in English. Christine Brooks and Samantha Berry, from the University of New South Wales, found me my amazing mentor. Jan Stewart, from Hub Australia, and successful author Gabrielle Dolan, from Thought Leaders Global, introduced me to Wiley, the publisher of my dreams. I can’t thank them enough for helping me so generously and selflessly.
Wiley staff members Lucy Raymond, Clare Dowdell, Chris Shorten and Ingrid Bond worked hard in the background to turn my manuscript into a real book. I feel they devoted so much energy to this book not because it will become the next bestseller, but because they value cultural diversity and respect the story of an ordinary migrant like me. I greatly appreciate that generosity. I’m even more grateful to my editor, Jem Bates, who worked so hard to correct my poor grammar and wording, but always gave me recognition and encouragement.
Writing this book turned out to be like running a marathon with no previous training. Without the tremendous support of my boss at Audit Office of New South Wales, Renee Meimaroglou, the journey simply wouldn’t have begun. When I showed a draft of the first chapter to my friend Sissi Qian, her comments (including words like ‘fabulous’ and ‘classic’!) inspired me to continue the journey. Once I had a complete draft, the challenge of finding a publisher again weighed me down, until Ann Persky from CPA Australia, who has managed the CPA library for decades, looked it over and declared she found it very interesting. I simply would not have finished the journey without all this encouragement.
My idea of writing a book about the new China and the new Chinese people was born from reading Mao’s Last Dancer by Cunxin Li, who has told a great story of his own incredible journey and who vividly depicted communist China prior to Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up policy. I refer in the book to other individuals who have inspired me, whether they be people around me, such as Jane Lu of Showpo, or public figures I have never met in person, such as Australia’s former prime minister Kevin Rudd; Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba; and famous Chinese journalist Chai Jing. Thank you all for enriching my life and my book.
Lastly, my lovely wife, Zhen, and my wonderful children, Nathan and Alexander. You have all made sacrifices so I could carve out the time to write this book. I’m here to give back to you for the rest of my life.
foreword
by glenda korporaal
The rise of modern China, with the opening up of its economy, has been one of the most important developments in our lifetime. In a few short decades, China has become the second largest economy in the world. This has had a major impact on the rest of the world and seen a refocus of political, economic and social relations with Asia.
China has played a key role in Australia’s own economic fortunes, becoming its largest trading partner and a major investor. But an equally important influence in recent times has been the arrival of thousands of young Chinese from mainland China to study in Australia and then to seek their future here.
Hardworking, law-abiding and aspirational, these young, educated ‘new Chinese’ — many from one-child families whose parents have experienced extreme hardship — have been part of the latest wave of migrants to Australia. Studying, working and now buying their first homes, they are quietly putting down roots in Australia and becoming part of our society.
Australia has a rich history of absorbing people from all around the world, including my own Dutch father and English grandfather. But language and cultural differences, and the sheer adaptability of the ‘new Chinese’, have meant that few Australians have sought to understand the history, motivations and dreams of this latest generation of migrants.
While much has been written about Australia’s growing relationship with China, Li and his generation of migrants provide an important personal bridge to modern China that has yet to be fully recognised. They are shaping Australia as students, employees, consumers and friends. Many of them have made Australia their home and are now contributing significantly to our society, yet few Australians understand the long journey that has brought them here.
With honesty, clarity and a passion for his new homeland, Barry Li has sought to tell his story and explain the forces behind his generation, and especially those who have chosen to come here.
As he has carved out a new life for himself and his young family, Li has developed a strong affection for Australia. Viewing China through the eyes of an ‘ordinary’ new Australian, he is also astonished at the impact of the rapid economic and social changes that have been going on in his homeland in recent years. In this book he seeks to explain some of these tectonic changes, how they have affected his generation of young Chinese and what it all means for Australia.
Written from his own ‘grassroots’ perspective, Li’s story and his observations and thoughts provide valuable insights into an important and exciting force for change in Australia. The ‘new Chinese’ are changing the world. Li’s book is an important window into how they are changing Australia.
Glenda Korporaal
Associate Editor — BusinessThe Australian
January 2017
introduction
This is a true story. It is a story about me, a very ordinary Chinese man. I was never physically tortured or persecuted by the ‘evil communist regime’, but still I had to ‘escape’ from China for a better life. It also tells the story of what has happened inside China since the Cultural Revolution, especially during the past 30 years when it has grown from one of the poorest developing countries to the world’s second largest economy. Finally, it tells the story of how a new-generation Chinese migrant finds his place in Australian society and works towards his Australian dream.
Let me begin with a few special moments in my life. In September 2011 my wife Zhen and I landed at Sydney’s Kingsford Smith Airport after our ‘exodus’ from China. All we had with us that day were two suitcases of clothes — and a six-months-pregnant belly. We had nowhere to live, no relatives, no jobs and not much in savings. No one came to the airport to welcome us. We rented a small car from Budget and bought two mobile phone numbers with the cheapest plan from Vodafone. Then we drove to the Ibis Budget Hotel, where I had booked us a room online.
After dinner at McDonald’s Zhen was quite tired. She had vomited many times during the 11-hour red-eye flight. I knew she had no appetite but was forcing herself to eat for the sake of the baby growing inside her. When I put our dirty clothes in the coin-operated washing machine in the laundry and returned to our small room, she was already asleep in the not-so-comfortable bed. She had to sleep on her side because her belly was so big. Looking at her back, I almost started to cry. I felt so bad that I had put her through this journey, and the worst part was I had no idea where I was heading. But I had no time to cry. I wiped my eyes and turned on my laptop. I needed to find somewhere for us to live, some place we could afford, yet I had no idea if anyone would even rent to a jobless couple like us.
One week later we bought a 12-year-old car and moved into a small apartment in Westmead. In a day I had assembled all the furniture from IKEA, including a baby cot and a nappy-change table. I was exhausted, but I felt overwhelmingly relieved that we finally had a place for the baby if it decided to come early. I could also cook nutritious and healthy homemade meals for Zhen. Most importantly, we were no longer homeless. When everything was assembled I was ready to drop. I fell asleep almost instantly.
The next day Zhen had her first check-up at the Westmead hospital. The baby was fine. I had yet to find a job, but Zhen didn’t seem too worried. She had strong faith in me, or maybe she just didn’t want to show her anxiety and put extra pressure on me. I told her if I couldn’t find a job in accounting, I would take on any work to make sure she and the baby had everything they needed. I even started to apply for cleaning jobs advertised in the local newspaper.
I didn’t find a job in accounting — it wasn’t long after the global financial crisis, and very few businesses were hiring — but I found a commission-based sales job. It didn’t offer much job security, but I finally started making money again. Zhen was so happy. After paying the rent and basic living expenses, we spent what was left on baby clothes, nappies and a pram.
One early December night Zhen’s contractions started. I was so excited. We rushed to the hospital, and our 48-hour battle began. I could never truly feel her pain, but after a day of her screaming, I could see Zhen was exhausted. I too felt drained. When the doctor told me the baby was not going to come out naturally, that they needed to perform a caesarean section and there was a chance she could die, I almost collapsed. Zhen was in great pain and clutched my hands tightly. I was afraid I might lose her that night.
My son was born at midnight. In the operating theatre, when I held him for the first time, I finally started to cry. I just could not hold it in anymore. He was so small, so precious, so ugly and yet so beautiful. Zhen had lost a litre of blood during the birth, but she was okay. I felt blessed. Besides my son, a new man was born that night — me. For the first time in my life, I understood what it felt like to be a man and a father.
In the morning I sent a text message to my parents in Beijing, telling them their first grandson had been born and everyone was well. Although they were happy with the news, I knew they had still not forgiven me for leaving China as I had. I didn’t care, because now I was a father too, and I knew I was doing the right thing for my wife and child. With or without my parents’ blessings, I would ensure my son had the best life possible.
The next morning I received a phone call from an HR agent, who had a job offer for me. It was a full-time telemarketing role with an IT company. She wasn’t at all sure I would be interested as it was just a 12-month contract and paid only $50 000. I said yes, definitely yes! I was so happy to secure 12 months’ income for my new family. It was definitely the most exciting job offer I had ever received.
Three months later Zhen found a contract job near home. We were lucky that her mother came from China to help look after our boy. Zhen went to work in the morning, came home at lunchtime to breastfeed, then went back to work again in the afternoon. With her income we started saving, because we hoped one day to buy our own property.
Six months later still my parents came to Australia to meet their grandson for the first time. I could see they loved him, although they were still very disappointed in me for deserting China and then taking on some ‘embarrassing’ cold-calling sales job when they had spent so much on my professional education in accounting.
When I completed the telemarketing contract, the company asked me to stay on in sales, but I knew it was time to move back into accounting, a career that offered me a better future given my educational background. After a long search I finally found an entry-level auditor job with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), the world’s largest accounting firm. It was a dream job for any accounting graduate. I was some 10 years older than my peers, who had just graduated from university, but I knew it was never too late to start something great.
Another year passed and Zhen found a better job. We finally had enough savings to put down a deposit on our first home. It was a very old unit (older than we were ourselves) in the northern suburbs of Sydney, but we felt so happy when we moved into the first home we had owned. A few months after we moved, Zhen was pregnant again. About the time my second child was born, I was promoted at work.
Last year I moved to Audit Office of New South Wales as an experienced financial auditor. Zhen landed a job as a financial analyst. We finally had the jobs and the life every new migrant dreamed of. When we returned to Beijing with two lovely children over Christmas, although they did not say as much, I knew my parents had finally accepted that I had made the right decision in leaving China five years ago.
So why did I have to escape from China in the first place? To answer that question, I need to fill in some of the background to my own story, which is my aim in this book.
In chapter 1, I introduce some more stories of the new Chinese, in particular from my own life and that of my father, whose life journey had a significant impact on my own, and explain what I mean when I talk about the ‘new Chinese’. In chapter 2, I define the different generations of Chinese migrants who have arrived in Australia since the nineteenth century. In chapter 3, I describe the four generations of Chinese since the establishment of Communist China and introduce more real stories of life since the end of the Cultural Revolution, when China was transformed from a poor and politically rigid country to what it is today. In chapter 4, I try to draw an outline of politics in China — without getting my book banned in my home country. In chapter 5, I talk about traditional Chinese culture and how it continues to shape the mindset of the Chinese today.
In the second half of the book, I touch on some more practical issues relating to the new Chinese. In chapter 6, I look at how the Chinese came to be so rich in just a few decades, and in chapter 7 I discuss how the Chinese spend their money and also offer some pointers on how to sell to the Chinese. In chapter 8, I talk about the Chinese working in Australia and illustrate how different life would have been for them had they been working in China. Here I talk about why I felt I had to ‘escape’ from China when I did. In the final chapter I offer my views on China’s future.
I hope you enjoy reading my story and the story of the new China.
chapter 1the new chinese
my father’s story
In the autumn of 1976, Chairman Mao Zedong passed away. Shortly afterwards the notorious Cultural Revolution, which had ravaged China for a decade, finally ended. Along with the massive damage to the country’s economic and social systems, the country’s education system was in a shambles. No one went to a real university during that 10-year period because a vast number of university scholars and lecturers were humiliated, persecuted or even killed by the mob. The re-established central government had many competing priorities, but education, a great Chinese tradition that had survived the 10 years of catastrophe, was near the top of the list.
In late 1977, China officially restored its National Higher Education Entrance Examination (Gaokao, equivalent to the HSC in Australia). According to historical data, after the initial screening, about 5.7 million persons took the admission exam, but only 272 971, about 4.8 per cent, were admitted to universities in 1978.
My father was born in 1957 and grew up in a small county called Boli, in the city of Qitaihe in northeast China. He was among the lucky 272 971 intake of new university students. Leaving his hometown, and with great hopes for the future, he went to the country’s just-restored engineering school to study coalmine engineering. Four years later, in 1982, he graduated with a bachelor’s degree in engineering. In the same year, he married my mother and I was born in Qitaihe.
I am going to say a little more about the city of Qitaihe, to give you a better picture of my hometown. It is a very small city in the province of Heilongjiang with a population of just over 900 000 (based on the 2010 census). In case you don’t already know, any city with a population of less than one million people is considered small and insignificant in China. My hometown is almost never mentioned on national news, except when a major mining accident occurs and many people are killed. Even then it is soon forgotten again.
For a long time the city had depended solely on coalmining. My father had worked in a coalmine since he was a teenager, so studying coalmine engineering just made sense. While the admission exam was tough, as the four years’ study must have been, ‘looking for a job’ was not a challenge in China back then. When he graduated and returned to Qitaihe, he was the first person in 10 years to have been to university. So he immediately got his ideal job — a highly valued and respected position as a mining engineer in the city’s Mining Bureau. At the same time he married his high-school sweetheart — my mother. So he had a really great start in life and his career.
As young people my parents worked extremely hard. They weren’t alone in this — the whole country worked hard. When the 10 years of craziness finally ended, people were thrilled by Deng Xiaoping’s ‘reforms and opening up’ program. Although politics remained a sensitive topic, for the first time since 1949 ordinary people no longer had to worry that their property or even their lives could be taken away based on unpredictable, unaccountable policies and political zealotry. They could now focus on rebuilding their lives through hard work. And they were allowed to own ‘more than average’ and accumulate personal wealth (a life-threatening risk during the Cultural Revolution). This was a huge change from the distorted ‘communist’ system and planned economy, which had made everyone’s life equally poor and hopeless.
But back to my father’s story. While he and my mother had both worked extremely hard, they had absolutely no time for me. I spent my entire childhood with relatives far from home. I was not alone in this. My parents’ generation dedicated themselves to making a good living, which didn’t leave much time for bringing up kids. This focus gained official support in 1979, when the one-child policy was enforced at the national level.
So my parents could not have had another child even if they had wanted to. They would risk losing their jobs and all their possessions for breaking this law. But, honestly, they probably did not want another child anyway. The country was poor — everyone was poor. The only thing on people’s minds then was to grow enough food and to earn enough to escape poverty. Having more kids could only slow them down. Hard work was everything — that was the theme of the era.
All this meant that now, as they turn 60, my parents face numerous health problems. My father’s years in deep coalmines left him with serious knee damage, forcing him to undergo knee replacement surgery not long ago.
Ironically, once we had enough food, overconsumption of high-calorie food became a new social challenge. When my father was young, there was no such thing as a gym in China. Doing physical exercise routines, even outdoors, would have seemed like an excessive waste of time and money. And people were not conscious of the need to eat healthily and keep fit. Evenings would often be taken up with work-based social engagements with colleagues, clients, suppliers and strategic partners (such as government officials), usually involving a high level of alcohol consumption. My father never drank much, but for many of his generation and after, long-term overconsumption of alcohol has caused many health problems.
I won’t say much about smoking and the Chinese cigarette industry, because my father never smoked. But I’ll just point out that, for many complex reasons, smoking in public areas, even indoor areas, is still allowed and indeed common in China. You can imagine the health problems the cigarette industry has caused in China over the past 30 years.
Byproducts of rapid economic growth and ballooning energy consumption, air pollution and water contamination are huge problems that will take another 30 years to fix. It is likely that these environmental problems will shorten the lives of many in my parents’ generation by at least a few years. All these health threats have helped fuel China’s current demand for Australian health products and medical services. An Australian company that bottled and sold fresh air to China made the news last year. And that was not at all funny.
my story
Because of the hard work of my parents’ generation, my generation of Chinese, especially those living in the cities and on the east coast, never had to worry about food. My father’s generation faced the challenge of malnutrition when they were young; in contrast, my generation faces the problem of childhood obesity.
I was 10 months old when I left my parents to live with relatives. I grew up with A-po, my mother’s aunt, in the city of Suzhou (population 10 million plus), near Shanghai in eastern China and about 2600 killometres away from Qitaihe. I know it is hard for an Australian to comprehend, but the difference between Qitaihe and Suzhou was massive. Not just the population size or weather or dialect, but everything
