The Perrin Technique 2nd edition E-Book

Raymond Perrin

• Herausgeber: Hammersmith Health Books
• Kategorie: Ratgeber
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

Are you suffering from ME/CFS and/or fibromyalgia? Are you caring for someone with these conditions? Is someone close to you a sufferer? Almost certainly it will have taken your doctor some time to arrive at the diagnosis of CFS/ME and once there you may have been offered little more than 'graded exercise' and antidepressants to help with the condition. In the interim you may have tried many alternative approaches including changes in diet and lifestyle and a complex cocktail of dietary supplements. These may have helped but if the root cause is poor/blocked lymphatic drainage from the brain and this is left untreated you are unlikely to recover your full health. After many years of careful study and research, supported by recent published articles and coupled with practical hands-on experience, Dr Raymond Perrin has arrived at the firm conclusion that ME/CFS is a structural disorder with definite diagnosable physical signs. He has developed the Perrin Technique to stimulate lymphatic drainage from the brain and spinal cord and restore the health of the sympathetic nervous system - the secret of setting you on the path to recovery. In this second, greatly expanded edition of The Perrin Technique: fibromyalgia syndrome is also included; much new scientific evidence to support the theories hypothesised in the first edition is explained; new illustrative case histories show how individuals have become ill and responded to treatment; there is a more comprehensive guide to the manual treatment of CFS/ME and FMS; a comprehensive glossary and A-Z of CFS/ME symptoms puts the full syndrome in the context of blocked lymphatic drainage. The Perrin Technique 2nd edition gives you the chance to take charge of your own structural health with a sound scientific research base to support the fundamental importance of the relationship between the nervous and lymphatic systems.

Leseprobe

Dedication

This second edition of my book is dedicated to:

All the severe ME/CFS and fibromyalgia patients around the world who are suffering from these cruel conditions, unable to read this book, listen to any music, enjoy the company of friends, eat normal food, watch a film on TV, have a decent night’s sleep, and who are, or have been, stuck in bed often in a darkened, silent room existing day after day, month after month and year after year in pain and with dozens of severe physical and cognitive symptoms…

Linda, Jacques, Bliss, Elizabeth, Dave, Beverley, Tatiana, Freya, Joanna, Jean and her three brave sons Felix, Francis and Fabian, and all the 25% group plus the #MillionsMissing worldwide network

… this is for you!

Contents

List of illustrations

Acknowledgements

About the author

Poem: Invisible symptoms by Dr Lisa Riste

Foreword by Dr Adrian Heald

Letter from the Author

Introduction

Case: Jen’s story

Chapter 1: The basics: How the Perrin Technique works

Case: Olivia’s story

Case: Mr E

The Perrin Technique: the facts

Fact 1: Fluid flow

Fact 2: Getting the toxins out

Fact 3: The pumping mechanism

Fact 4: The sympathetic nervous system

Fact 5: Biofeedback

Fact 6: What goes wrong

Fact 7: Build-up of toxins

Conclusion

Chapter 2: ME/CFS: What it is

Case: Heather’s story

Blackout

Brain fog

ME/CFS: ‘The Black Hole of medicine’

The naming of the disease

Defining ME/CFS

The history of ME/CFS

The nineteenth century

The twentieth century

The twenty-first century

The patient profile

Case: Miss D

Case: Miss P

The cost of ME/CFS

Research into ME/CFS

Fibromyalgia

Case: Bev’s story

Chapter 3: The role of the sympathetic nervous system in disease

Case: Penny’s story

The autonomic nervous system

Neurotransmitters

Brainwaves

The sympathetic nervous system

The role of the ephapses

Fibromyalgia vs ME/CFS

How the sympathetic nervous system responds to stimuli

The parasympathetic nervous system

The differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Pain, numbness and muscle spasm in ME/CFS

Case: Mr G

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

Genetics research

How viruses affect nerves

Pre-viral or post-viral?

Chapter 4: The causes of ME/CFS

Case: Jeff’s story

Immunological disorder

Humoral immunity

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

The inflammatory response

Inflammation and the gut

The link between ME/CFS and other diseases

The viral trigger

Hormonal imbalance

Depression

Allergy and sensitivity

Oxidative stress

Hyperventilation syndrome

Chapter 5: Treatments for ME/CFS and FMS other than the Perrin Technique

Case: Gail’s story

Diet

Elimination and avoidance diets

Anti-candida diets

Dietary advice for ME/CFS

Supplements

Vitamin and mineral supplements

Supplements and the mitochondria

Magnesium supplementation

Chelation (the detoxification of heavy metals)

Vitamin B12

Iodine

Increased salt intake

Essential fatty acids

Guaifenesin

Immunological therapies

Apheresis, plasmapheresis (TPE) and immunoadsorption

Low-dose naltrexone

Adaptogens

Exercise

GET (graded exercise therapy)

Pacing

Far infrared (FIR) saunas

Antidepressants

Talking therapies

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)

The Lightning process (LP)

The Gupta programme

Dr Sarno’s approach

Hypnosis

Wellbeing therapy

Tapping/emotional freedom technique (EFT)

EMDR therapy (EMT)

Mindfulness

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Acupuncture

Myofascial trigger-point dry-needling

Ozone therapy

Alexander technique

Neural therapy

Electrotherapy

The Rife machine

Earthing

Colonic irrigation (colonic hydrotherapy)

The magic bullet?

Case: Mr J

Chapter 6: Defining fatigue

Case: Keith’s story

What happens in fatigue?

Fatigue in ME/CFS

Neuro-inflammation

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

Other neurochemical changes in ME/CFS

Fatigue due to comorbidity

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

Joint hypermobility/Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)

Cranio-cervical instability (CCI)

Case: Miss L

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)

Lyme disease

Parasitic infections

Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)

PANS/PANDAS

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS)

Chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS)

Hyperventilation syndrome

Dry eye syndrome (DES)

Other common causes of fatigue

Anaemia

Heart conditions

Lung disorders

Bowel and kidney disorders

Glandular fever

Addison’s disease

Other hormonal disorders

Endometriosis

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Myasthenia gravis

Gilbert’s syndrome

Chronic infections

Sleep disorders

Neuromuscular disorders

Tumours

Post-chemotherapy syndrome

Breast cancer and ME/CFS and FMS

Functional neurological disorder (FND)

Multiple chemical sensitivity, sick building syndrome and aerotoxic syndrome

Auto-immune diseases

More than one disease

Chapter 7: The significance of toxins in ME/CFS

Case: Cathy’s story

Pollutants

Air pollutants (indoor and outdoor)

Food contaminants and additives

Medical/healthcare contaminants

Chemicals used in the home

Mobile phone contamination

Environmental accidents and wars

Effects of neurotoxins

Diet and toxicity

Predisposition to toxicity

Case: Mr A

Chapter 8: The stages leading to ME/CFS and FMS

Case: Nicola’s story

The clinical trials 1994 – 2005

Conclusions of the research

The downward spiral

The physical signs of ME/CFS

Postural/structural dysfunction of the thoracic spine

Varicose lymphatics and Perrin’s Point

Tenderness at the solar plexus

Disturbance in the cranio-sacral rhythm

The two minor physical signs

The NHS diagnostic study 2015 – 2016

Scoring the patient

Chapter 9: Osteopathy

Case: Sue’s story

Osteopathic treatment

History and principles of osteopathy

How osteopathy helps

Drainage of toxins

Chapter 10: Treating the patient

Case: Jade’s story

Reducing inflammation

Perrin Technique protocol for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)

Post-traumatic FMS

Stages of treatment: The 10 steps of the Perrin Technique

Lubrication for effleurage

Stage 1: Effleurage to aid drainage in the breast tissue lymphatics

Stage 2: Effleurage to aid drainage in the cervical lymphatic vessels

Stage 3: Gentle articulation of the thoracic region and soft tissue techniques with upward effleurage

Stage 4: Effleurage to aid drainage in the cervical lymphatic vessels

Stage 5: Soft tissue massage to relax muscles and encourage lymph drainage of the cervicothoracic region

Stage 6: Further cervical effleurage towards the subclavian region

Stage 7: Functional and inhibition techniques to the suboccipital region

Stage 8: Further cervical effleurage towards the subclavian region

Stage 9: Stimulation of the cranio-sacral rhythm by cranial and sacral techniques

Stage 10: Final cervical effleurage towards the subclavian region

After treatment

Additional techniques

High velocity-low amplitude manipulation (‘clicketypops’)

Diaphragm release

Functional techniques on the sacrum and the pelvic and lower lumbar spine

Self-help advice

Dorsal rotation and shrugging exercises

Cross-crawl

Strengthening exercises for hypermobile spinal joints

Home-massage routine

Returning to good health

Diet and nutrition

Supplements

Getting worse before getting better

For colds and flu

Frequency of treatment

The Perrin-Juhl ME/CFS scoring system

Patient compliance

Annual check-up

ME/CFS in children

Pacing children

Our son, Max

It will get better

Chapter 11: ME/CFS and FMS: your questions answered

Case: Mike’s story

What are the causes of ME/CFS and FMS?

Is fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) a different disease to ME/CFS?

Which type of people suffer from these diseases?

What does the Perrin Technique treatment involve?

What responses to treatment should I expect?

How quickly will I recover?

How often should I receive the treatment?

What are the dos and don’ts for patients with ME/CFS and FMS?

How much exercise and activity can I do?

What hobbies can I do safely?

Is technology safe to use?

When can I return to work?

Are there any dos and don’ts on commuting?

If I am improving can I go on holiday?

Is it safe to get pregnant with ME/CFS or FMS?

If I require surgery, what precautions are needed?

How important are environmental factors?

Can the Perrin Technique help with other conditions?

Once I have recovered, can the illness recur?

Can ME/CFS and FMS be prevented?

Case: Lorna’s story

Case: Noel’s story

Appendices

ME/CFS and FMS: the ABC of symptoms

Common pathological and radiological tests

Glossary

The Perrin Questionnaire for chronic fatigue syndrome/ME (PQ-CFS)

Useful names and addresses

Further reading

References

Index

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Fig. 1

Flow of cerebrospinal fluid and the position of the hypothalamus

Fig. 2

The thoracic duct (the central lymphatic drainage system into the blood)

Fig. 3

Long-term build-up of internal and external stress

Fig. 4

Superior view of the cribriform plate with observed perforations

Fig. 5

Hyperintensity (marked by white arrow) in the parahippocampal gyrus

Fig. 6

Restricted drainage of toxins from the central nervous system

Fig. 7

The downward spiral into ME/CFS

Chapter 2

Fig. 8

Dr Andrew Taylor Still (founder of osteopathy) 39 (1828 – 1917)

Fig. 9

Dr Jacob Mendes Da Costa (1833 – 1900)

Fig. 10

The main feature of fibromyalgia is pain in the four quadrants of the body

Fig. 11

New clinical fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria – Part 1

Chapter 3

Fig. 12

Ephapses: cross fibre stimulation of parallel nerves

Chapter 4

Fig. 13

The natural gaps in the blood–brain barrier (BBB)

Chapter 5

Fig. 14

The impact of neurotoxins on the hypothalamus

Chapter 6

Fig. 15(a)

Miss L: MRI image showing spinal defect

Fig. 15(b)

Miss L: upper cervical defect

Fig. 16

A bull’s eye rash (see colour plate 1)

Chapter 8

Fig. 17

Magnetic resonance image of lymphatics (shown in green in colour plate 2) in a 47-year-old woman

Fig. 18

The observed physical signs of ME/CFS

Fig. 19

Comparative photographs showing a flattened mid-thoracic spine

Fig. 20

Abnormal flare response following stroking

(a) after about 20 seconds following rub of fingers;

(b) around 20 seconds later; (c) around a minute after initial strokes showing even more flaring (see colour plate 3)

Fig. 21

Examining a male patient for ‘Perrin’s Point’. Gentle pressure at a point slightly superior and lateral to the left nipple, ‘Perrin’s Point’(X). The amount of sensitivity at this point appears to correspond to the severity of lymphatic engorgement in the breast tissue and also seems to mirror the gravity of the other symptoms

Fig. 22

Schematic illustration showing normal flow within a healthy lymphatic vessel. The valves in this healthy vessel are intact, preventing any backflow, thus maintaining a healthy, unidirectional drainage (note the smooth muscular wall of the lymphangion regulated by sympathetic nerves)

Fig. 23

The development of varicose megalolymphatics.

(a) The normal lymph flow before the illness

(b) Reversal of the central lymphatic pump forces the colourless lymph fluid back, damaging the valves that separate the adjacent collecting vessels (lymphangia)

(c) The lymphangia expand due to the pressure and volume of the backward flowing lymph. This leads to the large beaded vessels (varicose mega-lymphatics) palpated just beneath the skin in the chest of ME/CFS and FMS patients

Fig. 24

Right subclavicular varicose lymphatics, lacking the bluish hue of varicose veins, in a patient with ME/CFS (see colour plate 4)

Fig. 25

William Garner Sutherland, DO – founder of cranial osteopathy (1873 – 1954)

Chapter 9

Fig. 26

Postcard from Sue Henry, Darwen Tower, Lancashire, UK

Fig. 27

Sue Henry having reached Darwen Tower for the first time in five years

Chapter 10

Fig. 28

Jade at home before starting the Perrin Technique, desperately ill, housebound for many years, wheelchair bound for two years, being cared for by her devoted mother, Barbara Hodgkinson

Fig. 29(a)

Jade well enough after 18 months of treatment to climb with her parents Barbara and Andrew, and myself, plus a group of friends (not pictured) to the top of the highest mountain in England, Scarfell Pike, to raise funds for my research

Fig. 29(b)

Former severe ME/CFS patients Jade Benson and Jen Turner at Jade’s wedding.

Fig. 30

Effleurage down neck and up chest to clavicle

Fig. 31

A concertina

Fig. 32

The concertina effect

Fig. 33

Combined articulation, soft tissue stretches and paraspinal effleurage

Fig. 34

Longitudinal and cross fibre stretching of lower neck and shoulders (trapezii and levator scapulae muscles)

Fig. 35

Functional technique to the suboccipital region

Fig. 36

Cranial treatment

Fig. 37

A blacksmith’s bellows

Fig. 38

Sacral treatment

Fig. 39

Combined leverage and thrust of mid-thoracic vertebrae

Fig. 40

Combined leverage and thrust on the upper lumbar spine

Fig. 41

Gentle combined leverage and thrust on the lower cervical spine

Fig. 42

Upper thoracic rotation exercise

Fig. 43

Mid-thoracic rotation exercise

Fig. 44

Lower thoracic rotation exercise

Fig. 45

Shoulder rolling exercise

Fig. 46

Cervical isometrics

(a) Attempting to bend head forward, prevented by gentle backwards pressure of hands.

(b) Attempting to bend head back, prevented by gentle forward pressure of hands.

(c) Attempting to bend head to the left, prevented by gentle counter-pressure of left hand.

(d) Attempting to bend head to the right, prevented by gentle counter-pressure of right hand.

(e) Attempting to tuck in chin, prevented by gentle forward counter-pressure by thumbs.

(f) Attempting to push chin forward, prevented by gentle backwards counter-pressure of fingers.

Fig. 47

Nasal release

Fig. 48

Facial self-massage

Fig. 49

Self-massage to head

Fig. 50

Self-massage to front of neck

Fig. 51

Self-massage of the breast

Fig. 52

Head rest exercise

Fig. 53

An ME/CFS patient and her daily medication

Fig. 54

The same patient after receiving the Perrin Technique and reducing her supplements and medication intake

Fig. 55

Letter from a child

Chapter 11

Fig. 56

These parents and grandparents in Stockholm know the meaning of ‘chillax’ with these rocking chairs and automated fans controlled by the children!

Fig. 57

Adapted back sculling technique

Acknowledgements

Gratitude is not only the greatest of virtues, but the parent of all others.

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BC – 43 BC)

Throughout the last three decades there have been many people to whom I owe an enormous debt of gratitude; first in enabling me to finish my thesis in July 2005, and subsequently the first edition of The Perrin Technique in 2007, and now this second edition 14 years later.

I would like to pay tribute to the benefactors, scientists, colleagues, patients, family members, staff and friends who have all played a pivotal role in my years involved with ME/CFS and fibromyalgia research.

Firstly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to The David and Frederick Barclay Foundation (now The Barclay Foundation) for providing the funds for my earlier research. Since the establishment of the Fund for Osteopathic Research into ME (FORME) in February1995 there have been some exceptional members of the public who have served as trustees of FORME. I thank them all, especially co-founders Riaz Bowmer and Ruth Behrend, as well as past chairpersons Darren Mercer, Chris March, Kelvin Heywood, Steve Briggs, Ian Trotter and Tina Rushton. My special thanks go to the present chair Bev McDonald and her daughter Liv and the rest of the committee, Peter Gittings, Barry Geden, Laurent Heib and Nigel Brockwell, plus the continued support from Gill and Andrew Finch and all the Hodgkinson family.

Let me extend my thanks, too, to my first ME/CFS success, Pete, who in 1989 insisted that I begin this long road of research, and to my many patients who, over the past 30 years have contributed advice, encouragement and research funds. I remember the late Dr C Royde, a Manchester general practitioner, who, in the early days of my research, gave me encouragement and advice from an orthodox medical perspective and checked my earliest work. Thanks also to Dr Anne Macintyre and to Dr Andrew Wright for their invaluable information and inspiration in my earlier work.

Many thanks to Professor Jack Edwards, who initially took me under his wing in my early years at Salford University’s Department of Orthopaedic Mechanics, for his patience, guidance and for his meticulous checking of my thesis. Thanks, too, to health psychologist Dr Pat Hartley, joint supervisor with Professor Edwards, for her guidance.

My main supervisor during the doctoral research, neurotoxicologist Dr Vic Pentreath, was a source of immense support and, without his cajoling, positive advice and cheerful disposition, I may never have persevered.

Let me thank Professors Alan Jackson and Jim Richards, who have both imparted a mere fraction of their practical skills and immense knowledge in neuroradiology and biomechanics respectively, which are incalculably useful. Merci beaucoup to my friend and colleague across ‘the Pond’, osteopathic physician Dr Bruno Chikly, for his incredible insight and knowledge of the lymphatic system.

Thanks to my fellow research collaborators who, together with Professor Richards, helped with the diagnostic study; namely Lucy Hives, Alice Bradley, Dr Bhaskar Basu, Dr Annice Mukherjee and Dr Tarek Gaber, Dr Chris Sutton, Professor James Selfe, Kerry Maguire and Gail Sumner, and my new research team led by Dr Adrian Heald of Salford Royal Hospital and The University of Manchester’s Dr Lisa Riste. Thanks also to Adrian for his kind words in the forward and to Lisa for the beautiful poem which appears in the front of this book.

Thanks to all the contributing patients who have shared their stories and all the Perrin Technique practitioners’ worldwide who have faithfully plied their trade and directed their patients to the right path in their journey of recovery. Thanks also to patient advocates and campaigners, Cathy Vandome, Emma Franklin, and Faye Chown for their social network campaigns around the UK and across the world.

I am also very grateful to the following:

My colleagues Sophie, Ian, Gail, Elisa, Collette, Sylveen, Rakhee, Mark, Lucy and Antionette at my London and Manchester clinics for helping with all my patients over the years.

Dr Margareta Griesz-Brisson, the most amazing neurologist whom I have had the honour to work with in Harley Street, London, for her encouragement and insight.

My practice manager Elaine Coleman, for her superb clerical and organisational skills plus the wonderful pastoral care she excels in when dealing with all the patients that contact and visit my clinic.

Melissa, for modelling her healthy spine and my patients-turned-models for the photographs in this book.

My father, Bernard Perrin, and my father-in-law, Colin Fretwell, for their proofreading skills. My nephew, Simon Klein, for his computer skills in my initial work.

Thanks go to my publisher Georgina Bentliff whose continued encouragement and patience over the past few years have helped me complete this edition. Also to my editor, Carolyn White, plus the editor of the first edition, Anne Charlish, and all the staff at Hammersmith Health Books for helping to bring my work to a much wider audience.

My sons Jonny, Max and Josh all deserve a mention as they still have to manage with a dad who is often too engrossed in his work to be of much use. Last, but never least, I must pay tribute to my wife Julie who is a true jewel. Through her own long battle with ME/CFS, Julie has empathised with my patients and patiently supported my work week by week, year by year and continues to do so as I spend much of my time in clinic or at research meetings spreading the word across the medical and scientific world.

About the author

Raymond N PerrinDO PhD is a Registered Osteopath and Neuroscientist specialising in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. His present academic posts include Honorary Clinical Research Fellow at the School of Health Sciences in the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health at the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK and Honorary Senior Lecturer in the Allied Health Professions Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK. He is also Research Director of the FORME Trust and Founder and Clinical Director of the Perrin Clinic™ Treating a patient for back pain in 1989 led him to the concept that there was a structural basis to ME/CFS. He has spent over 30 years conducting clinical trials, researching the medical facts and sifting the scientific evidence while successfully treating an increasing number of ME/CFS and fibromyalgia sufferers and teaching fellow osteopaths, chiropractors and physiotherapists the fundamentals of the Perrin Technique.

For his service to osteopathy, Dr Perrin was appointed a vice-patron of the University College of Osteopathy (formerly the BSO) and was the winner of the inaugural Research and Practice Award from the Institute of Osteopathy in 2015.

Invisible symptoms

By Dr Lisa Riste

My chronic fatigue syndrome

Is sometimes called ME

The thing that’s most frustrating

Is that others cannot see

They can’t imagine the fatigue

That seeps deep into my core

Leaves me without energy

Flat-lining on the floor

When I walk around a bit

It’s like I’m wading through mud

But I try to keep on moving

I just really wish my body would

My muscles ache from activity

Doesn’t matter what I try

I try to avoid ‘boom and bust’

’Cos tomorrow I’ll know why

Although I spend hours sleeping

I always wake up feeling tired

It’s like I’m battling nightly

Holding back the Sandman’s tide

And when I do eventually

Escape off into my dreams

It’s into a world of nightmares

With scenes that are surreal

And though I’ve been labelled

‘Depression’ was their name

But with these invisible symptoms

You’d feel pretty much the same

So whilst my body’s switched off

Wish I could read or watch TV

But brain fog forces me to pause

Then replay the story of my ME

Dr Lisa Riste is a research fellow at the University of Manchester. Her poem is based on the combined symptoms of the hundreds of patients spoken to over the years in two major NHS trials in the North West of the UK.

Foreword

In this Second Edition of his comprehensive review of the treatments available for ME/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), Dr Perrin has given the reader fresh insights into the ways that this complex condition can be managed, based on more than 30 years of clinical work and research in this area.

Dr Perrin has described all of the theories relating to the underlying mechanisms so far implicated in the development of ME/CFS, while also looking in an evidence-based way at the treatments available across the world. It is particularly helpful to have case histories built into the narrative, which bring a revealing and moving human perspective to the work.

In the time of Coronavirus-19, when a significant number of people are experiencing long-term fatigue-related symptoms following a Coronavirus infection, and in some cases developing post-Coronavirus-19 ME/CFS, this work is particularly pertinent.

There is a clear exposition of the differential diagnoses to be considered. The role of nutrition and lifestyle in addition to formal therapeutic strategies is clearly explained. The ‘question and answer’ and ‘A to Z of symptoms’ sections towards the end of the book are both very helpful for clinicians and patients alike. Above all, Dr Perrin’s book provides a torch to light the path towards more effective treatments for this condition, including the adoption in due cause of the Perrin Technique by the National Health Service in the UK and by other publicly-funded health services/insurance-funded health programmes across the world.

For anyone who is involved in the diagnosis and management of ME/CFS, this is an essential read and a seminal reference text.

Dr Adrian HealdConsultant PhysicianSalford Royal Hospital, UK

Dr Adrian Heald is currently lead physician of the Chronic Fatigue Service at Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust where he is a Consultant Physician in Diabetes and Endocrinology. He is also an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Manchester and Visiting Tutor at St Peter’s College, Oxford. He obtained his medical degree from St Peter’s College, Oxford and trained at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. He then moved to Manchester, where he qualified in psychiatry before broadening his field of expertise to cover endocrinology. He is a member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Royal College of Physicians, and was awarded a DM Thesis by Oxford University in 2005.

Dear Reader,

If you are a patient reading this book and wish to start the Perrin Technique, please try to find a practitioner near to you who is a trained and licensed Perrin Technique practitioner if possible. If there are none in your neighbourhood, seek out a practitioner trained and experienced in both cranial techniques and manual therapy but preferably an osteopath, physiotherapist/physical therapist or chiropractor. They should be able to follow the instructions in this book and help. It is better not to rely just on the self-massage and exercises. Although they may help, it is always best to do the whole treatment programme under the direction of a qualified practitioner to improve your outlook and to confirm the diagnosis.

I wish you every success with your treatment and progress to better health.

Raymond Perrin

Introduction

Thou shalt make me hear of joy and gladness; that the bones which thou hast broken may rejoice.

The Bible, Psalm 51:8

Case: Jen’s story

Dr Perrin’s treatment was a ray (no pun intended) of light in the darkness of my world.

I became ill when I was 12 and was forced to drop out of school. By 15, I had spent four months in hospital, and when I was released, it was because the doctors could do nothing else for me. I was unable to eat, speak, or move. I was completely bedbound, tube-fed, isolated, and in constant pain. My paediatrician had very little hope that I would ever recover and said that I was the sickest patient on his caseload. My future looked bleak.

My best friend, who also had ME, recommended Dr Perrin’s treatment after she had recovered under his care. I was almost 18 at the time and had spent three years in bed, so we were desperate for any kind of treatment. Prior to Dr Perrin’s treatment, I had been recovering, but progress was glacially slow. I was able to speak, eat and drink when I met him, but I was still bedbound, unable to turn myself over in bed, and taking a cocktail of medication, some of which were to counter the side effects of other medications to deal with pain and nausea.

Everything that he explained when he came made sense. I fitted all of the risk factors of people likely to get ME and all of the physical indicators. He was able to explain my symptoms before I told him them: right down to why I had stretch marks on my legs (which he hadn’t seen). It was refreshing to listen to someone who understood my illness, believed in it, and knew how to treat it.

The treatment itself started off as somewhat scary. After my first treatment, my brother came to see me and said that I looked spaced. I was. All of a sudden, brain fog was worse than ever all over again, and I was slipping back to where I had been when I was at my worst. If my friend hadn’t done the same treatment and come out of the other side, I would never have continued with it. I had muscle spasms, experienced every illness I’d ever had in reverse order, and I was back to not being able to speak. It was awful to lose what I had so painstakingly gained little by little over several years.

But then, after about a month, I started getting better. Not at the previous glacial pace, but quickly. On my 18th birthday, just nine months after starting the treatment, and after over three years of being bedbound, I took my first steps. I was no longer taking medication for pain, and I was going from strength to strength.

I’ve never looked back since starting the treatment. My improvement was constant and now, although I might have to be careful not to overdo it, nobody would ever guess I had been so ill. I would recommend this treatment to anyone with ME.

Jen Turner

Lancaster, Lancashire, UK

The second edition of my book continues to describe a journey of discovery that started as a consequence of an event in 1989, which some would say was fate, others luck. A simple appointment for back pain led to a former cyclist changing my life forever and helping to improve the lives of countless people around the world. This book has been written as an informative guide for people who suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) also known as chronic fatigue syndrome (in this book ME/CFS), and in this edition I also welcome readers with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), to understand how it is very much a disorder on the same spectrum as ME/CFS, with some differences. I also reveal the trials and tribulations of the innovative research into the disease that led to the formation of the Perrin Technique and how research around the world over the last decade has validated everything I wrote in the first edition.

Many ideas have been put forward to explain the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) but, as yet, nobody has offered a universally accepted theory that has led to a successful treatment programme. As an osteopath, trained in the manual diagnosis and treatment of the body, I have discovered a probable physical cause of the disease. The details of my theory are contained within this book, interspersed with the background story of the research itself.

There was little known evidence in 1989 for the concept of ME/CFS having physical causes, and thus I have spent over 30 years researching the medical facts, conducting three clinical trials and discovering plenty of scientific evidence linking ME/CFS with emerging scientific studies to support my hypothesis. The results of this continuing research will help you to understand the underlying cause of the disorder and, more importantly, how to help beat the condition.

The first edition of The Perrin Technique, published in 2007, has been read by thousands of patients whose main comment was that ‘It makes sense’. However, this means very little in the scientific world. Many theories have been eventually shown to be wrong however real they might have seemed at the time. An example of this is the static or stationary universe theory, which was a model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. It was later disproved by Edwin Hubble who showed that the universe is constantly expanding, demonstrating that even scientists as great as Einstein can sometimes be wrong.

What is needed is evidence that stands up to scientific scrutiny and debate as well as the rigour of well-conducted controlled clinical trials. This second edition provides much new evidence to support the theories hypothesised in the first edition. This latest evidence will hopefully satisfy even the most sceptical reader that my theories are not just some ‘wacky’ ideas of an alternative quack but based on sound research and backed by the current medical understanding of how the body actually works.

I’m no Einstein and I haven’t all the answers for everybody and, most importantly, I am not offering a cure. ME/CFS and fibromyalgia syndrome are chronic illnesses and chronic in medical terms means lifelong. What I can say is that this approach helps most sufferers of ME/CFS and fibromyalgia improve their quality of life. Some improve a little and some become symptom free. Some have had no symptoms for over 25 years since receiving their treatment; however, the process that led to the disease can reoccur so the patient, once better, needs to follow the guidelines included in this book to hopefully prevent any relapse from happening.

In this new edition every section and chapter of the book begins with stories written by patients in their own words who have been helped by the Perrin Technique. With their permission their real names and their hometowns have been included to add veritas to their testimony.

I have also included a much more comprehensive guide to the manual treatment of ME/CFS and fibromyalgia that should prove helpful to both practitioner and patient. This approach to fighting the disease has already helped thousands around the world and will, I hope, improve the health of millions of sufferers in the future. I have also written an explanatory guide to other approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of these complex disorders.

For those readers who are not familiar with all of the medical and scientific terms in the book, there is an updated glossary at the end. This should enable the patient, as well as the practitioner, to fully understand my approach and to benefit from treatment for the debilitating conditions of ME/CFS and FMS.

In this new edition there is also an FAQ (frequently asked questions) section in Chapter 11 and an appendix entitled ‘The ABC of symptoms’ (page 367), which is a comprehensive list of all the possible symptoms that can present in patients with ME/CFS and FMS. I am constantly asked by patients: ‘I have a symptom that my doctor can’t explain… could it be due to my illness or is it due to something completely different?’. Together with a short explanation for each symptom when viewing these conditions as neurolymphatic disorders, I hope the ‘ABC of symptoms’ will be an invaluable quick reference guide to clinicians and patients alike.

Raymond Perrin

Manchester, UK, July 2020

Chapter 1

The basics: How the Perrin Technique works

Success is neither magical nor mysterious. Success is the natural consequence of consistently applying the basic fundamentals.

Jim Ron (1930 – 2009) American entrepreneur and author

Case: Olivia’s story

When I think back to early 2004, I was a healthy 12-year-old girl with a passion for life. I took part in many extra-curricular activities and was thoroughly enjoying my first year at secondary school. I loved being outdoors and was naturally very energetic. I was in the school netball team, often played in football matches, went swimming, attended weekly dance lessons and regularly went quad-biking on the weekends – I felt like I had unlimited energy.

It was during the summer holidays that year that I became rundown with a virus; it cleared up after a week or so. Not long after that I had a quad-bike accident, I was thrown off the vehicle at speed. The new school term started a couple of days later. By the second day, I felt too fatigued to play in the school football team and I noticed I didn’t have the strength to walk to school assembly. Simple things suddenly became a real struggle. The following morning, I was unable to get out of bed. The return to the school routine seemed to be the straw that broke the camel’s back. I was overcome with exhaustion and my body ached all over. This was September 2004 and I wouldn’t return to school again until September 2006.

My mother took me to see my GP, as well as a private consultant. After numerous and extensive blood tests all came back clear, both came to the conclusion that I was suffering from post-viral fatigue and expected me to be back at school soon. Many months later, and continuing to deteriorate, my GP diagnosed me with ME/CFS. I was told there was no cure and sent on my way feeling helpless and in absolute despair. The realisation that this was how my life was going to be was unimaginable.

Given the severity of the symptoms, I was confined to my bed. Most days I didn’t have the ability to speak, my mind felt numb and unable to form thoughts. I couldn’t lift my own spoon for breakfast. A slice of apple was too heavy for me to pick up to eat. Visual stimulation was now extremely difficult. I was no longer able to watch TV, listen to music or engage in any conversation. Listening to noise was impossible, it was a sensory overload. I was also overly sensitive to smells. There was such unrelenting pain and I had insomnia. Thinking back, I didn’t clean my own teeth for about 12 months; how could I grip the brush or raise my arm? Bathing also took a back seat; I didn’t shower for many months as the task was just too much.

In the summer of 2005, with no improvement in my symptoms whatsoever, a friend of a friend recommended the Perrin Technique to my mother as it was helping someone they knew. We booked a visit to The Perrin Clinic and despite how unbearable the trip would be for me, my mother and I knew it was essential to try and find help. At my first appointment, Dr Perrin confirmed the diagnosis of ME. In addition, he had a wealth of knowledge about the condition and was able to explain the science behind all of the complicated symptoms I was experiencing. More than that, he had answers and a treatment programme to alleviate the symptoms. There was finally hope that one day my life would return to normal; it was a huge relief to finally meet someone who fully understood the condition.

Treatment at The Perrin Clinic started off at once a week. My sister printed a daily checklist to ensure I adhered to the many elements of the treatment protocol (self-massage, rotation exercises, supplements, contrast bathing).

Slowly my symptoms started to improve, and a milestone change was going from not having enough energy to even speak, to being able to engage in conversation with my family. I could feel my personality gradually returning. My sleep began to return to normal. My cognitive function was improving: I noticed I became bored with resting.

Pacing is a crucial aspect of the Perrin Technique and even though I felt I was now able to do more, I had to be extremely careful to keep activity to an absolute minimum so as not to affect my recovery. The most important thing I learnt from Dr Perrin was the 50% rule – to do only half of what I was capable of, and that if doing something twice over will exacerbate symptoms, then doing it once is too much (this wasn’t easy to stick to, but effective!).

It was Spring 2006 and with invaluable advice from Dr Perrin, a plan was put in place for my return to education. I initially began with a visit from a home tutor, once a week, which allowed flexibility in case I became fatigued. After this went well, I was finally well enough to begin thinking about returning to school. My visits to the clinic gradually reduced as I improved, and I maintained the daily home treatment routine. In September the same year I started at school with a one-hour lesson a week, ensuring that lesson was held on the ground floor. I very gradually built this up, an hour at a time each week, and didn’t take part in any physical activity such as PE. By the New Year I was in school full-time, albeit on a reduced timetable as I took a couple less GCSEs than I had originally planned to prioritise my health.

However, it wasn’t all plain sailing, balancing school and pacing. With me now attending lessons it was important to be careful about other strains, so I asked for help carrying my bag and books between lessons. It was also arranged with the school that I was exempt from homework assignments; then I could rest after school. I restricted my social life; I wouldn’t often go out but when I did, I used a wheelchair. All of this was to ensure I kept within the ‘doing half’ rule, to avoid bringing on an onset of symptoms and undoing the progress I was making with the treatment – every little truly did help.

It was a great feeling to be back in school full-time. I was slowly able to have an increase in social activity and live life like a normal teenager. It was great to be able to spend time with my friends, building relationships that I had not been well enough to keep up with for a long time. I enjoyed simple things such as being able to chat on the phone; previously mental activity such as this would have drained me.

By July 2008, I was thrilled to have successfully sat my GCSEs and was back to quad-biking again on weekends. I still received treatment but only visited the clinic once every couple of months. It was at this time I felt confident enough in my abilities to take part in a school trip to Kenya – a four-week expedition that would include building schools, camping, climbing Mount Kenya and extensive travelling around the country. In particular, summiting Mount Kenya gave me a huge sense of relief and achievement. Afterwards I didn’t feel any ME symptoms; I was just like everyone else. I remained vigilant, however, to lessen the strain wherever possible (not carrying my own luggage, sitting out of strenuous labour, having a rest day on the mountain).

Although I had made so much progress, I did have a relapse later that same year. There was the emotional toll of my parents’ divorce combined with the stress of A levels which triggered symptoms again. I was disappointed but had improved before, using solely the Perrin Technique, so had faith that it would definitely be possible again. I decided to put my studying on hold indefinitely until I was discharged from The Perrin Clinic. It was a very difficult decision to prioritise my health rather than trying to keep up with my peers, but it was worth the sacrifice to one day be free of ME. Within six months I had recovered from the relapse and ever since then I have been symptom free.

It has been seven years since my last appointment at The Perrin Clinic, which was a huge milestone in my life. After being discharged I finally felt free to push my body to its limits without the return of any symptoms. I was so excited to be able to work full-time. I have held positions that involve long commutes, stressful environments and, at times, 24-hour shifts, all without needing any treatment whatsoever. I have been able to take holidays and do lots of travelling, finally able to live life to the full. It is the best feeling in the world. I enjoy every moment, knowing how different my life is because I found the Perrin Technique.

I am so grateful for the work of Dr Perrin; with the Perrin Technique you can live in hope. I have seen first-hand how, for those who are aware of the Perrin Technique, ME is no longer seen as a prison-sentence – the despair is replaced with hope and there is a life out there ready to be taken back.

Olivia McDonald, Lancashire, UK

If you don’t enjoy reading or, because of ME/CFS or fibromyalgia you are unable to concentrate on long texts, this one chapter is for you. It sums up my theory of diagnosis and treatment of these complex diseases. After this chapter, I advise those needing to keep their reading to a minimum to skip to Chapters 10 and 11, which include the Perrin Technique treatment plan (Chapter 10). This will hopefully guide you, the patient, along your own individual road to recovery.

If, after reading this and the final chapter, you wish to fully understand the complexities of diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of ME/CFS and fibromyalgia, the rest of the book is waiting to be read. I endeavour to keep the explanations as simple as possible in this first chapter.

Case: Mr E

My theory for the diagnosis and treatment of ME/CFS started with one patient: this case was the first and perhaps the most dramatic of all the ME/CFS patients I have treated. In 1989 an executive, who shall be referred to as Mr E, walked into my city-centre practice, in Manchester, where I ran a clinic specialising in treating sports injuries. He had been a top cyclist, racing for one of the premier teams in the north west of England.

He had suffered from a recurring, low back pain, which, after examination, I had diagnosed to be a strain of the pelvic joints. While treating his pelvis, I noted that his dorsal spine was particularly restricted. I enquired whether or not he had any problems in his upper back, and he acknowledged that for years, during his cycling, he had experienced a dull ache across his shoulders and at the top of his back. This in itself was nothing significant, as it was very common to find cyclists with pelvic problems and a stiff and disturbed curvature in the thoracic spine (the upper part of the backbone between the waist and the neck). What was interesting was the fact that, for the past seven years, Mr E had been diagnosed with ME/CFS.

Mr E complained of tingling in both hands and a ‘muzzy’ feeling in his head. He suffered general fatigue and an ache in his knees, as well as the pain in his back and shoulders. He had been forced to stop racing since the onset of the disorder.

This patient was one of many who came to me after being diagnosed by their doctor, or specialist, as suffering from ME/CFS. As I have said, he originally attended for treatment to his lower back. At that time, although I had helped other patients with ME/CFS, I had done no research into the disease, and I had no specific treatment programme for the disorder.

With only five treatments, Mr E’s back was better, but, most incredibly, the signs and symptoms of ME/CFS had drastically improved. He was symptom-free after a mere two months from the start of treatment. After many years he continued to remain healthy and the last news I heard of him was that he had moved to Holland, cycling with the same power and zeal that he used to enjoy prior to his illness.

It was after helping this patient that I realised that there must be a correlation between the mechanical strain on the thoracic spine and ME/CFS. Although I had not set out to help the fatigue signs and symptoms in this patient, I had done exactly that by improving the posture and increasing movement in the spine. My thoughts turned to the other ME/CFS patients that I had treated for back pain and biomechanical strain. The restriction of the dorsal spine was a common factor that could not be ignored.

Since 1989, thousands of patients with signs and symptoms of ME/CFS have visited my clinic and also practices all over the world run by practitioners trained in the Perrin Technique. None of them has presented with exactly the same symptoms but all have shared common structural and physical signs. This cannot be dismissed purely as coincidence. So, what is really going on?

The Perrin Technique: the facts

Fact 1: Fluid flow

A fluid flows around the brain and continues up and down the spinal cord: this is the cerebrospinal fluid (see Figure 1). This fluid has many functions – for example, as a protective buffer to the central nervous system and for supplying nutrients to the brain. However, one function has been discussed in osteopathic medicine since the 1860s1 but has received significant scientific attention only in recent years2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, and that is the role it plays in the drainage of large molecules, including many poisons (toxins), out of the central nervous system into the lymphatic system.

The lymphatic drainage of the central nervous system was actually postulated as early as 1816 when the Italian anatomist Paolo Mascagni speculated that there were lymphatic vessels at the surface of the human brain16.

This system, which I have referred to since 1989 as ‘neuro-lymphatic drainage’, has now been proven to exist by a brilliant group of scientists in the USA and Europe who have termed this drainage ‘the glymphatic system’, as it has been shown to drain toxins from cells known as the ‘glia’ of the brain to the lymphatics17, 18, 19, 20.

Fig. 1 Flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the position of the hypothalamus. CSF diffuses superiorly around the brain and inferiorly around the spinal cord, flowing down the subarachnoid space (SAS) to a cistern at the base of the cord and then most travels back to the brain. However not all of the CSF in the lumbar cistern returns to the cranium; some is absorbed into lymphatics along the perivascular spaces in the spinal nerve roots.

In fact, not only is there visual evidence of the drainage system detailed in the first edition of this book, but actual lymphatic vessels have been discovered in the membranes of the brain in both animal and human studies, which can now be visualised by MRI scanning – see Figure 17 (page 233)21.

Fact 2: Getting the toxins out

The lymphatic system is an organisation of tubes around the body that provides a drainage system secondary to the blood flow. Why does the body need a secondary system to cope with poisons or foreign bodies in the tissues? Are the veins not good enough? The answer in one important word is ‘size’. The blood does process poisons and particles which enter the blood circulatory system via the walls of the microscopic blood vessels known as the capillaries. Their walls resemble a fine mesh which acts as a filter, thus allowing only small molecules to enter the bloodstream itself. When the blood reaches the liver, detoxification takes place, cleansing the blood of its impurities.

Larger molecules of toxins often need breaking down before entering the blood circulation, and they begin this process of detoxification in the lymph nodes on the way to drainage points just below the collar bone into two large veins (the subclavian veins), with most of the body’s lymph draining into the left subclavian vein (see Figure 2).

The capillary beds of lymphatic vessels, known as terminal or initial lymphatics, take in any size of molecule via a wall that resembles the gill of a fish, opening as wide as is necessary to engulf the foreign body. The lymphatics also help to dispose of some toxins and impurities through the skin (via perspiration), urine, bowel movements and our breath. Once toxins have drained into the subclavian veins, they eventually find their way into the liver and, as is the case with normal circulatory toxins, are broken down by the liver22.

Fig. 2 The thoracic duct (the central lymphatic drainage system into the blood).

Fact 3: The pumping mechanism

Since 1622, when Italian physician and anatomist Gasparo (Gaspere) Aselli (1581– 1626) discovered the lymphatic system, it was thought not to have a pump of its own. Its flow was believed to depend on the massaging effect of the surrounding muscles and the blood vessels lying next to the lymphatics, akin to squeezing toothpaste up the tube. However, now we know that the collecting vessels and ducts of the lymphatic system have smooth muscle walls23 and Professor John Kinmonth, a London chest surgeon, discovered in the 1960s that the main drainage of the lymphatics, the thoracic duct, has a major pumping mechanism in its walls24,25,26 and that this is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system27. If there is a disturbance of the sympathetic nervous system, the thoracic duct pumping mechanism may push the lymph fluid in the wrong direction and lead to a further build-up of toxins in the body.

Fact 4: The sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system, which deals with all the automatic functions of the body. Although it is known for being the system which helps us in times of danger and stress, often referred to as the ‘fight or flight’ system, the sympathetic nervous system is also important in controlling blood flow and the normal functioning of all the organs of the body, such as the heart, the kidneys and the bowel. We know it is vital for healthy lymphatic drainage. In ME/CFS and FMS sufferers, the sympathetic nervous system will have been placed under stress for many years before the onset of the signs and symptoms. This stress may be of a physical nature due to postural strain or an old injury, or it may be emotional stress, or environmental, such as pollution, or due to stress on the immune system due to infection or allergy (see Figure 3).

The sympathetic nerves spread out from the thoracic spine to all parts of the body. The hypothalamus, just above the brain stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic functions, receiving regulatory input from other regions of the brain, especially the limbic system which involves emotion, motivation, learning and memory (see Figure 1). Significantly, the hypothalamus also controls all the hormones of the body.

Fig. 3 Long-term build-up of internal and external stress.

Fact 5: Biofeedback

The hypothalamus controls hormones by a process called biofeedback. This mechanism can be explained with the following example. If the sugar levels in the body are too low, it may be due to a rise in the hormone insulin, which is produced in the pancreas, which lies in the upper right side of the abdomen beneath the liver. Insulin, like other hormones, is a large protein molecule that travels through the blood and stimulates the breakdown of sugar. It passes from the blood into the hypothalamus, which will calculate if more or less insulin production is required and, accordingly, send a message to the pancreas to make the necessary adjustments.

The region of the hypothalamus is one of a few sections of the brain that allow the transfer of large molecules into the brain from the blood (known as circumventricular organs). In all other parts of the brain there is a filter known as the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that separates the blood from the cerebral interstitial fluid and which was first hypothesised in 190628. In the circumventricular organs there are natural gaps in the BBB.

The BBB contains tight junctions that prevent toxins and other harmful material entering the brain’s cells from the blood. However, protein transport molecules that can cross the BBB can carry these huge protein molecules, enabling the biofeedback mechanism to work and allowing the transfer of hormones into the brain. The unit of molecular size is the Dalton and water molecules, which are only 18 Daltons, are small enough to naturally pass through the BBB via channels within membrane proteins known as aquaporin. Due to the tight junctions in the BBB, the transport of larger molecules is limited through the endothelial cells between the blood and the brain’s tissue. The same arrangement is present in the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, which restricts the circulation of macromolecules between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Evidence in the past decades suggests that these barriers are also subject to toxic damage from neurotoxic chemicals circulating in blood. The ageing process and some disease states render barriers more vulnerable to damage arising inside and outside the barriers. Hormones are very large protein molecules, and the hormone insulin, which we know has receptor sites on the hypothalamus, is 5808 Daltons, which is huge compared with the water molecule and yet it is able to enter the brain29,30.

Unfortunately in many disease states, further gaps in the BBB plus dysfunctional protein transporters mean that large toxic molecules can invade the brain and wreak havoc on the normal functioning of the central nervous system31,32,33,34,35,36,37, and, as we will see later in this book, in ME/CFS it has now been proven that many immune cells that are pro-inflammatory do just this38.

Fact 6: What goes wrong

The central nervous system, composed of the brain and the spinal cord, is the only region in the body that for hundreds of years was believed to have no true lymphatic system. Since we now know the lymphatics exist to drain large molecules, what can the central nervous system do if attacked by large toxins? It has now been demonstrated that the cerebrospinal fluid (see Fact 1) drains toxins along minute gaps next to blood vessels, called paravascular spaces and these transport the toxins into fluid in spaces within the arterial walls known as perivascular spaces (also known as Virchow-Robin spaces), and then onto the lymphatic system outside the head through perforations in the skull. We also now know that, as well as through the cranial perforations, drainage occurs from the perivascular pathways into newly discovered true lymphatic vessels in the outer layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain21. The lymphatic vessels found in the head and around the spine take the toxins away via the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct (see Figure 2) into the blood and the liver where they are broken down39.

This drainage mechanism has now been filmed, with the largest amount draining through a bony plate situated above the nose (known as the cribriform plate, see Fig. 4)3, 12,14,15. The toxins then drain into lymphatic vessels in the tissue around the nasal sinuses. There is further drainage down similar channels next to blood vessels supplying other cranial nerves, especially the optic, auditory and trigeminal nerves in the eye, ear and cheek respectively, and also down the spinal cord outwards to pockets of lymphatic vessels running alongside the spine4,5,7. It has been shown that perivascular spaces enlarge in patients with cognitive problems40, and this can be seen on a scan taken of the brain of one of my patients (see Figure 5). The radiological report on the scan stated ‘the hyperintensity in the parahippocampal gyrus was most probably an enlarged Virchow-Robin space’.

Fig. 4 Superior view of the cribriform plate with observed perforations.

Fig. 5 Hyperintensity (marked by white arrow) in the parahippocampal gyrus

Fact 7: Build-up of toxins

In ME/CFS, I believe it is these drainage pathways, both in the head and the spine, that are not working sufficiently, leading to a build-up of toxins within the central nervous system. The reasons for drainage problems can vary from patient to patient. It may be trauma to the head from an accident; it may be hereditary or due to a problem at birth. The spine may become out of alignment – especially in very active teenagers – which can lead to a disturbance in the normal drainage (see Figure 6). If the spine and brain are both affected, the increased toxicity will disturb hypothalamic function and thus will further affect sympathetic control of the central lymphatic vessels. This in turn pumps more toxins back into the tissues and the brain via the aforementioned perivascular and paravascular spaces, which further affects hypothalamic and sympathetic control. With this, a vicious circle (see Figure 7) has started41,42,43.

Fig. 6 Restricted drainage of toxins from the central nervous system.

Fig. 7 The downward spiral into ME/CFS.

Conclusion

ME/CFS is very much a biomechanical disorder with clear and diagnosable physical signs, including disturbed spinal posture, varicose enlarged lymph vessels and specific tender points related to sympathetic nerve disturbance and backflow of lymphatic fluid. The fluid drainage from the brain to the lymphatics moves in a rhythm that can be palpated using cranial osteopathic techniques. A trained practitioner can feel a disturbance of the cranial rhythm in ME/CFS sufferers43,44.

The Perrin Technique helps drain the toxins away from the central nervous system and incorporates manual techniques that stimulate the healthy flow of lymphatic and cerebrospinal fluid and improve spinal mechanics. This in turn reduces the toxic overload to the central nervous system which subsequently reduces the strain on the sympathetic nervous system, which ultimately aids a return to good health.

Chapter 2

ME/CFS: What it is

Life is not what it’s supposed to be. It’s what it is.The way you cope with it is what makes the difference.

Virginia Satir (1916 –1988) American author and therapist

Case: Heather’s story