Table of Contents
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PREFACE
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Queen Honey Bee: Introduction, Development, Pheromones, Mating, and Role in the Colony
Abstract
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.1. General Information about Colonial Organizations
1.1.2. Different Castes and Respective Duties
1.1.3. General Differences in the Three Castes
1.1.4. Ovarian State of Active Queen and Sterile Workers
1.1.5. Queen Quality Influencing Factors
1.1.6. Queen Failure
1.2. DEVELOPMENT OF QUEEN
1.2.1. Queen Development: General Information
1.2.2. Development Post-Queen Egg Hatching
1.2.3. Queen Larval Development
1.2.4. Role of Royal Jelly
1.2.5. Plasticity of the Queen Development Phase
1.3. QUEEN PHEROMONES
1.3.1: Queen Pheromones Composition
1.3.2. Queen Mating Status Correlation with QMPs
1.3.3. Functions of Pheromones
1.4. MATING
1.4.1. Nuptial Flight
1.4.2. DCA
1.4.3. Process of Mating and Post Mating
1.5. Role of Queen honey Bee
REFERENCES
The Queen Honey Bee Duties in the Composite Colonies
Abstract
2.1. REPRODUCIBILITY OF QUEEN HONEY BEE
2.1.1. General Information on Queen Reproduction
2.1.2. Factors Influencing Queen Reproductive Characteristics
2.1.3. Queen Making Decision in the Colony
2.1.4. The Queen Elimination Procedure
2.2. QUEEN PHEROMONES
2.2.1. General Information about Queen Pheromones
2.2.2. Queen Mandibular Gland Pheromones
2.2.3. Dufour’s Gland
2.3. Conclusion
REFERENCES
The Queen Honey Bee Morphology, Development, and Reproductive System
Abstract
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. MORPHOLOGY OF THE QUEEN
3.3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE QUEEN HONEY BEE
3.4. OVARIAN STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY (3a-b)
REFERENCES
Royal Jelly as Larval Food for Honey Bees
Abstract
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.1.1. Information That Is General Regarding Royal Jelly
4.2. COMPOSITION
4.2.1. Sugar
4.2.2. Lipid
4.2.3. Protein
4.2.4. Phenols, Flavonoids And Free Amino Acids
4.2.5. Vitamins, Minerals And Other Bioactive Sustances
4.2.6. The Importance of Royal Jelly to the Developmental Process
4.3. SECRETION OF ROYAL JELLY
4.4. DIET OF OTHER CASTES
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Quality Influencing Factors and Disease Resistance in Queen of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Abstract
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. STRONG QUEEN AND COLONY
5.3. QUEEN QUALITY AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS
5.3.1. Larval Selection Influence
5.3.2. Other Factors
5.4. OVARIAN WEIGHT AND FUNCTIONALITY AS QUEEN QUALITY INDEXES
5.5. QUALITY OF QUEEN ON THE BASICS OF SPERMATHECAE
5.6. DISEASES AND REPRODUCTIVITY OF QUEEN HONEY BEE
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Differential Pheromone Secretion By Female Castes In Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Abstract
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. QUEEN PHEROMONES
6.2.1. Queen Mandibular Gland
6.2.1.1. Composition of QMPs and Variation in Accordance of Mating Status
6.2.1.2. Secretion of QMP
6.2.1.3. Colonial Regulation Imposed by QMP
6.2.1.4. On Retinue
6.2.1.5. On Wax Secretion
6.2.1.6. On Ovarian Development
6.2.2. Dufour's Gland
6.2.3. Koschevnikov Gland
6.2.4. Tarsal Gland
6.3. WORKERS' PHEROMONES
Alarm pheromone
6.3.1. Koschevnikov Gland
6.3.2. Mandibular Gland
6.3.3. Brood Recognition Pheromones
6.3.4. Nasonov Gland
6.3.5. Dufour's Gland Pheromone
6.3.6. Footprint Pheromones
6.3.7. Forager Pheromone
6.3.8. Other Pheromones
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Mandibular Pheromone Types, Functions, Synthesis, And Associated Genetic Elements In The Queen Honey Bee, Apis mellifera
Abstract
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. COMPOSITION OF QMP
7.3. DIFFERENTIAL MANDIBULAR PHEROMONAL COMPOSITION IN QUEEN AND WORKER HONEY BEE
7.4. SYNTHESIS OF QMPs
7.5. EFFECT OF QMP
7.5.1. On Mating and Swarm
7.5.2. On Retinue
7.6. Workers' Mandibular Gland Pheromones
7.7. Gene Associated with Mandibular Gland
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Retinue Behaviour of Worker Honey Bees
Abstract
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. PHEROMONES FOR ATTRACTION OF NEST MATES
8.2.1. Factors For Inducing Variation in Retinue Behaviour
8.2.2. Various Components of QMP and Retinue in Workers
8.2.3. QMP Influence on Drone and Swarming
8.2.4. Colonial Transfer of Queen Pheromones
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Influence of Queen Pheromones on Worker Ovarian PCD in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Abstract
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. QUEEN PHEROMONES RELATED TO PCD IN WORKERS' OVARIES
9.2.1. General Information
9.2.1.1. General Ovarian Structure
9.2.1.2. Larval Gonadial Development
9.2.2. Main Pheromones Which Influence PCD
9.2.3. Differential Pheromonal Synthesis in Queen and Workers
9.3. Queen's Influence on Programmed Cell Death
9.3.1. General Information
9.3.2. Mechanism of PCD
9.3.3. Detection of PCD in Workers' Ovaries
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Genetic Influence on Ovarian Development Plasticity In Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Abstract
10.1. INTRODUCTION
10.2. Differential Gene Expression in Queen and Workers
10.3. Brief Description of Various Genetic Regulators of PCD
10.3.1. Anarchy Gene
10.3.2. Ark Gene
10.3.3. Miscellaneous Description of Various Genes Involved in Development
10.3.4. Hormonal Effect on Gene Expression
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Drone Development, Biology, and And Interaction With The Queen in Apis mellifera
Abstract
11.1. INTRODUCTION
11.2. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT
11.3. DIPLOID DRONES
11.4. LIFE SPAN
11.5. DRONE NUMBER
11.6. FLIGHT ACTIVITY
11.7. DRIFT AND ORIENTATION OF DRONES' FLIGHT TO THE HIVE
11.8. ATTRACTION OF DRONES TO VIRGIN QUEEN
11.9. DRONE DEVELOPMENT
11.10. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF DRONES
11.11:MATING
11.12. INFLUENTIAL FACTORS FOR DRONE QUALITY
11.13. DRONE AGING
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Mating and Reproduction in Queen Honey Bee
Abstract
12.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2. MATING AND FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
12.3. FACTORS AFFECTING MATING
12.4. Pheromones
12.5. DRONES CONGREGATION AREAS
12.6. DRONE ATTRACTION
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Swarming and Queen Honey Bee
Abstract
13.1. INTRODUCTION
13.2. FACTORS AFFECTING SWARMING
13.2.1. Queen Age As Promoting Factor for Swarming
13.2.2. Reduced Queen Pheromones
13.2.3. Infection as Cause of Swarming
13.3. ROLE OF QUEEN MANDIBULAR PHEROMONES IN SWARMING
13.4. OTHER QUEEN GLANDS PHEROMONES IN SWARMING
13.5. MAJOR EVENTS IN SWARMING
13.5.1. Pre-Swarming Phase
13.5.2. Exodus of Swarm
13.5.3.Swarming
13.5.4. Migration During Swarming
13.6.TYPES OF SWARMING WORKERS
13.7.AGE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SWARMING WORKERS
13.8. NATAL COLONY AFTER SWARMING
Conclusion
REFERENCES
Requeen Process and Importance
Abstract
14.1. INTRODUCTION
14.2. QUEEN'S ROLE AND GENERAL DEVELOPMENT
14.3. METHOD OF QUEEN PRODUCTION
Conclusion
The Polyandrous Queen Honey Bee: Biology and Apiculture
Authored by
Lovleen Marwaha
Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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PREFACE
Dear Readers,
The book Polyandrous Queen Honey Bee is attributed to the predominant caste of honey bee colony. This specific book provides information about the development of a queen honey bee, associated genetic elements, her pheromone profile, life span, immunity, mating, reproduction, artificial method of bee rearing, swarming and the role of a queen in the colony.
While working on apiculture, I was encouraged to share my experience and observations on bee farming. Further, the desire to compile the scattered information on a specific topic furthered the book writing process. Additionally, while visiting various apiaries and observing honey bee cultural practices including traditional and scientific practices, both served as great factors for compiling information in the form of a book. I am further planning to publish two more books dedicated to worker honey bees and drones.
I would like to thank my parents, sister, friends, and my students, who have shown the required support and encouragement for the completion of this work. I personally thank the management of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India for providing the required facilities for Apiculture.
Regards,
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Declared none.
Lovleen Marwaha
Associate Professor
Department of Zoology
School of Bioengineering and Biosciences
Lovely Professional University
Punjab, India
The Queen Honey Bee: Introduction, Development, Pheromones, Mating, and Role in the Colony
Lovleen Marwaha
1 Lovely Professional University , Punjab, India Department of Zoology India
Abstract
Apis mellifera (2n=32), commonly known as the European honey bee or the Western honey bee, is a eusocial insect. Each honey bee colony is a composite unit of thousands of bees, with three different castes: a polyandrous reproductively active queen; thousands of workers; and a few hundred drones. The queen and the workers represent the female caste that develops from fertilized eggs, whereas the drones are male bees formed from unfertilized or fertilized eggs. In the case of the female honey bees, the phenomenon of polyphenism can be easily highlighted, which is the developmental plasticity of the same genomic contents to express differently as per environmental cues. During the queen larval developmental phase, the exclusive diet is royal jelly, which induces hyper-secretion of juvenile and ecdysone hormones that ultimately cause sequential activation of certain genetic elements, specifically after 3rd instar onward. For the worker honey bee larvae, initially, the diet includes royal jelly exclusively, followed by honey, pollen grains, and worker jelly, which collectively direct development toward the worker caste. Furthermore, for harmonious social interaction, the queen secretes certain volatile chemical bouquets including 9-ODA(2E)-9-oxodecenoic acid), 9-HDA (9-hydroxy-(E)-2-decenoic acid), 10-HDA (10-hrdroxy-2-decenoic acid), HVA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol), HOB (Methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate), 10-HDAA (10-hydroxydecanoic acid), OLA (oligolactide), methyl oleate, decyl decanoate, linolenic acid, coniferyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, etc. The concerned pheromones facilitate the regulation of workers' behavior; workers' ovarian suppression; retinue control; overall worker’s development modulation; colonial product production; swarming tendency; pseudo-queen formation suppression; mating, etc. The queen honey bee is polyandrous, as she mates with many drones during the nuptial flight in 'Drone Congregation Areas (DCA)’, within about 2 weeks of her post-emergence. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the polyandrous queen honey bee; her synchronous developmental phases; her pheromone dominance; her regulation and coordination of colonies; her mating preference and habits; and her role in a composite hive. Subsequent chapters provide an elaborative view of different aspects of the queen honey bees' life cycle.
Keywords: Developmental Plasticity, Polyphenism and DCA, Queen Honey Bee.
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