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- Herausgeber: Jazzybee Verlag
- Kategorie: Religion und Spiritualität
- Sprache: Englisch
The Ultimate Bible Dictionary' is based on 'The Illustrated Bible Dictionary' by Matthew George Easton, M.A., D.D. (1823-1894), which was originally published in 1897. It contains nearly 4,000 entries relating to the Bible, from a 19th century Christian viewpoint. 'The Ultimate Bible Dictionary' does not only provide all of these dictionary entries and consequently an encyclopedia and who-was-who of the Bible. We also offer a very extensive table-of-contents that makes every single entry available at a click. We are not providing a basic TOC with first-letter-browsing only, this is structured down to the very entry.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012
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The Ultimate Bible Dictionary
Matthew Goerge Easton
Contents:
The History of The Bible
The Ultimate Bible Dictionary
A
Aaron
Aaronites
Abaddon
Abagtha
Abana
Abarim
Abba
Abda
Abdeel
Abdi
Abdiel
Abdon
Abednego
Abel
Abel-beth-maachah
Abel-cheramim
Abel-meholah
Abel-mizraim
Abel-shittim
Abez
Abia
Abi-albon
Abiasaph
Abiathar
Abib
Abida
Abidan
Abieezer
Abiel
Abiezrite
Abigail
Abihail
Abihu
Abihud
Abijah
Abijam
Abilene
Abimael
Abimelech
Abinadab
Abinoam
Abiram
Abishag
Abishai
Abishua
Abishur
Abital
Abitub
Abjects
Ablution
Abner
Abomination
Abraham
Abraham's bosom
Abram
Abronah
Absalom
Acacia
Accad
Accho
Accuser
Aceldama
Achaia
Achaichus
Achan
Achbor
Achish
Achmetha
Achor
Achsah
Achshaph
Achzib
Acre
Acts of the Apostles
Adah
Adam
Adamah
Adamant
Adam, a type
Adam, the city of
Adar
Adbeel
Addar
Adder
Addi
Addon
Adiel
Adin
Adina
Adino
Adjuration
Admah
Adnah
Adonibezek
Adonijah
Adonikam
Adoniram
Adoni-zedec
Adoption
Adoram
Adore
Adrammelech
Adramyttium
Adria
Adriel
Adullam
Adullamite
Adultery
Adummim
Adversary
Advocate
AEnon
Affection
Affinity
Afflictions
Agabus
Agag
Agagite
Agate
Age
Agee
Agony
Agriculture
Agrippa I.
Agrippa II.
Ague
Agur
Ah!
Aha!
Ahab
Ahasuerus
Ahava
Ahaz
Ahaziah
Ahiam
Ahiezer
Ahihud
Ahijah
Ahikam
Ahimaaz
Ahiman
Ahimelech
Ahinadab
Ahinoam
Ahio
Ahira
Ahishar
Ahithophel
Ahitub
Ahlab
Ahoah
Ahohite
Aholah
Aholiab
Aholibah
Aholibamah
Ai
Aijeleth Shahar
Air
Ajalon
Akkub
Akrabbim
Alabaster
Alamoth
Alarm
Alemeth
Alexander
Alexander the Great
Alexandria
Algum
Alien
Allegory
Alleluia
Alliance
Allon
Allon-bachuth
Almodad
Almon
Almond
Alms
Almug
Aloes
Alphaeus
Altar
Altaschith
Alush
Amalek
Amalekite
Amana
Amariah
Amasa
Amasai
Amashai
Amasiah
Amaziah
Ambassador
Amber
Ambush
Amen
Amethyst
Amittai
Ammah
Ammi
Ammiel
Ammihud
Amminadab
Amminadib
Ammishaddai
Ammizabad
Ammon
Ammonite
Amnon
Amon
Amorites
Amos
Amoz
Amphipolis
Amplias
Amram
Amraphel
Anab
Anah
Anak
Anakim
Anamim
Anammelech
Anan
Ananiah
Ananias
Anath
Anathema
Anathoth
Anchor
Ancient of Days
Andrew
Andronicus
Anem
Aner
Angel
Anger
Anim
Animal
Anise
Anna
Annas
Anoint
Ant
Antichrist
Antioch
Antiochus
Antipas
Antipatris
Antonia
Antothite
Anvil
Ape
Apelles
Apharsachites
Apharsites
Aphik
Apocalypse
Apocrypha
Apollonia
Apollos
Apollyon
Apostle
Apothecary
Apparel
Appeal
Apphia
Appii Forum
Apple
Apron
Aquila
Arab
Arabah
Arabia
Arad
Aram
Aram-naharaim
Aram-zobah
Aran
Ararat
Araunah
Arba
Arbathite
Arch
Archangel
Archelaus
Archer
Archevite
Archi
Archippus
Archite
Arcturus
Ard
Ardon
Areopagite
Areopagus
Aretas
Argob
Arieh
Ariel
Arimathea
Arioch
Aristarchus
Aristobulus
Ark
Arkite
Arm
Armageddon
Armenia
Armoni
Armour
Armour-bearer
Armoury
Army
Arnon
Aroer
Arpad
Arphaxad
Arrows
Artaxerxes
Artificer
Artillery
Arvad
Asa
Asahel
Asaph
Ascension
Asenath
Ash
Ashdod
Ashdoth-pisgah
Asher
Asherah
Ashes
Ashkelon
Ashkenaz
Ashpenaz
Ashtaroth
Ashteroth Karnaim
Ashtoreth
Ashurites
Asia
Asnapper
Asp
Ass
Asshur
Assos
Assurance
Assyria
Astrologer
Astronomy
Asuppim
Atad
Ataroth
Ater
Athaliah
Athens
Atonement
Atonement, Day of
Augustus
Augustus band
Ava
Aven
Avenger of blood
Avim
Awl
Axe
Azal
Azariah
Azazel
Azaziah
Azekah
Azel
Azmaveth
Azotus
Azubah
Azur and Azzur
__________________________________________________________________
Baal
Baalah
Baalath
Baalath-beer
Baalbec
Baal-berith
Baale of Judah
Baal-gad
Baal-hamon
Baal-hanan
Baal-hazor
Baal-hermon
Baali
Baalim
Baalis
Baal-meon
Baal-peor
Baal-perazim
Baal-shalisha
Baal-tamar
Baal-zebub
Baal-zephon
Baana
Baanah
Baasha
Babe
Babel, tower of
Babylon
Babylonish garment
Babylon, kingdom of
Baca, Valley of
Backbite
Backslide
Badger
Bag
Bahurim
Bajith
Bake
Bake-meats
Balaam
Baladan
Balah
Balak
Balance
Baldness
Balm
Bamah
Bamoth
Bamoth-baal
Bands
Bani
Banner
Banquet
Baptism, Christian
Baptism for the dead
Baptism, John's
Baptism of Christ
Bar
Barabbas
Barachel
Barachias, Berechiah
Barak
Barbarian
Barber
Barefoot
Bariah
Bar-jesus
Bar-jona
Barkos
Barley
Barn
Barnabas
Barrel
Barren
Barsabas
Bartholomew
Bartimaeus
Baruch
Barzillai
Bashan
Bashan-havoth-jair
Bashan, Hill of
Bashemath
Basilisk
Basin
Basket
Bastard
Bastinado
Bat
Bath
Bath-rabbim
Baths
Bath-sheba
Battering-ram
Battle-axe
Battle-bow
Battlement
Bay
Bay tree
Bdellium
Beacon
Bealiah
Bealoth
Beam
Beans
Bear
Beard
Beast
Beaten gold
Beaten oil
Beautiful gate
Becher
Bed
Bedan
Bed-chamber
Bedstead
Bee
Beelzebub
Beer
Beer-elim
Beeri
Beer-lahai-roi
Beeroth
Beeroth of the children of Jaakan
Beersheba
Beetle
Beeves
Beg
Behead
Behemoth
Bekah
Bel
Bela
Belial
Bell
Bellows
Belly
Belshazzar
Belteshazzar
Benaiah
Ben-ammi
Bench
Bene-jaakan
Ben-hadad
Benjamin
Beor
Bera
Berachah
Berea
Berechiah
Bered
Beriah
Bernice
Berodach-baladan
Beryl
Besom
Besor
Bestead
Betah
Beth
Bethabara
Beth-anath
Beth-anoth
Bethany
Beth-arabah
Beth-aram
Beth-arbel
Beth-aven
Beth-barah
Beth-car
Beth-dagon
Beth-diblathaim
Bethel
Bethelite
Bether
Bethesda
Beth-gamul
Beth-gilgal
Beth-haccerem
Beth-horon
Beth-jeshimoth
Beth-le-Aphrah
Bethlehem
Beth-peor
Beth-phage
Bethsaida
Beth-shean
Beth-shemesh
Beth-tappuah
Bethuel
Bethzur
Betroth
Beulah
Bewray
Beyond
Bezaleel
Bezek
Bezer
Bible
Bier
Bigtha
Bigthan
Bildad
Bilgah
Bilhah
Bilshan
Bird
Birsha
Birth
Birth-day
Birthright
Bishop
Bit
Bith-ron
Bithynia
Bitter
Bittern
Bitumen
Black
Blade
Blains
Blasphemy
Blastus
Blemish
Bless
Blind
Blood
Bloody sweat
Blot
Blue
Boanerges
Boar
Boaz
Bochim
Boil
Bolled
Bolster
Bond
Bondage
Bonnet
Book
Booth
Booty
Borrow
Bosom
Bosor
Bosses
Botch
Bottle
Bow
Bowels
Bowing
Bowl
Box
Box-tree
Bozrah
Bracelet
Bramble
Branch
Brass
Bravery
Breach
Bread
Breastplate
Breeches
Bribe
Bricks
Bride
Bridle
Brier
Brigandine
Brimstone
Brook
Brother
Bruit
Bucket
Buckler
Building
Bul
Bullock
Bulrush
Bulwarks
Bunch
Burden
Burial
Burnt offering
Bush
Butler
Butter
Buz
Buzi
By
By and by
By-ways
By-word
__________________________________________________________________
Cab
Cabins
Cabul
Caesar
Caesara Philippi
Caesarea
Cage
Caiaphas
Cain
Cainan
Cake
Calah
Calamus
Calcol
Caleb
Calf
Calkers
Call
Calling
Calneh
Calvary
Camel
Camon
Camp
Camphire
Cana
Canaan
Canaanite
Canaanites
Canaan, the language of
Candace
Candle
Candlestick
Cane
Canker
Cankerworm
Canneh
Canon
Capernaum
Caphtor
Cappadocia
Captain
Captive
Captivity
Carbuncle
Carcase
Carchemish
Carmel
Carmi
Carnal
Carpenter
Carriage
Cart
Carve
Casement
Casiphia
Casluhim
Cassia
Castaway
Castle
Castor and Pollux
Caterpillar
Catholic epistles
Cattle
Caul
Cauls
Causeway
Cave
Cedar
Cedron
Ceiling
Cellar
Cenchrea
Censer
Census
Centurion
Cephas
Cesarea
Chaff
Chain
Chalcedony
Chaldea
Chaldee language
Chaldees
Chamber
Chambering
Chamberlain
Chameleon
Chamois
Champion
Chance
Chancellor
Changes of raiment
Channel
Chapel
Chapiter
Chapter
Charashim
Charger
Chariot
Charity
Charmer
Charran
Chebar
Chedorlaomer
Cheek
Cheese
Chemarim
Chemosh
Chenaanah
Chenaiah
Chephirah
Cherethim
Cherith
Cherub
Chesalon
Chesed
Chesil
Chest
Chestnut tree
Chesulloth
Chezib
Chidon
Chief of the three
Chief priest
Chiefs of Asia
Child
Chileab
Chilion
Chilmad
Chimham
Chinnereth
Chios
Chisleu
Chittim
Chiun
Chloe
Chor-ashan
Chorazin
Chosen
Chozeba
Christ
Christian
Christs, False
Chronicles
Chronicles, Books of
Chronicles of king David
Chronology
Chrysoprasus
Chub
Chun
Church
Churl
Chushan-rishathaim
Cilicia
Cinnamon
Cinnereth
Circuit
Circumcision
Cistern
Citizenship
City
Clauda
Claudia
Claudius
Clay
Clean
Clement
Cleopas
Cleophas
Cloak
Closet
Cloud
Cnidus
Coal
Coat
Coat of mail
Cockatrice
Cock-crowing
Cockle
Coele-Syria
Coffer
Coffin
Cogitations
Coin
Collar
Collection
College
Colony
Colossae
Colossians, Epistle to the
Colour
Comforter
Coming of Christ
Commandments, the Ten
Communion
Conaniah
Concision
Concubine
Concupiscence
Conduit
Coney
Confection
Confectionaries
Confession
Congregation
Congregation, mount of the
Conscience
Consecration
Consolation of Israel
Constellation
Contentment
Conversation
Conversion
Convocation
Cook
Coos
Copper
Cor
Coral
Corban
Cord
Coriander
Corinth
Corinthians, First Epistle to the
Corinthians, Second Epistle to the
Cormorant
Corn
Cornelius
Corner
Cornet
Cotes
Cottage
Couch
Coulter
Council
Counsellor
Courses
Court
Covenant
Covering of the eyes
Covetousness
Cow
Crane
Creation
Creature
Crescens
Crete
Crimson
Crisping-pin
Crispus
Cross
Crown
Crown of thorns
Crucifixion
Cruse
Crystal
Cubit
Cuckoo
Cucumbers
Cummin
Cup
Cup-bearer
Curious arts
Curse
Curtain
Cush
Cushan
Cushite
Custom
Cuthah
Cutting
Cymbals
Cypress
Cyprus
Cyrene
Cyrenius
Cyrus
__________________________________________________________________
Daberath
Daemon
Daemoniac
Dagon
Dagon's house
Daily sacrifice
Dale, the king's
Dalmanutha
Dalmatia
Damaris
Damascus
Damnation
Dan
Dance
Daniel
Daniel, Book of
Dan-jaan
Dannah
Darda
Daric
Darius
Darkness
Darling
Dart
Date
Dathan
Daughter
David
David, City of
Day
Day's journey
Daysman
Dayspring
Daystar
Deacon
Deaconess
Dead Sea
Deal, Tenth
Dearth
Death
Debir
Deborah
Debt
Debtor
Decalogue
Decapolis
Decision, Valley of
Decrees of God
Dedan
Dedanim
Dedication, Feast of the
Deep
Degrees, Song of
Dehavites
Delaiah
Delilah
Deluge
Demas
Demetrius
Demon
Den
Deputy
Derbe
Desert
Desire of all nations
Desolation, Abomination of
Destroyer
Destruction
Destruction, City of
Deuteronomy
Devil
Dew
Diadem
Dial
Diamond
Diana
Diblaim
Diblathaim
Dibon
Didymus
Dimnah
Dinah
Dine
Dinhabah
Dionysius
Diotrephes
Disciple
Dish
Dishan
Dispensation
Dispersion
Distaff
Divination
Divorce
Dizahab
Doctor
Dodai
Dodanim
Dodo
Doeg
Dog
Doleful creatures
Door-keeper
Door-posts
Doors
Dophkah
Dor
Dorcas
Dothan
Dough
Dove
Dove's dung
Dowry
Dragon
Dragon well
Dram
Draught-house
Drawer of water
Dream
Dredge
Dregs
Dress
Drink
Drink-offering
Drink, strong
Dromedary
Dropsy
Dross
Drought
Drown
Drunk
Drusilla
Duke
Dulcimer
Dumah
Dumb
Dung
Dungeon
Dung-gate
Dung-hill
Dura
Dust
Dwarf
Dwell
Dwellings
Dye
__________________________________________________________________
Eagle
Ear
Earing
Earnest
Earrings
Earth
Earthquake
East
East, Children of the
Easter
East gate
East sea
East wind
Eating
Ebal
Ebed
Ebed-melech
Eben-ezer
Eber
Ebony
Ebronah
Ecbatana
Ecclesiastes
Eclipse
Ed
Edar
Eden
Eder
Edom
Edrei
Effectual call
Effectual prayer
Egg
Eglah
Eglaim
Eglon
Egypt
Ehud
Ekron
Elah
Elam
Elasah
Elath
El-Bethel
Eldad
Elder
Elealeh
Eleazar
Election of Grace
Elect lady
El-elohe-Isreal
Elements
Elephant
Elhanan
Eli
Eliab
Eliada
Eliakim
Eliam
Elias
Eliashib
Eliathah
Elidad
Eliel
Eliezer
Elihu
Elijah
Elika
Elim
Elimelech
Elioenai
Eliphalet
Eliphaz
Elipheleh
Eliphelet
Elisabeth
Elisha
Elishah
Elishama
Elishaphat
Elisheba
Elishua
Elkanah
Elkosh
Ellasar
Elm
Elnathan
Elon
Elparan
Eltekeh
Elul
Elymas
Embalming
Embroider
Emerald
Emerod
Emims
Emmanuel
Emmaus
Emmor
Encamp
Enchantments
End
Endor
En-eglaim
En-gannim
Engedi
Engines
Engraver
En-hakkore
Enmity
Enoch
Enos
En-rogel
En-shemesh
Ensign
Entertain
Epaenetus
Epaphras
Epaphroditus
Ephah
Epher
Ephes-dammim
Ephesians, Epistle to
Ephesus
Ephod
Ephphatha
Ephraim
Ephraim, Gate of
Ephraim in the wilderness
Ephraim, Mount
Ephraim, The tribe of
Ephraim, Wood of
Ephratah
Ephrathite
Ephron
Epicureans
Epistles
Erastus
Erech
Esaias
Esarhaddon
Esau
Eschew
Esdraelon
Esek
Eshbaal
Eshcol
Eshean
Eshtaol
Eshtemoa
Espouse
Essenes
Esther
Esther, Book of
Etam
Eternal death
Eternal life
Etham
Ethan
Ethanim
Eth-baal
Ethiopia
Ethiopian eunuch
Ethiopian woman
Eunice
Eunuch
Euodias
Euphrates
Euroclydon
Eutychus
Evangelist
Eve
Evening
Everlasting
Evil eye
Evil-merodach
Evil-speaking
Example
Executioner
Exercise, bodily
Exile
Exodus
Exodus, Book of
Exorcist
Expiation
Eye
Ezekias
Ezekiel
Ezekiel, Book of
Ezel
Ezer
Ezion-geber
Ezra
Ezra, Book of
Ezrahite
Ezri
__________________________________________________________________
Fable
Face
Fair Havens
Fairs
Faith
Faithful
Fall of man
Fallow-deer
Fallow-ground
Familiar spirit
Famine
Fan
Farm
Farthing
Fast
Fat
Father
Fathom
Fatling
Fear of the Lord the
Feast
Felix
Fellowship
Fence
Fenced cities
Ferret
Ferry boat
Festivals, Religious
Festus, Porcius
Fever
Field
Fig
Fillets
Finer
Fining pot
Fir
Fire
Firebrand
Firepan
Firkin
Firmament
First-born
First-born, Redemption of
First-born, Sanctification of the
First-fruits
Fish
Fisher
Fish-hooks
Fishing, the art of
Fish-pools
Fitches
Flag
Flagon
Flame of fire
Flax
Flea
Fleece
Flesh
Flesh-hook
Flint
Flood
Flour
Flowers
Flute
Fly
Foam
Fodder
Fold
Food
Footstool
Forces
Ford
Forehead
Foreigner
Foreknowledge of God
Forerunner
Forest
Forgiveness of sin
Fornication
Fortunatus
Fountain
Fountain of the Virgin
Fowler
Fox
Frankincense
Freedom
Free-will offering
Frog
Frontlets
Frost
Fruit
Frying-pan
Fuel
Fugitive
Fuller
Fuller's field
Fuller's soap
Fulness
Funeral
Furlong
Furnace
Furrow
Fury
__________________________________________________________________
Gaal
Gaash
Gabbatha
Gabriel
Gad
Gadara
Gadarenes
Gaddi
Gaddiel
Gahar
Gaius
Galatia
Galatians, Epistle to
Galbanum
Galeed
Galilean
Galilee
Galilee, Sea of
Gall
Gallery
Gallim
Gallio
Gallows
Gamaliel
Games
Gammadim
Gamul
Gap
Gardens
Gareb
Garlands
Garlic
Garner
Garnish
Garrison
Gate
Gath
Gath-hepher
Gath-rimmon
Gaulanitis
Gaza
Geba
Gebal
Gebalites
Geber
Gebim
Gedaliah
Geder
Gederah
Gederathite
Gedor
Gehazi
Gehenna
Geliloth
Gemariah
Generation
Genesis
Gennesaret
Gentiles
Genubath
Gera
Gerah
Gerar
Gergesa
Gerizim
Gershom
Gershon
Geshem
Geshur
Geshurites
Gethsemane
Gezer
Ghost
Giants
Gibbethon
Gibeah
Gibeah-haaraloth
Gibeah of Judah
Gibeah of Phinehas
Gibeon
Gideon
Gier eagle
Gift
Gifts, spiritual
Gihon
Gilboa
Gilead
Gilead, Balm of
Gilgal
Giloh
Gimzo
Gin
Girdle
Girgashite
Gittah-hepher
Gittaim
Gittite
Gittith
Gizonite
Glass
Glean
Glede
Glorify
Glory
Glutton
Gnash
Gnat
Goad
Goat
Goath
Gob
Goblet
God
Godhead
Godliness
Goel
Gog
Golan
Gold
Golden calf
Goldsmith
Golgotha
Goliath
Gomer
Gomorrah
Goodly trees
Goodness
Goodness of God
Gopher
Goshen
Gospel
Gospels
Gourd
Government of God
Governments
Governor
Gozan
Grace
Grace, means of
Graft
Grain
Grape
Grass
Grasshopper
Grate
Grave
Graven image
Graving
Greaves
Grecians
Greece
Greek
Greyhound
Grind
Grizzled
Grove
Guard
Guest-chamber
Gur
Gur-baal
Gutter
__________________________________________________________________
Habakkuk
Habakkuk, Prophecies of
Habergeon
Habitation
Habor
Hachilah
Hadad
Hadadezer
Hadad-rimmon
Hadar
Hadarezer
Hadashah
Hadassah
Hadattah
Hades
Hadid
Hadlai
Hadoram
Hadrach
Haemorrhoids
Haft
Hagar
Hagarene
Haggai
Haggai, Book of
Haggith
Hagiographa
Hail!
Hail
Hair
Hakkoz
Halah
Halak
Halhul
Hall
Hallel
Hallelujah
Hallow
Halt
Ham
Haman
Hamath
Hamath-zobah
Hammath
Hammedatha
Hammelech
Hammer
Hammoleketh
Hammon
Hammoth-dor
Hamon
Hamonah
Hamon-gog
Hamor
Hamul
Hamutal
Hanameel
Hanan
Hananeel
Hanani
Hananiah
Hand
Handbreadth
Handkerchief
Handmaid
Handwriting
Hanes
Hanging
Hannah
Hanniel
Hanun
Hara
Haradah
Haran
Harbona
Hare
Hareth
Harhaiah
Harhur
Harim
Hariph
Harlot
Harnepher
Harness
Harod
Harodite
Harosheth of the Gentiles
Harp
Harrow
Harsha
Hart
Harum
Haruphite
Haruz
Harvest
Hasadiah
Hasenuah
Hashabiah
Hashabniah
Hashbadana
Hashmonah
Hashub
Hashubah
Hashum
Hasrah
Hasupha
Hat
Hatach
Hathath
Hatipha
Hatita
Hatred
Hattush
Hauran
Haven
Havilah
Havoth-jair
Hawk
Hay
Hazael
Hazar-addar
Hazar-enan
Hazar-gaddah
Hazar-hatticon
Hazar-maveth
Hazar-shual
Hazar-susah
Hazel
Hazerim
Hazeroth
Hazezon-tamar
Hazo
Hazor
Hazor-hadattah
Head-bands
Head-dress
Heap
Heart
Hearth
He-ass
Heath
Heathen
Heaven
Heave offering
Heber
Hebrew
Hebrew language
Hebrew of the Hebrews
Hebrews
Hebrews, Epistle to
Hebron
Hegai
Heifer
Heir
Helah
Helam
Helbah
Helbon
Heldai
Heleb
Heled
Helek
Helem
Heleph
Helez
Heli
Helkai
Helkath
Helkath-hazzurim
Hell
Helmet
Helon
Help-meet
Helps
Hem
Heman
Hemath
Hemlock
Hen
Hena
Henadad
Henoch
Hepher
Hephzibah
Herb
Herd
Herdsman
Heres
Heresy
Hermas
Hermes
Hermogenes
Hermon
Hermonites, the
Herod Agrippa I.
Herod Antipas
Herod Archelaus
Herod Arippa II.
Herodians
Herodias
Herodion
Herod Philip I.
Herod Philip II.
Herod the Great
Heron
Heshbon
Heshmon
Heth
Hethlon
Hezekiah
Hezion
Hezir
Hezro
Hezron
Hiddai
Hiddekel
Hiel
Hierapolis
Higgaion
High place
High priest
Highway
Hilkiah
Hill
Hillel
Hill of Evil Counsel
Hind
Hinge
Hinnom
Hiram
Hireling
Hiss
Hittites
Hivites
Hizkiah
Hizkijah
Hobab
Hobah
Hodijah
Hoglah
Hoham
Hold
Holiness
Holy Ghost
Holy of holies
Holy place
Homer
Honey
Hood
Hoof
Hook
Hope
Hophni
Hophra
Hor
Horeb
Horem
Horites
Hormah
Horn
Hornet
Horonaim
Horonite
Horse
Horse-gate
Horse-leech
Horseman
Hosah
Hosanna
Hose
Hosea
Hosea, Prophecies of
Hoshea
Host
Hostage
Host of heaven
Hough
Hour
House
Hukkok
Hul
Huldah
Humiliation of Christ
Humility
Hunting
Hur
Hurai
Husband
Husbandman
Hushai
Husk
Hymn
Hypocrite
Hyssop
__________________________________________________________________
Ibhar
Ibleam
Ibzan
Ice
Ichabod
Iconium
Idalah
Iddo
Idol
Idolatry
Idumaea
Igal
Iim
Ije-abarim
Ijon
Ilai
Illyricum
Imagery
Imla
Immanuel
Immer
Immortality
Imputation
Incarnation
Incense
India
Inkhorn
Inn
Inspiration
Intercession of Christ
Intercession of the Spirit
Iphedeiah
Ira
Irad
Iram
Irha-heres
Iron
Irrigation
Isaac
Isaiah
Isaiah, The Book of
Iscah
Iscariot
Ishbak
Ishbi-benob
Ish-bosheth
Ishi
Ishmael
Ishmaiah
Ishmeelites
Ishtob
Island
Israel
Israel, Kingdom of
Issachar
Italian band
Italy
Ithamar
Ithrite
Ittai
Ituraea
Ivah
Ivory
Izhar
Izrahite
__________________________________________________________________
Jaakan
Jaakobah
Jaala
Jaalam
Jaanai
Jaare-oregim
Jaasau
Jaasiel
Jaaz-aniah
Jaazer
Jaaziah
Jaaziel
Jabal
Jabbok
Jabesh
Jabesh-Gilead
Jabez
Jabin
Jabneel
Jabneh
Jachan
Jachin
Jachin and Boaz
Jacinth
Jacob
Jacob's Well
Jaddua
Jadon
Jael
Jagur
Jah
Jahath
Jahaz
Jahaziel
Jahdai
Jahzeel
Jahzerah
Jailer
Jair
Jairus
Jakeh
Jakim
Jalon
Jambres
James
James, Epistle of
Jannes
Janoah
Janum
Japheth
Japhia
Japho
Jebusites
Jecoliah
Jedaiah
Jediael
Jedidiah
Jeduthun
Jegar-sahadutha
Jehaleleel
Jehdeiah
Jehiel
Jehizkiah
Jehoaddan
Jehoahaz
Jehoash
Jehohanan
Jehoiachin
Jehoiada
Jehoiakim
Jehoiarib
Jehonadab
Jehonathan
Jehoram
Jehoshaphat
Jehoshaphat, Valley of
Jehosheba
Jehovah
Jehovah-jireh
Jehovah-nissi
Jehovah-shalom
Jehovah-shammah
Jehovah-tsidkenu
Jehozabad
Jehozadak
Jehu
Jehucal
Jehudi
Jeiel
Jemima
Jephthah
Jephthah's vow
Jephunneh
Jerahmeel
Jeremiah
Jeremiah, Book of
Jericho
Jerimoth
Jeroboam
Jeroham
Jerubbaal
Jerubbesheth
Jeruel
Jerusalem
Jerusha
Jeshaiah
Jeshanah
Jesharelah
Jeshebeab
Jesher
Jeshimon
Jeshua
Jeshurun
Jesse
Jesus
Jether
Jetheth
Jethlah
Jethro
Jetur
Jeuel
Jeush
Jew
Jewess
Jezebel
Jeziel
Jezreel
Jezreel, Blood of
Jezreel, Day of
Jezreel, Ditch of
Jezreel, Fountain of
Jezreel, Portion of
Jezreel, Tower of
Jezreel, Valley of
Joab
Joah
Joahaz
Joanna
Joash
Job
Jobab
Job, Book of
Jochebed
Joel
Joelah
Joel, Book of
Joezer
Johanan
John
John, First Epistle of
John, Gospel of
John, Second Epistle of
John the Baptist
John, Third Epistle of
Joiada
Joiakim
Joiarib
Jokdeam
Jokim
Jokmeam
Jokneam
Jokshan
Joktan
Joktheel
Jonadab
Jonah
Jonah, Book of
Jonas
Jonathan
Jonath-elem-rechokim
Joppa
Joram
Jordan
Joseph
Joshua
Joshua, The Book of
Josiah
Jot
Jotham
Journey
Jozabad
Jozachar
Jubal
Jubilee
Juda
Judah
Judah, Kingdom of
Judah, Tribe of
Judah upon Jordan
Judas
Jude
Judea
Jude, Epistle of
Judge
Judges, Book of
Judgment hall
Judgment seat
Judgments of God
Judgment, The final
Judith
Julia
Julius
Junia
Juniper
Jupiter
Justice
Justice of God
Justification
Justus
Juttah
__________________________________________________________________
Kabzeel
Kadesh
Kadesh
Kadmiel
Kadmonites
Kanah
Kareah
Karkaa
Karkor
Kartah
Kartan
Kattath
Kedar
Kedemah
Kedemoth
Kedesh
Kedron
Kehelathah
Keilah
Kelita
Kemuel
Kenath
Kenaz
Kenites
Kenizzite
Kerchief
Keren-happuch
Kerioth
Kesitah
Kettle
Keturah
Key
Kezia
Keziz
Kibroth-hattaavah
Kibzaim
Kid
Kidron
Kinah
Kine
King
Kingdom of God
Kingly office of Christ
King's dale
Kings, The Books of
Kinsman
Kir
Kir-haraseth
Kirjath
Kirjathaim
Kirjath-arba
Kirjath-huzoth
Kirjath-jearim
Kirjath-sannah
Kirjath-sepher
Kir of Moab
Kish
Kishion
Kishon
Kiss
Kite
Kithlish
Kitron
Kittim
Knead
Kneading-trough
Knife
Knock
Knop
Koa
Kohath
Kohathites
Korah
Korahites
Kore
Korhites
Koz
__________________________________________________________________
Laban
Lachish
Ladder
Laish
Lama
Lamb
Lamech
Lamentation
Lamentations, Book of
Lamp
Landmark
Laodicea
Laodicea, Epistle from
Lapidoth
Lapping
Lapwing
Lasaea
Lasha
Latchet
Latin
Lattice
Laver
Law
Law of Moses
Lawyer
Lazarus
Leaf
League
Leah
Leannoth
Leasing
Leather
Leaven
Lebanon
Lebbaeus
Lebonah
Leek
Lees
Left hand
Left-handed
Legion
Lehi
Lemuel
Lentiles
Leopard
Leprosy
Letter
Leummim
Levi
Leviathan
Levirate Law
Levite
Leviticus
Levy
Lewdness
Libertine
Libnah
Libni
Libya
Lice
Lie
Lieutenant
Life
Light
Lightning
Lign-aloes
Ligure
Lily
Lime
Linen
Linen-yarn
Lines
Lintel
Lions
Lip
Litter
Liver
Living creatures
Lizard
Lo-ammi
Loan
Lock
Locust
Lo-debar
Lodge
Log
Lois
Loop
Lord
Lord's day
Lord's Prayer
Lord's Supper
Lo-ruhamah
Lot
Lotan
Love
Lubims
Lucas
Lucifer
Lucius
Lucre
Lud
Ludim
Luhith
Luke
Luke, Gospel according to
Lunatic
Lust
Luz
Lycaonia
Lycia
Lydda
Lydia
Lysanias
Lysias, Claudius
Lystra
__________________________________________________________________
Maachah
Maaleh-acrabbim
Maarath
Maaseiah
Maasiai
Maath
Maaziah
Maccabees
Maccabees, Books of the
Macedonia
Machaerus
Machbanai
Machir
Machpelah
Madai
Madmannah
Madmen
Madmenah
Madness
Madon
Magdala
Magdalene
Magic
Magicians
Magistrate
Magog
Magor-missabib
Mahalaleel
Mahalath
Mahalath Leannoth Maschil
Mahalath Maschil
Mahanaim
Mahaneh-dan
Mahath
Mahazioth
Maher-shalal-hash-baz
Mahlah
Mahlon
Mahol
Mail, Coat of
Main-sail
Makheloth
Makkedah
Maktesh
Malachi
Malachi, Prophecies of
Malcam
Malchiah
Malchi-shua
Malchus
Mallothi
Mallows
Malluch
Mammon
Mamre
Man
Manaen
Manasseh
Mandrakes
Maneh
Manger
Manna
Manoah
Man of sin
Manslayer
Mantle
Maoch
Maon
Mara
Marah
Maralah
Maranatha
Marble
Marcheshvan
Marcus
Mareshah
Mark
Market-place
Mark, Gospel according to
Maroth
Marriage
Marriage-feasts
Mars Hill
Martha
Martyr
Mary
Maschil
Mash
Mashal
Mason
Masrekah
Massa
Massah
Mattan
Mattanah
Mattaniah
Mattathias
Matthan
Matthat
Matthew
Matthew, Gospel according to
Matthias
Mattithiah
Mattock
Maul
Mazzaroth
Meadow
Meah
Meals
Mearah
Measure
Meat-offering
Mebunnai
Medad
Medan
Mede
Medeba
Media
Mediator
Meekness
Megiddo
Mehetabeel
Mehetabel
Mehujael
Mehuman
Mehunims
Me-jarkon
Mekonah
Melchi
Melchizedek
Melea
Melech
Melita
Melons
Melzar
Memphis
Memucan
Menahem
Mene
Meni
Meonenim
Mephaath
Mephibosheth
Merab
Meraiah
Meraioth
Merari
Merarites
Merathaim
Merchant
Mercurius
Mercy
Mercy-seat
Mered
Meremoth
Meribah
Merib-baal
Merodach
Merodach-baladan
Merom
Meronothite
Meroz
Mesha
Meshach
Meshech
Meshelemiah
Meshillemoth
Meshullam
Meshullemeth
Mesopotamia
Mess
Messenger
Messiah
Metheg-ammah
Methusael
Methuselah
Mezahab
Miamin
Mibhar
Mibsam
Mibzar
Micah
Micah, Book of
Micaiah
Micha
Michael
Michaiah
Michal
Michmash
Michmethah
Michri
Michtam
Middin
Midian
Midianite
Midwife
Migdal-Edar
Migdal-el
Migdal-gad
Migdol
Migron
Mikloth
Milaiai
Mildew
Mile
Miletus
Milk
Mill
Millennium
Millet
Millo
Mincing
Mine
Minister
Minni
Minnith
Minstrel
Mint
Miracle
Miriam
Misdeem
Misgab
Mishael
Mishal
Misham
Misheal
Mishma
Mishmannah
Misrephoth-maim
Mite
Mithcah
Mithredath
Mitre
Mitylene
Mixed multitude
Mizar
Mizpah
Mizpar
Mizraim
Mizzah
Mnason
Moab
Moabite
Moabite Stone
Moladah
Mole
Moloch
Money
Money-changer
Month
Moon
Mordecai
Moreh
Moreh, the Hill of
Moresheth-gath
Moriah
Mortar
Mosera
Moseroth
Moses
Mote
Moth
Mouldy
Mount
Mount of beatitudes
Mount of corruption
Mount of the Amalekites
Mount of the Amorites
Mount of the congregation
Mount of the valley
Mourn
Mouse
Mowing
Moza
Mozah
Mufflers
Mulberry
Mule
Murder
Murmuring
Murrain
Mushi
Music
Musician, Chief
Music, Instrumental
Mustard
Muth-labben
Muzzle
Myra
Myrrh
Myrtle
Mysia
Mystery
__________________________________________________________________
Naam
Naamah
Naaman
Naamathite
Naarah
Naarai
Naaran
Naarath
Nabal
Naboth
Nachon
Nadab
Nagge
Nahaliel
Nahallal
Naharai
Nahash
Nahath
Nahbi
Nahor
Nahshon
Nahum
Nahum, Book of
Nail
Nain
Naioth
Naked
Naomi
Naphish
Naphtali
Naphtali, Mount
Naphtali, Tribe of
Naphtuhim
Napkin
Narcissus
Nathan
Nathanael
Nativity of Christ
Naughty figs
Nazarene
Nazareth
Nazarite
Neah
Neapolis
Nebaioth
Neballat
Nebat
Nebo
Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadrezzar
Nebushasban
Nebuzaradan
Necho II
Neck
Necromancer
Nedabiah
Needle
Neginah
Neginoth
Nehelamite
Nehemiah
Nehemiah, Book of
Nehiloth
Nehushta
Nehushtan
Neiel
Nekeb
Nemuel
Nephilim
Nephtoah
Ner
Nereus
Nergal
Nergal-sharezer
Nero
Net
Nethaneel
Nethaniah
Nethinim
Netophah
Nettle
New Moon, Feast of
New Testament
Neziah
Nezib
Nibhaz
Nibshan
Nicanor
Nicodemus
Nicolaitanes
Nicolas
Nicopolis
Niger
Night-hawk
Nile
Nimrah
Nimrim, Waters of
Nimrod
Nimshi
Nineveh
Nisan
Nisroch
Nitre
No
Noadiah
Noah
Nob
Nobah
Nobleman
Nod
Nodab
Nogah
Noph
Nophah
North country
Northward
Nose-jewels
Numbering of the people
Numbers, Book of
Nun
Nuts
Nymphas
__________________________________________________________________
Oak
Oath
Obadiah
Obadiah, Book of
Obal
Obed
Obed-Edom
Obeisance
Obil
Oboth
Oded
Offence
Offering
Og
Ohad
Ohel
Oil
Oil-tree
Ointment
Old gate
Olive
Olive-tree
Olves, Mount of
Olympas
Omar
Omega
Omer
Omri
On
Onan
Onesimus
Onesiphorus
Onion
Ono
Onycha
Onyx
Open place
Ophel
Ophir
Ophni
Ophrah
Oracle
Oreb
Oreb, The rock of
Oren
Organ
Orion
Ornan
Orpah
Orphans
Osprey
Ossifrage
Ostrich
Othni
Othniel
Ouches
Oven
Owl
Ox
Ox goad
Ozem
Ozias
Ozni
__________________________________________________________________
Paarai
Padan
Padan-aram
Pagiel
Pahath-moab
Paint
Palace
Palestine
Pallu
Palmer-worm
Palm tree
Palm trees, The city of
Palsy
Palti
Paltiel
Paltite
Pamphylia
Pan
Pannag
Paper
Paphos
Parable
Paradise
Parah
Paran
Paran, Mount
Parbar
Parched ground
Parchment
Pardon
Parlour
Parmashta
Parmenas
Parshandatha
Parthians
Partridge
Paruah
Parvaim
Pasach
Pas-dammim
Pashur
Passage
Passion
Passover
Patara
Pathros
Patmos
Patriarch
Patrobas
Pau
Paul
Pavement
Pavilion
Peace offerings
Peacock
Pearl
Peculiar
Pedahel
Pedahzur
Pedaiah
Pekah
Pekahiah
Pekod
Pelaiah
Pelatiah
Peleg
Pelet
Peleth
Pelethites
Pelicans
Penny
Pentateuch
Pentecost
Penuel
Peor
Perazim, Mount
Peres
Perez
Perez-uzzah
Perfection
Perfumes
Perga
Pergamos
Perida
Perizzites
Persecution
Perseverance of the saints
Persia
Persis
Peruda
Peter
Peter, First Epistle of
Peter, Second Epistle of
Pethahiah
Pethor
Pethuel
Petra
Peulthai
Phalec
Phallu
Phalti
Phanuel
Pharaoh
Pharaoh's daughters
Pharez
Pharisees
Pharpar
Phebe
Phenice
Phenicia
Phicol
Philadelphia
Philemon
Philemon, Epistle to
Philetus
Philip
Philippi
Philippians, Epistle to
Philistia
Philistines
Phinehas
Phlegon
Phoenicia
Phrygia
Phut
Phygellus
Phylacteries
Physician
Pi-beseth
Pieces
Piety
Pigeon
Pi-hahiroth
Pilate, Pontius
Pillar
Pine tree
Pinnacle
Pipe
Piram
Pirathon
Pirathonite
Pisgah
Pisidia
Pison
Pit
Pitch
Pitcher
Pithom
Plague
Plain
Plain of Mamre
Plane tree
Pledge
Pleiades
Plough
Poetry
Poison
Pomegranate
Pommels
Pontius Pilate
Pontus
Pool
Pools of Solomon
Poor
Poplar
Porch, Solomon's
Porcius Festus
Porter
Post
Potiphar
Potipherah
Potsherd
Pottage
Potters field
Pottery
Pound
Praetorium
Prayer
Predestination
Presidents
Priest
Prince
Priscilla
Prison
Prophecy
Prophet
Propitiation
Proportion of faith
Proselyte
Proverb
Proverbs, Book of
Providence
Psalms
Psaltery
Ptolemais
Puah
Publican
Publius
Pudens
Pul
Pulpit
Pulse
Punishment
Purification
Pur, Purim
Purse
Puteoli
Put, Phut
Pygarg
__________________________________________________________________
Quails
Quarantania
Quarries
Quartus
Quaternion
Queen
Queen of heaven
Quicksands
Quiver
Quotations
__________________________________________________________________
Raamah
Raamiah
Raamses
Rabbah
Rabbi
Rabboni
Rabmag
Rabsaris
Rabshakeh
Raca
Rachab
Rachal
Rachel
Raguel
Rahab
Raham
Rain
Rainbow
Raisins
Rakkath
Rakkon
Ram
Rama
Ramathaim-zophim
Ramathite
Ramath-lehi
Ramath-mizpeh
Ramath of the south
Rameses
Ramoth
Ramoth-gilead
Ranges
Ransom
Rapha
Raphu
Raven
Razor
Reba
Rebekah
Rechab
Rechabites
Reconcilation
Recorder
Redeemer
Redemption
Red Sea
Red Sea, Passage of
Reed
Refiner
Refuge, Cities of
Regem-melech
Regeneration
Rehabiah
Rehob
Rehoboam
Rehoboth
Rehum
Rei
Reins
Rekem
Remaliah
Remeth
Remmon-methoar
Remphan
Rent
Repentance
Rephael
Rephaim
Rephaim, Valley of
Rephidim
Reprobate
Rereward
Resen
Rest
Resurrection of Christ
Resurrection of the dead
Reuben
Reuben, Tribe of
Reuel
Revelation
Revelation, Book of
Revelation of Christ
Rezeph
Rezin
Rezon
Rhegium
Rhesa
Rhoda
Rhodes
Riblah
Riddle
Righteousness
Rimmon
Rimmon-parez
Ring
Riphath
Rissah
Rithmah
River
River of Egypt
River of Gad
River of God
Rivers of Babylon
Rivers of Damascus
Rivers of Judah
Rizpah
Road
Robbery
Rock
Roe
Rogelim
Roll
Romamti-ezer
Romans, Epistle to the
Rome
Rose
Rosh
Rosin
Ruby
Rudder bands
Rue
Rufus
Ruhamah
Rumah
Rush
Ruth
Ruth The Book of
Rye
__________________________________________________________________
Sabachthani
Sabaoth
Sabbath
Sabbath day's journey
Sabbatical year
Sabeans
Sabtah
Sabtecha
Sachar
Sackbut
Sackcloth
Sacrifice
Sadducees
Sadoc
Saffron
Saint
Sala
Salamis
Salathiel
Salcah
Salem
Salim
Sallai
Sallu
Salmon
Salmon
Salmone
Salome
Salt
Salt Sea
Salt, The city of
Salt, Valley of
Salutation
Salvation
Samaria
Samaritan Pentateuch
Samaritans
Samgar-nebo
Samos
Samothracia
Samson
Samuel
Samuel, Books of
Sanballat
Sanctification
Sanctuary
Sandals
Sanhedrim
Sansannah
Saph
Saphir
Sapphira
Sapphire
Sarah
Sarai
Sardine stone
Sardis
Sardonyx
Sarepta
Sargon
Satan
Satyr
Saul
Saviour
Scapegoat
Scarlet
Sceptre
Sceva
Schism
Schoolmaster
Schools of the Prophets
Scorpions
Scourging
Scribes
Scrip
Scripture
Scythian
Seah
Seal
Sea of glass
Sea of Jazer
Seasons
Sea, The
Sea, The molten
Seba
Sebat
Secacah
Sechu
Sect
Secundus
Seer
Seethe
Seething pot
Segub
Seir
Seirath
Sela
Selah
Sela-hammahlekoth
Seleucia
Semei
Senaah
Senate
Seneh
Senir
Sennacherib
Seorim
Sephar
Sepharad
Sepharvaim
Septuagint
Sepulchre
Serah
Seraiah
Seraphim
Sered
Sergeants
Sergius Paulus
Sermon on the mount
Serpent
Serpent, Fiery
Serug
Servitor
Seth
Sethur
Seven
Seventy weeks
Shaalabbin
Shaaraim
Shaashgaz
Shabbethai
Shaddai
Shadow
Shadrach
Shalem
Shalim, Land of
Shalisha, Land of
Shallecheth, The gate of
Shallum
Shalman
Shamgar
Shamir
Shammah
Shammua
Shaphan
Shaphat
Shapher
Sharaim
Sharezer
Sharon, Saron
Shaveh-Kiriathaim
Shaveh, Valley of
Shavsha
Shealtiel
Shearing-house
Shear-Jashub
Sheba
Shebaniah
Shebarim
Shebna
Shebuel
Shecaniah
Shechem
Shechinah
Sheep
Sheep-fold
Sheep-gate
Sheep-market
Shekel
Shelah
Shelemiah
Shem
Shema
Shemaah
Shemaiah
Shemariah
Shemeber
Sheminith
Shemiramoth
Shemuel
Shen
Shenir
Sheol
Shepham
Shephatiah
Shepherd
Sherebiah
Sheresh
Sherezer
Sheriffs
Sheshach
Sheshai
Sheshbazzar
Sheth
Shethar
Shethar-boznai
Sheva
Shewbread
Shibboleth
Shibmah
Shield
Shiggaion
Shihon
Shihor
Shihor-Libnath
Shilhim
Shiloah, The waters of
Shiloh
Shilonite
Shimea
Shimeah
Shimei
Shimeon
Shimhi
Shimrath
Shimri
Shimrom
Shimron
Shimron-meron
Shimshai
Shinab
Shinar, The Land of
Shiphmite
Shiphrah
Shiphtan
Ships
Shishak I
Shittah-tree
Shittim
Shoa
Shobab
Shobach
Shobai
Shobal
Shobi
Shocho
Shoe
Shomer
Shophan
Shoshannim
Shoshannim-Eduth
Shrines, Silver
Shua
Shuah
Shual, The land of
Shuhite
Shulamite
Shunammite
Shunem
Shur
Shushan
Shushan-Eduth
Sibbecai
Sibmah
Sichem
Sickle
Siddim, Vale of
Sidon
Signet
Sihon
Sihor
Silas
Silk
Silla
Siloah, The pool of
Siloam, Pool of
Siloam, Tower of
Silver
Silverling
Simeon
Simeon, The tribe of
Simon
Simri
Sin
Sinai
Sinaiticus codex
Sinim, The land of
Sinite
Sin-offering
Sin, Wilderness of
Sion
Siphmoth
Sirah
Sirion
Sisera
Sitnah
Sitting
Sivan
Skin, Coats made of
Skull, The place of a
Slave
Slime
Sling
Smith
Smyrna
Snail
Snare
Snow
So
Soap
Socho
Sodom
Sodoma
Sodomites
Solemn meeting
Solomon
Solomon, Song of
Solomon's Porch
Songs
Son of God
Son of man
Soothsayer
Sop
Sopater
Sorcerer
Sorek
Sosipater
Sosthenes
South
Sovereignty
Spain
Sparrow
Spicery
Spices
Spider
Spies
Spikenard
Spirit
Spirit, Holy
Sponge
Spouse
Spring
Stachys
Stacte
Stargazers
Star, Morning
Stars
Stater
Stealing
Steel
Stephanas
Stephen
Stoics
Stomacher
Stone
Stones, Precious
Stoning
Stork
Strain at
Stranger
Straw
Stream of Egypt
Street
Stripes
Subscriptions
Suburbs
Succoth
Succoth-benoth
Sukkiims
Sun
Suph
Suphah
Supper
Surety
Susanchites
Susanna
Susi
Swallow
Swan
Swelling
Swine
Sword
Sycamine tree
Sycamore
Sychar
Sychem
Syene
Synagogue
Syntyche
Syracuse
Syria
Syriac
Syrophenician
__________________________________________________________________
Taanach
Taanath-shiloh
Tabbaoth
Tabbath
Tabeal
Tabeel
Taberah
Tabering
Tabernacle
Tabernacles, Feast of
Tabitha
Tables
Tablet
Tabor
Tabret
Tabrimon
Taches
Tachmonite
Tackling
Tadmor
Tahapanes
Tahpenes
Tahtim-hodshi
Tale
Talent
Talitha cumi
Talmai
Talmon
Tamar
Tamarisk
Tammuz
Tanhumeth
Tanis
Tappuah
Tarah
Tares
Target
Tarshish
Tarsus
Tartak
Tartan
Tatnai
Taverns, The three
Taxes
Taxing
Tebeth
Teil tree
Tekel
Tekoa, Tekoah
Tel-abib
Telaim
Telassar
Telem
Tel-haresha
Tel-melah
Tema
Teman
Temanite
Temeni
Temple
Temple, Herod's
Temple, Solomon's
Temple, the Second
Temptation
Tent
Tenth deal
Terah
Teraphim
Terebinth
Teresh
Tertius
Tertullus
Testament
Testimony
Testimony, Tabernacle of
Tetrarch
Thaddaeus
Thahash
Tharshish
Theatre
Thebez
Theft
Theocracy
Theophilus
Thessalonians, Epistles to the
Thessalonica
Theudas
Thick clay
Thieves, The two
Thistle
Thomas
Thorn
Thorn in the flesh
Thousands
Threshing
Threshold
Throne
Thummim
Thunder
Thyatira
Thyine wood
Tiberias
Tiberias, Sea of
Tiberius Caesar
Tibni
Tidal
Tiglath-Pileser I.
Tiglath-Pileser III.
Timaeus
Timbrel
Timnah
Timnath
Timnath-heres
Timnath-serah
Timnite
Timon
Timotheus
Timothy
Timothy, First Epistle to
Timothy, Second Epistle to
Tin
Tinkling ornaments
Tiphsah
Tiras
Tires
Tirhakah
Tirshatha
Tirza
Tishbite
Tisri
Tithe
Tittle
Titus
Titus, Epistle to
Tob-adonijah
Tobiah
Tobijah
Tob, The land of
Tochen
Togarmah
Tohu
Toi
Tola
Tolad
Tolaites
Toll
Tombs
Tongues, Confusion of
Tongues, Gift of
Tooth
Topaz
Tophel
Tophet
Torches
Torment
Tortoise
Tow
Tower of the furnaces
Towers
Trachonitis
Tradition
Trance
Transfiguration, the
Treasure cities
Treasure houses
Treasury
Tree of life
Tree of the knowledge of good and evil
Trespass offering
Tribe
Tribulation
Tribute
Trinity
Troas
Trogyllium
Trophimus
Trumpets
Trumpets, Feast of
Truth
Tryphena and Tryphosa
Tubal
Tubal-cain
Turtle, Turtle-dove
Tychicus
Type
Tyrannus
Tyre
Tyropoeon Valley
__________________________________________________________________
Ucal
Ulai
Ummah
Unction
Unicorn
Unni
Upharsin
Uphaz
Ur
Uriah
Uriel
Urijah
Urim
Usury
Uz
Uzal
Uz, The land of
Uzza
Uzzah
Uzzen-sherah
Uzzi
Uzziah
Uzziel
__________________________________________________________________
Vagabond
Vajezatha
Valley
Vashti
Vaticanus, Codex
Veil, vail
Version
Villages
Vine
Vinegar
Vine of Sodom
Viol
Viper
Virgin
Vision
Vows
Vulture
__________________________________________________________________
Wafers
Wages
Wagon
Wailing-place, Jews'
Wall
Wandering
War
Ward
Wars of the Lord, The Book of the
Washing
Watches
Watchings
Water of jealousy
Water of purification
Water of separation
Waterspouts
Wave offerings
Wax
Wean
Weasel
Weaving, weavers
Week
Weeks, Feast of
Weights
Well
Westward
Whale
Wheat
Wheel
White
Widows
Wife
Wilderness
Willows
Wimple
Window
Winds
Wine
Winefat
Wine-press
Winnow
Wise men
Wise, wisdom
Witch
Witchcraft
Witness
Witness of the Spirit
Wizard
Wolf
Woman
Wood
Wood-offering
Wool
Word of God
Word, The
Works, Covenant of
Works, Good
Worm
Wormwood
Worship
Worshipper
Wrestle
Writing
__________________________________________________________________
Yarn
Year
Yeshebi
Yoke
Yoke-fellow
__________________________________________________________________
Zaanaim
Zaanan
Zaanannim
Zaavan
Zabad
Zabbai
Zabbud
Zabdi
Zabdiel
Zabud
Zabulon
Zaccai
Zacchaeus
Zaccur
Zachariah
Zacharias
Zacher
Zadok
Zair
Zalmon
Zalmonah
Zalmunna
Zamzummims
Zanoah
Zaphnath-paaneah
Zarephath
Zaretan
Zareth-shahar
Zarthan
Zatthu
Zattu
Zaza
Zeal
Zealots
Zebadiah
Zebah
Zebaim
Zebedee
Zeboim
Zebudah
Zebul
Zebulonite
Zebulun
Zebulun, Lot of
Zebulun, Tribe of
Zechariah
Zedad
Zedekiah
Zeeb
Zelah
Zelek
Zelophehad
Zelotes
Zemaraim
Zemarite
Zemira
Zenas
Zephaniah
Zephath
Zephathah
Zerah
Zered
Zereda
Zeredathah
Zererath
Zeresh
Zeruah
Zerubbabel
Zeruiah
Zetham
Zethan
Zia
Ziba
Zibeon
Zibia
Zibiah
Zichri
Ziddim
Zidkijah
Zidon
Zif
Ziha
Ziklag
Zillah
Zilpah
Zilthai
Zimmah
Zimran
Zimri
Zin
Zina
Zion
Zior
Ziph
Ziphah
Ziphron
Zippor
Zipporah
Zithri
Ziz
Ziza
Zizah
Zoan
Zoar
Zobah
Zohar
Zoheleth
Zoheth
Zophah
The History of The Bible
Bible (Gr. βιβλία, books), the name applied by Chrysostom in the 4th century to the books of the Old and New Testaments, which had been called the "Scripture." The ancient plural has been transformed into a singular noun, in view of the recognized unity of the books of the Bible, which is thus called The Book by way of eminence. The Bible has two general divisions, the Old Testament and the New; the Greek διαθήkn meaning disposition by will, is used both in the Septuagint and in the Greek New Testament for the "covenant" or compact between God and man. The Old Testament was divided by the Jews into three parts, viz., the law, the prophets, and the sacred writings. The law comprised the five books of Moses. The prophets comprised the earlier prophets, so called - the books of Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings; and the later prophets - three major, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, and 12 minor, Hosea to Malachi. Under the sacred writings were included the poetical books, Psalms, Proverbs, Job; the "Five Rolls," Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther; also the books of Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and 1 and 2 Chronicles. The number of the books and their grouping have varied in different versions.
Our English Bible gives 39. Jerome counted the same books so as to equal the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet; Judges and Ruth, the two books of Samuel, two of Kings, two of Chronicles and the 12 minor prophets making five books. The later Jews of Palestine counted these 24. As to their order, the Masoretic arrangement, which is that of our present Hebrew Bibles, is very ancient. The Greek-speaking Jews, however, varied from those of Palestine, and their arrangement is preserved in the Septuagint, which is followed in the Vulgate and in our English Bibles; an order not according to chronological succession, but made with a view to grouping similar classes of composition together, the historical being placed first, the poetical next, and the prophetical last. The historical division opens in the book of Genesis with an account of the creation of all things, then takes up the history of the Hebrews as a matter of central interest, showing the separation of the family of Abraham from other nations and their prosperous settlement in Egypt. Exodus describes the escape of the Israelites from Egypt and their organization as a nation under the Mosaic law. Leviticus contains the more special laws of Israel, chiefly those relating to the public worship, festivals, and similar topics.
Numbers, with a supplement to the laws, narrates the weary march through the desert, and the opening of the contest for the land of Canaan. In Deuteronomy Moses, drawing near death, reminds the people of the experience they have gone through and the laws they have received, and exhorts them to obedience to God; then appoints a successor, and, taking a first and last look at the land not yet entered, dies. The book of Joshua describes the conquest and partition of Canaan, and the leader's farewell exhortation and death. In the next book, Judges, we read of anarchy and apostasy, and the consequent subjugation of the Israelites by their heathen neighbors, and the exploits of heroes raised up to deliver them. The books of Samuel give his history as prophet and judge, and the story of Saul and David. The books of Kings tell of David's death, the brilliant reign of Solomon, and the subsequent decline, the revolt of the ten tribes, the overthrow of the seceded kingdom of Israel and the fall of the kingdom of Judah into captivity, and the fate of the remnant left in Judea while their brethren were carried away captive. These books tell also of those prophets who testified for God in the face of wicked kings and a degenerate people.
The Chronicles are a supplementary work, and are accompanied by the book of Ruth, an episode in the time of the judges, narrating with exquisite grace the marriage of Ruth the Moabitess and Boaz the great-grandfather of David. The Old Testament history closes in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, which describe the return of the Jewish nation from exile and the restoration of Jerusalem and the temple worship. The book of Esther records events of the Persian captivity. - While the historical books show the development of those religious ideas which underlie the Hebrew national life, the prophetic books show these ideas inspiring the people in their conflicts with unbelief and apostasy, and animating the nation with bright hopes of the future. In all literature there are no books like these, in severe morality, high religious tone, sublime conception, grand diction, and rich imagery. Covering a great extent of time, these prophetic writings vary in style, but they show the struggles of the nation's heart and its foreign relations in a way that lights up the historical books. - The poetical books express the same ideas with the prophetic, but in a more quiet didactic and lyric form.
The didactic portion of them consists of the Proverbs, a collection of sententious maxims and wise discourses; Ecclesiastes, an eloquent wail over the transientness of earthly things; and the book of Job, a philosophical poem upon Providence, wonderfully rich in thought and diction, and full of the doctrine of resignation to the mysterious will of God. The Psalms are a collection of devotional lyrics. Lamentations are elegiac patriotic verses. The Song of Solomon is an amatory idyll, which has been explained by many scholars as an allegory. - The New Testament gives the only original account of the origin and early spread of Christianity. It is composed of 27 books. Four contain the memoirs of Jesus; one (Acts) gives the actions of the apostles, especially of Peter and Paul; 21 are apostolical letters; and the collection closes with the Apocalypse. The Gospels of Matthew and John are held to be the work of the apostles whose names they bear. Mark was a disciple of Peter, and Luke a companion of Paul. The book of Acts is also ascribed to Luke. The Epistles are letters called forth by various exigencies, and contain incidental information, throwing much light upon the early constitution and spread of the Christian church, and the development of its doctrines.
The Apocalypse is the only book in the New Testament of a strictly prophetic character. It was written shortly after the death of Nero, and strengthened the hearts of Christians against a threatening persecution by giving hope of the approaching kingdom of Christ. - For 1,000 years learned men have been studying the authenticity and arrangement of the constituent parts of the Bible. The history of this work will be found under the title Canon. Far greater study, however, has been given to the original text of Scripture. The Hebrew text of the Old Testament as we have it has already passed through many revisions. Of the primitive text we have little positive information. The books were first written on skins or linen cloth or papyrus, and preserved in rolls. The letter used was the old Hebrew character, which is found on the coins of the Maccabees, and was probably of Phoenician origin. There were no accents nor vowel points, the consonants only being written, and the vowel sounds supplied by the usage of the living speech; and the words were generally run together in a continuous line. Not until the Hebrew became a dead language was its vowel system perfected, to take the place of the familiar usage which was passing away.
After the return from the Babylonish exile, the sacred books were subjected to a careful and critical examination. About the same time the written character of the ancient Hebrew was modified by the Aramaic chirography, until it took the square form, more nearly resembling the Palmyrene letters, which was adopted perhaps on account of its beauty. Simultaneously came another arrangement of the text, with a view to its public reading. Tradition had prescribed the manner in which the reader's voice should emphasize words and balance sentences, but it was long before that mode was declared by any written signs. The first step toward this was the separation of words from each other, and it was followed by the division into verses. This had been marked in poetry very early by lines or blank spaces measuring the rhythm. In prose it was introduced later for the convenience of the synagogue, and was established by the close of the period we are considering. Before this distribution into sentences, the necessity was felt of breaking up the text into sections of less or greater length.
In this division the book of the law consisted of (569 paragraphs or "pa-rashes," and these, in the absence of headings and running indices, were known and referred to by the subject that was most prominent in each; for example, parash "Balaam," parash "Bush," or "Deluge." The text, thus written and distributed, was most jealously guarded. In copying it nothing must be added, nothing taken away, nothing changed; letters, words, verses, sections were counted. Rules were made in regard to the way in which the MSS. were to be written; every letter that was larger or smaller, suspended or inverted, or otherwise unusual in its form, even if accidentally so written, was to be needfully copied. Another division into larger parashes or sections, adapted to the public readings on the Sabbath, was introduced at a later time. The next period in the history of the Old Testament text is the Masoretic, commonly reckoned from the 6th to the 11th century. The word masora means a "collection of traditions/' and the main object of the laborers in this field was to gather up and arrange the critical material of an older time before the existing traditions should fade out.
But the Masorites did more than this; they aimed at completing what had been commenced before; they would fix the reading of the text in all its parts, and their scrupulous care did much to finish and perfect it. They collated MSS., noticed critical and orthographical difficulties, and ventured upon conjectures of their own. Their notes were at' first written in separate books; afterward for convenience they were copied upon the margin of MSS. or even at the end of a book, a practice that led gradually to vast confusion. Attempts were even made to crowd the whole Masora upon the margin of MSS., and when the space was too small, as often it was, the annotations were appended to the text or omitted entirely Since the completion of the Masoretic period the labors of scholars have been spent in elucidating and perpetuating the Masoretic text. The MSS. of the Pentateuch were very carefully revised, and some of them are very ancient. Of the other books no MSS. date back as far as the Masoretic period: four or five belong to the 12th century; some 50 belong to the 13th; and for the following centuries the number increases.
Eminent Jewish scholars of the middle ages devoted themselves to the task of purifying the sacred text by the largest possible collation of MSS., and in their writings speak of famous copies now lost whose use they enjoyed. When the invention of printing had made easy the exact reproduction and extensive multiplication of copies, an attempt was made to compare carefully the best MSS. extant, to collate with them the Masora, and thus to bring out a true and pure Masoretic text; an undertaking too large to be accomplished at once, and therefore but imperfectly executed at that time. The books were produced singly. The earliest printed portion of the Hebrew Bible, the Psalter, was done in 1477, in small folio form, very carelessly, with many abbreviations, and not a few grave omissions. Later, about 1480, it was reprinted in 12mo, without date or place, and again in the same form with an index. The whole Pentateuch, with the points, the Chaldee paraphrase, and Rashi's commentary, was printed in 1482, in folio, at Bologna. In 1486 appeared in two folios, at Soncino, the prophets, early and later, with Kimchi's commentary.
The whole Hagiographa was printed in Naples in 1487. The entire Hebrew Bible was first printed at Soncino in 1488. It was made partly from MSS. neither very old, probably, nor very good, and partly from editions of separate books already published. It contained many errors. Only nine copies of this edition are extant. This was strictly followed by the Gerson edition printed at Brescia in 1494, from which Luther made his translation. It was the parent of the first rabbinical Bible of Bomberg, 1517 and 1518, and of Bomberg's manual editions from 1518 to 1521; of the editions of Robert Stephens (4to, 1539-'44), and of Sebastian Minister's (Basel, 2 vols. 4to, 1536). The next independent edition prepared from a fresh comparison of MSS. was the famous Complutensian Polyglot (Complutum, i. e., Alcala de Henares), the work of Cardinal Ximenes, assisted by the most eminent biblical scholars in Spain. No expense was spared to procure Hebrew MSS. from different countries. The Vatican and other libraries lent their treasures; and 14 years of preparatory labors were spent before the first volume was issued (1522). The text of the Complutensian Bible agrees closely with that of Bomberg's first edition of 1518. The third great original edition is the second of Bomberg's rabbinical Bible, printed in folio at Venice, 1525-'6. This embodies the labors of Rabbi Jacob ben Cha-jim, who revised the Masora word by word, arranged it, made an index, and availed himself systematically of its whole apparatus.
It was reprinted several times in the 1 6th and 17th centuries. After these three independent editions, all that follow contain a mixed text. The Antwerp Polyglot, published 1569-'72, at the expense of King Philip II. of Spain, and therefore called the royal Polyglot, was composed from the Complutensian and Bomberg's. Besides the texts in five volumes, four containing the Old and one the New Testament, three other volumes gave a valuable apparatus, critical, philological, antiquarian. The various editions of Plantin followed the Antwerp Polyglot, as did those of Christian Reineccius. It was the basis also of the Paris Polyglot (10 vols, folio, 1645), which gave the text in Hebrew, Samaritan, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, and Latin, containing for the first time in print the Samaritan Pentateuch. It was repeated again in the London Polyglot (6 vols, folio, 1657). Elias IIutter, in his first edition published at Hamburg in 1587, and three times reprinted, used the copies of Venice, Antwerp, and Paris. In 1611 the manual edition of Buxtorf was printed. Buxtorf undertook to improve upon Bomberg's Bible, and as far as he could conformed to the Masora, for whose text he had the highest respect, regarding it as the only perfect one.
The next important edition for which the oldest and best MSS. were collated was that of Joseph Athias, printed at Amsterdam, 1661 and 1667. Among the later editions that have followed this, the most noted from their new collation of MSS., careful selection of readings, and thorough correction of points, are those of Jablonski, Berlin, 1699; Van der Hooght, Amsterdam, 1705; J. H. Michaelis, Halle, 1720; Houbigant, Paris, 1753; Simon, Halle, 1752, 1767; Kennicott, Oxford, 1776,1780; August Halm, 1831; and G. Theile, 1849. Besides these editions, which aim at bringing the Masoretic text near its perfection, critical helps are found. in the Masora contained in the rabbinical Bibles of Bomberg and Buxtorf, and the various readings which are found in all the best editions. The toil and treasure expended upon this long series of editions, each of which was a triumph in its time, have not been wasted. The result on the whole is a text of these ancient and venerable books, not indeed perfect in every point and particle, but more excellent than might have been expected, a text that nearly corresponds with that of the books which constituted the oldest Hebrew canon. - The task of purifying the Greek of the New Testament and bringing it to the perfection of our latest and best editions was much less difficult, yet a work of no small magnitude.
Not a fragment from the hand of an evangelist or an apostle survived the early generations that used, the original MSS. and wore them out. The early Christians did not feel the importance of laying them sacredly aside. The greater their value, the more extensive was their circulation, and the briefer consequently their existence. The books of the New. Testament were written after the custom of the time upon papyrus, or upon parchment, finer and more durable, which was beginning to take its place, and were in the roll form. The writing itself, done with a reed and ink, was in uncial or large letters, and ran in continuous lines, with no spaces between the words, no capitals or stops. The heading of the books, "According to Matthew," "According to Luke," etc, was added later. Some epistles had their address marked upon them, but in others it was inferred from the contents. The title "catholic" ("general" in our English Bibles) was given to certain epistles in the 4th century. As copies of these ancient books multiplied, they naturally varied more or less from the originals and from each other; the copyists confounding similar letters or words, substituting a synonym for a given term, introducing something from a parallel passage or marginal gloss, or making other alterations unintentional or even intentional, as the copyist tried to harmonize seeming discrepancies or to explain what seemed obscure.
These variations, small and great, number not less than 120,000; yet they are mostly variations of spelling or inflection, often impossible to express in a translation. There are not more than 1,600 or 2,000 places where the true reading is at all in doubt, while the doubtful readings which affect the sense are much fewer still, and those of any dogmatic importance can be easily numbered. The MSS. of the New Testament have been classified according to certain literary or geographical affinities. They were divided into the eastern and the western, or according to another description, into an Alexandrine and a Latin, an Asiatic and a Byzantine text. The Alexandrine type of the Greek text was in use among the oriental Jewish Christians who used the Greek version of the Old Testament. The Latin type is found not only in the Latin copies, but in the Greek copies which the Latins used. These groups were not wholly distinct from one another, and it is difficult to fix upon the peculiar reading that belongs to each. The MSS. of the Byzantine class are most uniform.
Toward the close of the 4th century no single MS. was known that comprised the whole New Testament. At a considerably later period they were rare, and most of these contained also the Old Testament in Greek. The four gospels were commonly written in one collection, and the Pauline epistles in one. The catholic epistles were classed with the Acts, though sometimes these last two collections and the Pauline were united. MSS. of the Apocalypse were the rarest. The gospels were generally found in the order in which we have them, though in some copies they were transposed. After the Acts usually came the catholic epistles. The order in which the letters of Paul stood varied much. The place of the Apocalypse was fixed by Athanasius at the end of the collection, as it stands at present. By the 4th century papyrus had given place to parchment, and the form of the roll to that of the book. Breaks in the line and simple points were used. To meet the convenience of the public lecture, the books were measured off into pauses and sentences by lines, after the same manner with the poetical books of the Old Testament. It was not long, however, before other divisions of the text were adopted.
In the 8th century Ammonias in making his harmony of the gospels had broken up the text into 1,165 sections, and after the 5th century his arrangement was indicated upon the margin of nearly all the MSS. The gospels were divided into chapters from a very early period, but the present arrangement originated in the 18th century with Cardinal Hugo, who devised it while making a Latin concordance. Erasmus used it in the margin of his Latin translation, and it was repeated in the Complutensian Polyglot. The subdivision of the chapters into verses was introduced by Robert Stephens in 1551. Cursive or small letters were not generally substituted for the uncial till the 10th century. Uncial MSS. of the New Testament arc numerous when compared with the ancient MSS. of other works; and year by year new ones are being discovered. The ages of these to within half a century have been ascertained. To the 11th century belong two or three: the Sinaitic codex (A), now at St. Petersburg, obtained by Tischendorf from the convent of St. Catharine, Mt. Sinai, in 1859, and since published in facsimile at the expense of the emperor of Russia (1862); the Vatican codex (B), containing all the New Testament except the Apocalypse, the epistles to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, and the last four and a half chapters of Hebrews. This MS. was published by Teschendorf at Leipzig in 1807 and by papal authority at Rome in 1868. To this century perhaps belongs a palimpsest in the British museum containing fragments of John xiii. and xvi., published by Tischendorf. To the 5th century belong seven MSS.: the Alexandrian codes (A), presented by the patriarch of Constantinople-to Charles I. in 1628, and preserved in the British museum, and published in 1780 and 1860; the Ephrem palimpsest (C), in the imperial library at, Paris, containing in 64-leaves fragments of the Septuagint, and in 145 two thirds of the New Testament, over which had been written the works of St. Ephrem the Syrian, deciphered and published by Tischendorf in 1843.; and five other fragmentary MSS. To the 6th century belong 18 MSS.; among them Beza's codex (D), a Greek-Latin Ms. of part of the New Testament presented by Bezain 1581 to the university of Cambridge; the Codex purpureus (X) written with silver letters on purple vellum; and other MSS. of great interest, From the 7th century we have only several fragments of MSS. To the 8th century are assigned 9 one of the most valuable being the MS. (I.) 62 in the imperial library at Paris used by Robert Stephens. The 9th century has left us 20 MSS., besides four which are assigned to the 9th or 10th. From the 10th century we have five.
These uncial MSS. (about 75) have been deciphered, some of them with great difficulty; most of them have been accurately collated, and the text of many has been published. Of them all, only one, the recently discovered Sinaitic MS., now has the New Testament complete, though three others originally had the whole, but now lack some parts. Four others have the gospels complete, and four nearly; and about 40 others have portions of the gospels, larger or smaller. The other New Testament books are found more or less complete in some, while in others they are wanting. Besides the 75 uncial MSS. above noticed, there are some 05 lectionaries, or select portions of the gospels or epistles for church services, written in uncial letters, and 1,215 MSS. of some portions of the New Testament and 248 lectionaries in cursive letters. - Most eminent scholars have aided in establishing the text of the New Testament: among the Greeks, Irenaeus, Clement, Origen, Athanasius, Eusebius, Epiphanius, the Cyrils, Chrysostom, and Theodoret; among the Latins, Cyprian, Tertullian, Ambrose, Augustine, and Rufinus. The name of Bede brings us nearer home. Alcuin endeavored to purify the Latin text, and Photius labored in the 9th century, Suidas in the 10th, and Theophylact, Oecumenius, and others in subsequent ages.
Yet 50 years after the invention of printing no attempt had been made to print the original text of the New Testament. The fifth volume of the Complutensian Polyglot contained the original Greek based on MSS. of no special value, so far as may be judged. This volume was printed first of the whole set in 1514, but was not issued until the rest were finished in 1522. Before this, in 1516, Erasmus had issued the first Greek and Latin edition of the New Testament at Basel, constructing his text from five MSS. there. A second edition, changed in some hundred passages, appeared in 1519, a third in 1522, and a fourth in 1527, further altered to conform to the Complutensian, and repeated in 1535 with little change. For 100 years the Complutensian and Erasmian texts were often reprinted with slight alterations. Famous editors of the text were Robert Stephens, a learned printer of Paris (1539-'51), and Theodore Beza (1565-'98). The Elzevirs at Leyden (1624-'41) and at Amsterdam (1656) gave what is known as the "received text," relying upon Stephens and Beza. Bishop Walton's London Polyglot of 1657, Bishop Fell's Greek Testament (Oxford, 1658) and Dr. John Mill's Greek New Testament (Oxford, 1707) gave various readings and versions from many ancient MSS. under the received text.
These were the precursors of modern critical editions. Bengel (Tubingen, 1734), Wetstein (Amsterdam, 1751), and Griesbach (Halle, 1744 and 1806) made great advances in critical perfection. The editions of Knapp, Tittmann, Hahn, and Theile are chiefly based on Griesbach's. Greenfield followed Mill, but gave Griesbach's principal variations. Scholz (Leipzig, 1830-'36) made a wide collation of MSS., and Lachmann a very critical study of a few MSS. The late Dean Alford and Dr. Tregelles in England, and Tischendorf in Germany, are among the most eminent laborers in our own day. Tischendorf's first edition (Leipzig, 1841) followed Griesbach and Lachmann, but subsequently he carried out a most elaborate plan of travel and investigation, and published its results in his second edition (Leipzig, 1849). Other editions have followed in 1850, 1854, and 1855-'9, the last giving valuable accounts of his- critical labors, and presenting the best text hitherto published. A new edition begun in 1864 is nearly completed (1873). Tregelles has published (1855-'70) an edition from collation and comparison of MSS. of all the Greek fathers down to the Nicene council. His edition is incomplete, being interrupted by the state of his health.
The various critical editions of the New Testament bear conclusive witness to the genuineness of the text in every matter of importance. There has been no material corruption in the sacred record. - The ancient translations of the Old and New Testaments are in some respects of great value. The oldest of these and the most celebrated is the Greek version of the Old Testament called the Septuagint (LXX.) from its 72 translators, or perhaps from the 72 members of the Sanhedrim who sanctioned it. It was commenced by Jews of Alexandria about 280 B. C, and was finished in the course of years evidently by different hands. The Pentateuch is pronounced by scholars the best portion of the work; other portions are unequal; here and there it is considered to betray an imperfect knowledge of the Hebrew language. It contains most of the books called the Apocrypha. The Greek Jews, in the declining state of the Hebrew tongue, made great use of the Septuagint, and even the Jews of Palestine held it in high esteem until the Christians in the second century quoted it against them. They then denied its agreement with the Hebrew, and it became odious to them.
In Jerome's day there were three differing yet authorized editions of the Septuagint in use: one in Palestine, one at Alexandria, and one in Constantinople. Hence the corruptions that mar the MSS. in our possession. The Septuagint was the parent of many translations in Latin, Syriac, Ethiopic, Coptic, Armenian, Georgian, Slavonic, and Arabic. Many oriental versions were made from the Hebrew, of uncertain date; among them the Targums in Chaldee, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Syriac translation called the Peshito or "simple," one of the oldest translations of the Bible, several in Arabic, and one in Persian. There were also other Greek versions, of which the most celebrated was that of Aquila, made about A. D. 135, and valuable on account of its anxious literalness.
Fragments of it are preserved in Origen's Hexapla. But after the Septuagint the most famous version from the Hebrew was the Latin version of Jerome, the basis of the present Vulgate. Jerome, who had previously undertaken a revision of the old Latin translation of the New Testament, called the Itala, revised the Psalter also from the Septuagint about 383. About 389 he began a new version from the Hebrew, and completed the work about 405. The work, though in parts hastily, was on the whole well done. The translator made use of the Greek versions that were before him, as well as of the Arabic and the Syriac, always, however, comparing them with the Hebrew. The translation, having to contend with a superstitious reverence for the Septuagint, met with a doubtful reception, and made its way slowly into favor, but in the course of 200 or 300 years it was highly regarded at Rome and in other places, but not so highly as to escape corruption from careless copyists, indiscreet revisers, ambitious critics, and reckless theologians. The old Vulgate (the Itala) and the new injured each other. Alcuin, early in the 9th century, bidden, and as some think aided by Charlemagne, revised and corrected Jerome's version by the Hebrew and Greek originals.
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury in the 11th century, revised it again. The council of Trent (1546), having received a report from a commission that the text was very corrupt, so that only the pope could restore it, declared that "the old and Vulgate edition . . . shall be held as authentic, . . . and that no one, on any pretext whatever, may dare or presume to reject it." The council also decreed that the edition " should be printed as accurately as possible." As it had become necessary to prepare an authentic edition of the authorized version, two popes, Pius IV. and V., addressed themselves to this task; learned men were assembled, a printing press was erected in the Vatican, a pontiff looked over the printed sheets, and the work was published in 1590; but it proved to be so imperfect that Gregory XIV. called another assembly of scholars to make another revision. This time the duty was more thoroughly discharged, and the Biblia Sacra Vulg. Ed. Test. V. Pont. Max. jussu recog., etc, the basis of every subsequent edition, was issued in 1592. The famous Bellarmin, one of the translators, wrote the preface. - Translations of the New Testament were made very early into all the tongues then spoken by Christians. A few words upon some of the more modern versions will be in place here.
