Urology E-Book

Amir V. Kaisary

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Lecture Notes
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 501

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Urology Lecture Notes contains all the essential knowledge for medical students, junior doctors and early-stage trainees involved in urology placements or urological surgery. With a strong emphasis on clinical presentation, procedures and surgery, it provides an accessible, conversational guide to all the situations likely to be encountered on the wards.

Key features include:

• Extensive illustration to clearly demonstrate relevant procedures, conditions, and physiology
• Important information flagged up in key points
• Self-assessment MCQs to test and help consolidate knowledge

Whether you are preparing for your first urology rotation or looking for a quick reference to all aspects of the system, Urology Lecture Notes provides key support to all students, junior doctors and trainees involved in this specialty.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Preface

Acknowledgements

Part 1: Meet the patient

1 Assessment of the urological patient

History

Overactive bladder syndrome

Examination

2 Assessment of the urological patient

Urinalysis

Imaging the urinary tract

Part 2: The kidneys and adrenal gland

3 The kidney

Embryology

Congenital errors

4 Kidney trauma

Penetrating injuries

Closed injuries

5 Kidney infections and inflammation

Uncomplicated infections

Complicated infections

Ascending infection

Blood-borne infection

End result of urinary infection

Complicated renal infections

Clinical sequelae of renal infections

Chronic upper urinary tract infections and inflammation

Granulomatous disease

6 Urinary tract calculi

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Crystal aggregation and stone growth

Stone-specific factors

Evaluation of the stone former

Treatment of urinary tract calculi

Prevention of recurrent urinary stones

7 Kidney neoplasms

Surgical anatomy and renal surgery

Surgical approaches to the kidney

Complications after renal surgery

Wilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma)

Renal cell cancer (hypernephroma)

Management of metastatic disease: Systemic therapy

Other renal tumours

8 The renal pelvis and ureter

Anatomy

Peristalsis

Inflammation of the ureter

Vesicoureteric reflux

Ureteric obstruction

Ureteric injury

Carcinoma of the ureter

9 The adrenal gland

Surgical anatomy and physiology

Physiology and disorders of the adrenal cortex

Adrenal tumours

Part 3: The bladder and urethra

10 The bladder

Structure

Bladder function

Bladder investigations

Urethral pressure profile

11 Bladder infections and inflammation

Lower urinary tract infection

Simple cystitis

Chronic cystitis

Interstitial cystitis

Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)

Radiation cystitis

12 Disorders of bladder function

Overactive bladder syndrome

Detrusor overactivity

Incontinence

13 Bladder cancer

Clinical features

Pathology

Staging of bladder cancer

Treatment of bladder cancer

Carcinoma of the urachus

Combination chemotherapy

Palliation

Part 4: The prostate gland

14 Benign disorders of the prostate gland

Surgical anatomy

Prostatitis

Benign prostatic enlargement

Treatment

15 Prostate cancer

Pathology

Tumour markers

Presentation

Investigations

Staging of prostate cancer

Treatment

Advanced/metastatic disease

Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)

Part 5: Male genitalia

16 The urethra

Anatomy

Congenital disorders of the urethra

Inflammation of the urethra

Urethral trauma

Complications of urethral injuries

Urethral stricture

Urethral carcinoma

17 The penis

Surgical anatomy

Blood supply

Nerves

Physiology of erection

Ejaculation

Circumcision

Acute balanoposthitis

Peyronie’s disease

Ejaculatory failure

Erectile dysfunction

Priapism

Cancer of the penis

Chemotherapy

18 The testicle

Embryology

Surgical anatomy

Blood supply

Structure

Congenital anomalies

Torsion

Varicocele

Hydrocele

Cysts of the epididymis

Trauma to the testicle

Inflammation of the testicle

Cancer of the testis

19 Male infertility

History and general examination

Investigations

Infertility

Vasectomy

Part 6: Additional therapeutic modalities

20 Radiotherapy

Delivery

Side effects of radiotherapy

Pelvic radiotherapy

Pre-existing morbidities

Steps in delivering radiotherapy

External beam radiotherapy

Proton beam therapy

21 Minimally invasive urology

Laparoscopy

Trans-peritoneal compared to extra-peritoneal approaches for laparoscopy

Robotics

Single-port laparoscopy versus multi-port laparoscopy

Complications of robotic surgery

Training in laparoscopy and robotics

Appendix A: ECOG performance status

Appendix B: TNM classification of malignant tumours

Sentinel lymph node

Histopathological grading: G

Stage grouping

Appendix C: Response evaluation criteria in solid tumours

Eligibility

Methods of measurement

Baseline documentation of ‘target’ and ‘non-target’ lesions

Response criteria

Confirmation

Duration of overall response

Appendix D: The Clavien–Dindo classification of surgical complications

Appendix E: Adverse effects of cancer treatment

Appendix F: Urinary catheters

Condom catheters

Indwelling catheters

Intermittent (short-term) catheter

Appendix G: Evidence-based medicine

Levels of evidence

Grades of recommendation

Multiple choice questions

Answers

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Stone composition and approximate occurrence rates

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Staging system of the Children’s Oncology Group Stage

Table 7.2 Neoplastic hormone syndromes in renal cell cancer

Table 7.3 Bosniak renal cyst classification system

Table 7.4 International TNM system of staging for renal cell carcinoma

Table 7.5 Major histological subtypes

Table 7.6 Fuhrman grading system

Table 7.7 Leibovich score

Table 7.8 Estimated metastasis-free survival

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 EORTC risk tables for stage Ta T1 bladder cancer

Table 13.2 Risk group stratification in superficial bladder cancer

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Classification of the prostatitis syndromes

Table 14.2 International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Risk of prostate cancer in relation to low PSA values

Table 15.2 Total PSA age reference ranges

Table 15.3 Prostate nomogram

Table 15.4 Predictive risk groups’ criteria in prostate cancer

Table 15.5 Prostate cancer protocol for active surveillance guide

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 TNM classification

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Erectile dysfunction pathophysiology

Table 17.2 Cardiac risk group stratification in erectile dysfunction

Table 17.3 Treatment strategies in penile cancer

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Risk factors for testicular cancer

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Normal semen parameters

Table 19.2 Klinefelter’s syndrome

Appendix F

Table F.1 Charrière catheter sizes and diameters

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 Physical signs of an enlarged kidney.

Figure 1.2 There is often a band of resonance in front of the kidney from gas in the colon.

Figure 1.3 The bladder is dull to percussion.

Figure 1.4 An enlarged bladder may go to one or other side.

Figure 1.5 Landmarks for groin hernias.

Figure 1.6 Pantaloon hernia.

Figure 1.7 Varicocele: enlarged testicular veins. There is a cough impulse and the swelling disappears when the patient lies down.

Figure 1.8 Lump in the scrotum: can you get above it?

Figure 1.9 Lump in the scrotum: check whether it is solid or fluctuant. Determine fluctuation in two planes.

Figure 1.10 To see if light shines through a swelling, it helps to use a cylinder, for example, one made from rolled-up paper.

Figure 1.11 Hydroceles lie in front of the testis and tend to surround it.

Figure 1.12 Cystic swellings behind the testis are cysts of the epididymis.

Figure 1.13 Solid swellings in the epididymis are usually inflammatory.

Figure 1.14 A solid swelling in the testis is a cancer until proven otherwise.

Figure 1.15 Multiple knotty swellings in the epididymis and a ‘beaded’ are highly suggestive of tuberculosis.

Figure 1.16 Anatomical landmarks that may be felt per rectum.

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 Casts in the urine.

Figure 2.2 Check the plain abdominal X-ray for the four Ss: side, skeleton, soft tissues and stones.