10,000 Ways to Die E-Book

Alex Cox

• Herausgeber: Kamera Books
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 590

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2010

Beschreibung

Forty years ago as a graduate student I wrote a book about Spaghetti Westerns, called 10,000 Ways to Die. It's an embarrassing tome: full of half-assed semiotics and other attenuated academic nonsense. Thirty years later I wrote an entirely new book with the same title, about the same subject, from a different perspective - that of a working film director. What interested me was what the filmmakers intended, how they did that shot, how the director felt when his film was recut by the distributor, and he was creatively and financially screwed. Now I have prepared a new edition of 10,000 Ways to Die. It reflects my changing thoughts about the Italian Western, which I still greatly admire. It includes corrections, additions, and new sections on films I changed my mind about, or hadn't seen - including Lina Wertmuller's BELLE STAR - the only Italian Western directed by a woman.

Leseprobe

To Giulio Questi

Contents

Title Page

Dedication

Introduction

Background: Brando, Kurosawa & the Continental Op

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

The Seventies

1608

Copyright

Introduction

‘I know death hath ten thousand several doors For men to take their exits.’

John Webster, The Duchess of Malfi Act IV; Sc II

When I was trying to raise money for Revengers Tragedy, it sometimes helped to describe Frank Cottrell Boyce’s adaptation of Thomas Middleton’s Jacobean horror-comedy as a ‘Spaghetti Western’.

The financiers’ faces would brighten, slightly. But what did these words, ‘Spaghetti Western’, mean to them? Clint Eastwood, and a licence to print money? The desert, Europe, and the swinging sixties? Their twenties or their teenage years? Whatever they signified, it seemed to work in Revengers’ favour. ‘Oh!’ the financier might exclaim. ‘You can have flashbacks, then. And Morricone music!’ And the frost on the chromium office fittings would thaw, albeit briefly. Spaghetti Westerns were familiar territory. They were established, acceptable.

It was not always thus. When Italian Westerns first appeared in England and the United States, they were derided; they were considered low brow even by low-brow standards. They were accused of being misogynistic and gratuitously violent, which they definitely were.

‘Brutality is piled unskilfully on brutality in what appears to be a blatant plea for the X-certificate the censor has awarded it,’ wrote Richard Davis in a review of Fistful of Dollars, for films & filming. For teenage boys, whether in southern Italy or northern England, this was good news indeed. American Westerns were on their last legs: either potboilers featuring old men like Elvis and John Wayne, or TV series like Bonanza,The High Chaparral and The Virginian, which celebrated the corporate hierarchy of Big Daddy’s ranch. There was precious little action, and no violence worth the name. As teenagers, we hoped in vain for sex, and reasonably expected violence.

I grew up in an atmosphere of moderately mindless violence. Boys and girls were supervised and segregated. Teachers regularly beat their charges. Some had a sense of humour, like the form master who whacked my hand with a wooden ruler while yelling, ‘School! Days! Are! The! Happiest! Days! Of! Your! Life!’ And, in the absence of girls, school playgrounds were hotbeds of arbitrary cruelty. Punches were thrown, kicks to the groin occurred. Chanting mobs of boys gathered around any fight. On one occasion I was knocked down, hit my head on the asphalt, and was temporarily blinded. My classmates led me back into school when the bell rang. Gradually, as I sat at my desk, my sight returned. Another time, I and some mates heaved one of our enemies through a plate-glass window. Fortunately, he wasn’t killed.

In the background, on television, played those bland corporate Westerns, endless documentaries about two world wars, and up-to-the-minute news of the latest one, in Vietnam. This was the least-sanitised war of my lifetime. Actual atrocities – perpetrated by ‘our’ side, the good side, the Americans – were reported while we ate our tea. Ongoing at this time were the violence, torture, shootings and bombings, which sustained the English colonial adventure in Ireland (though it was never described to us in quite those terms). And overlaying the fists and bombs and telly and suppressed sexuality was the consumerist violence of English car culture. When my grandfather was run over and killed outside our house, we were all sad, but there was no talk of getting rid of our two cars, or of the irresponsibility of the man who’d killed him: a bank manager who couldn’t be bothered to walk a mile to work.

Violence – arbitrary, stupid violence, which could descend at any second from any side – seemed to be the norm. So, when a series of films appeared which depicted an atmosphere of mindless, incessant, childish, arbitrary violence, I was hooked – especially when these films, like the banned Mars Attacks bubblegum cards, annoyed the cultural establishment.

As Richard Davis observed, these films were ‘X’ rated – which meant you had to be 16 or older to see them. But cinemas were never full, and ticket-sellers never asked boys how old they were. So, at the age of 13 or 14, I saw my first Italian Western double-bill: Fistful of Dollars and For a Few Dollars More. I was most impressed. Here was a world of arbitrary, stupid violence with a protagonist who dealt with it and survived it. It was also a world with an extraordinary visual aspect: ramshackle wooden towns surrounded by arid, dramatic deserts, the like of which I’d never seen. I watched most of these films, oddly enough, in Paris. As a teenage exchange student, I discovered a network of older, second-run movie houses in almost every arrondissement. They were playing Italian Westerns I’d heard about, but never seen: films reputedly banned by the censor, like Django and The Big Silence. I got a job in Paris as an office boy and runner for a distribution company: les Films Marbeuf. Riding the Metro back and forth across the city, copy of Pariscope in hand, I acquired pressbooks, scripts and stills. And I watched many, many Spaghetti Westerns.

I wrote a version of this book 30 years ago, when I was a graduate student at UCLA. It was almost published, but I made the mistake of getting an agent, who managed to wreck the deal. In retrospect, I’m grateful to that agent. The 1978 version of this book was very representative of a time when critics and theorists analysed films based on the symbols they saw in them. It was certainly a way of looking at things, but it seems arbitrary to me now. This volume aims to be a chronological history of important and worthwhile Italian Westerns, from a director’s point of view.

It doesn’t deal with every Italian Western – several hundred of which were made – but with the films I think are significant. The golden years of the Spaghetti Westerns were ’67 and ’68, and these are probably the most interesting chapters in this book. I don’t think a single good Italian Western was made in the 1970s. But certain Spaghetti Westerns from that decade – My Name is Nobody, Blindman, the Trinity films – have a phenomenal quality which I address as well.

Is there a need for this? There are a number of good books about the Italian Western: Christopher Frayling’s Spaghetti Westerns and his massive biography, Sergio Leone; Howard Hughes’ Once Upon a Timein the Italian West; and Marco Giusti’s massive Dizionario del Western all’Italiana, an epic work containing credits and analysis of over 800 Italian, and Italianate, Westerns. In ’78 I was scouting territory into which Frayling, Hughes and Giusti have since led armies of settlers and prospectors. Now I’m walking in their footsteps, following the maps they’ve drawn.

I hope my standpoint as a film director will make this book a little different. By looking at the films in the order in which they were made – in the old Monthly Film Bulletin style of credits, story and analysis – I observe how the form developed. And I follow the parallel careers of Sergio Leone and Sergio Corbucci – co-creators of the Italian Western – and, for the first time, grant them equal importance.

And any attempt at ‘chronology’ is speculative. The hardest part of researching Italian Westerns is getting accurate information as to when they were made. There is contradictory information as to their release dates. Based on this, one has to guess when a film was shot: I’ve assumed that post-production was rapid – the same editors and composers were working on a lot of films – and that producers got the films into the cinemas quickly, if possible.

Likewise, what title to use can be problematic. Giulio Questi’s film Se Sei Vivo Spara was titled Django Kill in Britain and the USA, to cash in on the success of Corbucci’s banned Western. In some territories it was called Oro Hondo; in Mexico, Si Eres Vivo… Dispara. What to call Questi’s picture, in an English-language book? The direct translation, If You Live, Shoot, is ridiculous. But its writer/director hates the familiar rip-off title, Django Kill.

And which version is the writer discussing, and the reader watching? Se Sei Vivo Spara was originally two hours long. The Italian censor and distributor reduced it to 115 minutes. When it played at the cinema in Britain, it ran only 101 minutes. Almost all Spaghetti Westerns were thus affected – including Leone’s. In the Dollars movies, it’s mostly short, censorship cuts, but his later, longer films were heavily edited by the distributors.

Dates, lengths and titles are all areas of confusion: in any book about Spaghetti Westerns the reader must sometimes ‘triangulate’ these three pieces of information, all of which may be wrong, to figure out which DVD they’ve rented. Generally, I’ll use the most familiar title, and the short one if there’s a choice (¿Quien Sabe? rather than A Bullet for the General). I call Corbucci’s masterwork The Big Silence because I think it’s a better title than The Great Silence (especially as a documentary about monks has stolen the original French title – Le grand silence – and is known as Into Great Silence in English). Spaghetti Westerns may have become ‘respectable’, but only Leone is accorded much respect; his DVDs alone are marketed as the ‘director’s cut’. Leone was the one bad boy allowed into the House of Culture; the door was then closed, and the rest of the ragazzi – Corbucci, Questi, Damiani, Petroni, Sollima – remain outside.

So, while this book deals with numerous films and filmmakers, it will return inevitably to Corbucci and Leone. They are the principal characters in its cast: first friends, then rivals, filmmakers of great influence and significance, whose careers ended in disappointment. Leone’s West was one of uneasy alliances between god-like men: cat-like, innately violent westerners, cold, technological easterners, and Mexican bandits. Corbucci’s West was a world without alliances, in which one man – usually crippled, maimed, or blind – was forced to confront two gangs of equal villainy. In Leone’s world money was always the goal, and usually attainable. In Corbucci’s world money was mentioned, then quickly forgotten in a downward spiral of torture, destruction and loss.

In conclusion, I’ll deal with something which has long interested me: the mysterious yet striking parallel between the Italian Western and the Jacobean Revenge Tragedy. In both cases, several decades of original work in a new creative form led to works of exceptional brilliance, which were condemned by ‘right-thinking’ critics as immoral and degenerate. Renaissance drama was crudely but efficiently curtailed, by legislation and war. Italian Westerns consumed themselves, in a sprawl of self-parody and uninspired genre-breaking.

I would like to thank Chris Frayling, Howard Hughes and Marco Giusti, all of whom have been generous with information and insights over the years. I am most grateful to Katsumi Ishikuma – Stonebear – for assembling the ‘Macaroni Western DVD Bible’ and tracking down a copy of Don’t Touch the White Woman; to Phil Hardcastle for turning me on to Cemetery Without Crosses; to Kim Newman for pointing me towards Closed Circuit; to Hannah Patterson and Anne Hudson, my editors; to Steven Davies, for the introduction to Kamera; and to Tod, Gray and Pearl for welcoming me back into the real world of beauty and compassion, when I emerged, squinty-eyed and twitching, from the insane mayhem of these films.

- Alex Cox

Background

Brando, Kurosawa & the Continental Op

‘I hate writing. I suffer the tortures of the damned. I can’t sleep and it feels like I’m going to die any minute. Eventually I lock myself away somewhere, out of reach of a gun, and get in on in one big push.’

– Sam Peckinpah

Like all drama, the Italian Westerns were influenced and formed by what had gone before: the American Western, a genre virtually invented by John Ford, who directed 56 of them during his long career. The events which happen in Italian Westerns, their dramatic conflicts, their plot structures, were usually recycled from American films made years before. Each film contains various examples: the crushing of the hero’s hands in Django – so shocking that the film was banned – has one antecedent in an American Western, The Man from Laramie (1955, Anthony Mann), another in an early European Western Savage Guns (1961, Michael Carreras). In Mann’s Noir Western, the villain, played by Alex Nichol, callously shoots James Stewart in his gun hand. In Carreras’ British-Italian-Spanish coproduction, the hero’s hands are crushed by wagon wheels. And the entire plot of Once Upon a Time in the West boils down to the thin premise of many an American two-reeler: the villains’ plan to seize, by murder if necessary, land which the railroad must cross.

But some films influenced the Italian Western more than others did. And one of them wasn’t a Western at all. So, before embarking on our chronological trip, I’d like to consider two features which had a major impact on the new form: Akira Kurosawa’s Yojimbo, and Marlon Brando’s One-Eyed Jacks.

Yojimbo was directed by Akira Kurosawa in l961, the year Marlon Brando’s Western One-Eyed Jacks opened in the United States. As far as I can tell, Kurosawa didn’t see Brando’s film before making Yojimbo. But, as a keen observer of the Western cinema, he would quite likely have known of One-Eyed Jacks, and of its fate. Both films have one thing in common: an inexplicable and implausible tardiness on the part of the hero, who – confronted with a very dangerous situation of his own making – sits around doing nothing, and ends up suffering, as a result.

One-Eyed Jacks was based on a book by Charles Neider, The Authentic Death of Hendry Jones, which Brando had optioned. The actor/producer’s first choice of a creative team was two strokes of genius. To direct, he hired Stanley Kubrick, who had made two striking, stylish independent thrillers; and for the screenplay, he chose a TV writer, one Sam Peckinpah. Brando quickly fell out with both men. His firing of Peckinpah seems to have been both acrimonious and memorable, as the film’s theme of betrayal – by an old outlaw who has betrayed the outlaw code – became the central theme of all Peckinpah’s work as a director. As a director, I can report that it is galling to work for a vainglorious, powerful ‘star’. Actors are instinctive, essential creatures, but when they gain too much power they can be both stupid and amoral. Loyalty is a rare trait in most thespians, whereas it’s something a managerial post – such as a film director – depends on. This is why ‘stars’ usually make such a bad job of directing: intrinsically shallow, isolated and self-pitying, they have a hard time managing any enterprise, or earning respect from their team.

Having fired Kubrick, Brando decided to direct One-Eyed Jacks himself. Paramount Pictures, smiling like a crocodile, agreed. Lacking discipline and a completed script, Brando couldn’t keep a lid on things. The shoot began in December 1958. It was supposed to last two months. Instead, it stretched to six. Famously, when Brando and his co-star, Karl Malden, had to play drunk, the two Method actors became drunk: a short scene of inebriation then took days to film. The studio’s two-million-dollar budget (not bad for a cowboy movie of the period) became six million. Why did Paramount permit it? Brando’s biographer suggests a dark but familiar motive: ‘chasten his arrogance, teach him a lesson. How much can it cost? He whom Hollywood would humble, it first indulges. It is, perhaps, the most basic law of the business…’1

Brando’s first cut of One-Eyed Jacks was six hours long. The auteur had become confused and bored in the editing room. Unable to finish his picture, he wanted to be fired, so he could shift his burden of guilt onto the studio, and pretend his masterwork had been abused. Beaten up by the negative studio and critical response, he never directed again. Yet One-Eyed Jacks is a more-than-decent film. Brando’s only real directorial failing is in the transitions (scenes are inevitably linked by dissolves, as in the very worst American Westerns). But the complexity of the plot and character, the visual aspect of the film, and the performances, are all excellent. His own performance is very good – but he gives plenty of screen time to Karl Malden, to Ben Johnson and his gang, and to additional odd characters such as Timothy Carey’s. Brando is generous to the other actors, both as an actor and as a director.

Several elements from One-Eyed Jacks reappear in the Spaghetti Western. The film’s stylish costumes are almost as specific and over-the-top as those of Nicholas Ray’s Johnny Guitar. The Rio Kid dresses in the Mexican vaquero style, and sometimes wears a serape: points not lost on Carlo Simi when he prepared his costume designs for Corbucci and Leone. The plot device of the revenge-seeking hero who escapes/is released from jail would be re-used many times. The teeth-grinding intensity with which Rio pursues his revenge became the stock-in-trade of many actors, American and Italian, who starred in these films. But the most ‘Italianate’ aspect of the film, for me, is Rio’s mysterious tardiness.

When Rio tracks Dad down, he ought to kill him right away. Dad anticipates a gunfight. Rio’s gang expects one, too. Instead, Rio sets about seducing Dad’s adopted daughter, and then – even after that ignoble goal has been achieved – delays killing Dad. After killing Howard (Timothy Carey) in a barroom brawl, Rio knows his time is short, his options are limited. Yet he continues to hang around the bar, drinking.

Squandering his advantage, the hero is ambushed, whipped, and (as in The Man from Laramie) his gun-hand is smashed by Longworth, who now has a revenge motive of his own. Rio escapes, and slowly, painfully recuperates, once again plotting his long-delayed revenge.

Exactlythe same thing occurs in Yojimbo.

Kurosawa’s cynical samurai drama began production at Toho Studios in January 1961. As a director, the 51-year-old Kurosawa was the opposite of the 37-year-old Brando: disciplined, hard-working, and – at this stage of his career – famously fast. It seems impossible to believe, but Yojimbo opened on 25 April of the same year: shot, cut and in the cinemas in less than four months. Kurosawa had seen many, many Westerns: John Ford was his favourite director, and he’d mentioned, on the set of Seven Samurai, that he wanted to make a chambara (samurai action picture) in the Western style.

In Yojimbo, Toshiro Mifune plays Sanjuro Kuwabatake, a dirty, itchy, masterless samurai with a taste for drink. Happening upon a wretched town run by two rival gangs, Sanjuro quickly observes to the bartender, ‘I get paid for killing. Better if all these men were dead. Think about it.’ To establish his credentials, he kills some local tough guys, then offers his services as a bodyguard to both sides.

Sanjuro’s main adversary is a young gangster with a pistol, Onosuke (Tatsuya Nakadai). His mistake is to feel pity for a poor family wrecked by Onosuke, who has forced a farmer’s wife to become his mistress. Sanjuro kills the woman’s guards and reunites the family. Time is now short for him, his options limited. But instead of leaving town, he continues hanging around the bar, drinking. Onosuke figures out his treachery and gets the drop on him; Sanjuro is subjected to a prolonged torture beating. Escaping in a coffin, Sanjuro hides, recuperates from his wounds, and plots the violent showdown which he has, mysteriously, postponed.

It’s this inexplicable delay on the part of the hero, followed by his escape and recuperation, which Yojimbo and One-Eyed Jacks have in common. The explanation isn’t clear: the most obvious precedent for such a damaging delay is William Shakespeare’s revenge-action-drama, Hamlet. Hamlet is right in thinking that his uncle Claudius is his father’s murderer. But he’s a fool to let Claudius know he knows, and then do nothing about it. Obviously Brando knew the story of Hamlet; and so did Kurosawa – his mafia drama, The Bad Sleep Well(1960), is full of references to the play. Kurosawa and Brando were nothing if not ambitious. Did both decide, spontaneously, to borrow the key dilemma from the greatest work of English theatre? After all, if you’re going to steal, steal from the best.2

Yojimbo became the narrative template for Sergio Leone’s first Western, and One-Eyed Jacks became a visual and character reference for several of Corbucci’s films. Here, in these two influential, entertaining, grandiose pictures, lie the Italian Western’s most visible roots. But Kurosawa wasn’t only influenced by Shakespeare and by Western films. I believe he and his screenwriter, Ryuzo Kikushima, had in mind a specific American source for their story of two warring gangs in a doomed, out-of-the-way town: Dashiell Hammett.

Hammett is best known as the author of The Maltese Falcon, adapted by John Huston into a classic film. That book was the story of a sort-of-honourable detective, Sam Spade, and his struggle to hang on to his own version of integrity; Hammett also invented a husband-and-wife detective team, Nick and Nora Charles (The Thin Man), and a memorable nameless agency detective, the Continental Op.

The Continental Op is the hero of several stories of gang warfare in rotten, out-of-the-way towns: Corkscrew and Red Harvest are two of the best. In both tales the hero is accused of pitting the gangs against each other, in order to destroy them. ‘A hombre might guess,’ says the sidekick in Corkscrew, ‘that you was playing the Circle HAR against Bardell’s crew, encouraging each side to eat up the other…’ Encouraging each side to eat up the other. It’s a fair description of what Mifune does. But the point of Corkscrew and Red Harvest – like Yojimbo – is that the hero doesn’t have to do very much to set these gangs to eat each other. They’re permanently at war; their truces are fakes; they’re ready for a showdown. Just by being there, and by choice acts of manipulation, the indolent Sanjuro, or the lazy Op, can bring it on.

Corkscrew was translated into Japanese in the late 1940s. According to Katsumi Ishikuma, the writer Hideo Oguni showed Kurosawa the story. Ishikuma also recalls an interview with Kurosawa in the Japanese magazine Cut, in which Kurosawa said, ‘I was reading many mystery novels those days. When I finished Yojimbo, and watched it, I found that I took many elements from Hammett’s novels. I thought, it’s natural, because I like Hammett very much.’ Perhaps his most overt debt is to Red Harvest, originally titled Poisonville. Poisonville is another bad town, populated by rival gangs of gangsters. The Continental Op sets them against each other, and in due course they’re destroyed. One scene seems to have inspired Yojimbo specifically: the violent showdown where Reno Starkey and his gang lob petrol bombs into Pete the Finn’s headquarters, in Whiskeytown.

“We’re done,” a heavy voice shouted. “We’re coming out. Don’t shoot.”

Reno called him a lousy fish-eater and shot him four times in the face and body.

Pete went down. A man behind me laughed.

This grisly and exciting scene, illuminated by the flames of the gangsters’ blazing hideout, is paralleled in Yojimbo, when Tazaemon’s premises are burned and he and his family are shot by Onosuke. It is, of course, restaged in Fistful of Dollars, when Ramon Rojo and his brothers burn down the Baxters’ home and gun them down as they emerge.

Another clue to Hammett’s influence isn’t to be found in his writing, but in another American film based on one of his books – The Glass Key. Pessimistic even by Hammett’s standards, the novel is a small epic of loyalty, love and futility set in the corrupt political environment of Albany, New York. Its anti-hero is one Ned Beaumont (called Ed Beaumont in the film), a sleazy but determined gambler whose only friend is Paul Mavdig, bootlegger-turned-pol. Ned Beaumont is a callous pathfinder; Natty Bumpo on the mean streets of upstate New York. His discovery that Mavdig is a fool, and his inevitable betrayal of his friend, give the book a tragic dimension unique in Hammett’s work.

The Glass Key was first filmed in 1935, and again in 1942. The later film was directed by Stuart Heisler, whose credits are unremarkable. Heisler began his career as an editor of silent films. He ended it directing episodes of Gunsmoke in the sixties. He shows no affinity for the material until Beaumont (played by Alan Ladd) is kidnapped by gangsters and tortured to make him betray Mavdig (Brian Donlevy). At this point the film switches gear.

What saves The Glass Key – what makes it worth seeking out today – is the performance of William Bendix. 1942 was Bendix’s first year as a film actor: he is stunningly good. Bendix plays Jeff, a thug who beats and waterboards Beaumont to make him talk. As soon as Jeff appears, we are in GlassKey-land as Hammett meant it. The relationship between Beaumont and the torturer-hoodlum overwhelms the latter part of the novel, as the thug, feeling increasingly sorry for himself and uncertain of his status, starts treating Beaumont as a confidant, and friend. It’s all inspiringly sadistic, homoerotic, super-tense; the colourless Ladd improves immensely in the presence of a master thespian.

The torture of Beaumont isn’t shown; instead there’s a cut from his apprehension to a shot of his torturers, gambling. Yojimbo is structured the same way. But the next scene, in which Jeff and partner abandon their unconscious victim, and Beaumont escapes, is repeated in Yojimbo and Fistful of Dollars. In all three films, the badly beaten hero, eyes swollen shut, drags himself painfully around his jail. In The Glass Key he starts a fire; in Yojimbo he hides in a box; in Fistful he starts a fire. In the ensuing confusion, he escapes.

It’s hard to read these pages in the novel, or to watch the filmed sequence, without thinking of Yojimbo. Did Kurosawa see The Glass Key? It was made during the Second World War, but Japan was flooded with American films during the Occupation – just as Italy was. A high-gloss, star-driven studio picture like The Glass Key would be first in line to take advantage of such newly acquired foreign markets. And both Kurosawa and Leone were fans of American movies and American thrillers.

None of this detracts from Kurosawa’s vision, or his extraordinary achievement with Yojimbo: a cynical action film of great brilliance, which would exercise enormous influence on other filmmakers, and indeed national cinemas, as we shall shortly see.

1 Brando - A Life in Our Times by Richard Schickel, Atheneum, 1991, p 174

2As a director, I have borrowed/stolen from Leone, Corbucci, Questi, Robert Aldrich, Luis Buñuel, Sam Peckinpah, Arturo Ripstein and numerous other directors. Any director who denies borrowing/stealing from other directors must be very talented indeed.

1963

‘Let us, then, propose this paradox: that its very fragility proves that the Western – while it lived the humblest, most familiar and therefore the most easily dismissed movie genre – may actually have been the medium’s highest form.’

– Richard Schickel, Intro, BFI Companion to the Western, Atheneum, NY, 1988

Westerns were shot in Italy as early as the silent period.

During the Second World War, Giorgio Ferroni directed a comic Western, IlFanciullo Del West (1943). Other Western parodies followed, including Il Bandolero Stanco (1952, Fernando Serchio). In the early sixties, the Italians co-produced Westerns outside Madrid, in Almería, in Yugoslavia, and in Rome. Some were Zorro movies. Others were the ‘American’ Westerns which bored us so: slow-moving oaters featuring waning Hollywood stars, insecurely masquerading as American films.

But it’s worth a glance at some of those early co-productions, whose directors would go on making Westerns, and get better at them, and where certain cast and story elements first appeared. Two were directed in 1963 by Joaquin L Romero Marchent: The Magnificent Three (also know as Tres hombres buenos and I tre implacabli), and Gunfight at High Noon (aka El sabor de la venganza). The Magnificent Three provides the ur-plot for a number of later revenge Westerns, in which the hero’s family is murdered by men who leave behind clues to their identity; transformed into an implacable revenger, he follows the clues, and dispatches the killers.

Gunfight at High Noon is also about a trio of revengers, in this case three sons who have sworn to their widowed mother to avenge their dad; the location is deliberately identified as a Mexican border town, to explain the Spanish exteriors. (There are Italian Westerns set far from the desert, in the snow, or in the woods, even in Japan – but they are rarities. Bigger-budget films could go to Almería in Spain for their exteriors; cheaper Westerns had to rely on rural beauty spots – or, worse, quarries – in Italy.)

Both films feature actors who would become familiar Italian Western players: Claudio Undari (usually portraying a tough guy, under the moniker of ‘Robert Hundar’) and Fernando Sancho, a big, moustachioed Spaniard who would specialise in playing Mexican bandit-generals. Marchent made several Spanish-Italian Westerns, with increasing style and sadism. Even at this early date he used his own name in the credits: the Spaniards were more insistent on this than the Italians, all of whom took ‘American’ pseudonyms.

Gunfightat Red Sands (aka Gringo and Duello nel Texas) is a story of racism and revenge set on the Mexican/American border. An American actor under contract to the producers, Richard Harrison, played the hero: buckskin-clad Gringo Martinez. The director was Zorro specialist Ricardo Blasco (‘Richard Blasco’), the producers, Alfredo Antonini (‘Albert Band’), Arrigo Colombo and Giorgio Papi. Ennio Morricone (‘Dan Savio’) was hired to write the score; it was his first Western. And a fine cameraman, Massimo Dallamano (‘Max Dallman’), shot it. The cast included Aldo Sambrell, a broken-nosed Spanish actor who would play many Mexican bandit chiefs and henchmen over the next few years.

According to Marco Giusti, the producers weren’t happy with Blasco’s action sequences, and hired another Zorro veteran – Mario Caiano – to direct an additional week with Dallamano. Caiano was viewed as that boring thing, a ‘safe pair of hands’. Naturally, Colombo and Papi planned to entrust him with their next Western.

The same year, their partner ‘Band’ produced another Western, with exteriors shot in Yugoslavia. It was directed by a youngish, gladiator-movie veteran: Sergio Corbucci.

Red Pastures

aka I pascoli rossi, Massacro al Grande Canyon, Massacre at Grand Canyon

(Italy/Yugoslavia)

Director: Sergio Corbucci (aka Stanley Corbett) WProducer: Albert Band WScreenplay: Edward C Geltman, Alfredo Antonini, Sergio Corbucci WDirector of Photography: Enzo Barboni WArt Director: Giuseppe Ranieri WCostumes: Italia Scandariato WEditor: Franco Fraticelli WMaster of Arms: Benito Stefanelli W2nd Unit Director: Franco Giraldi WAssistant Director: Alfredo Antonini WMusic: Gianni Ferrio WCast: James Mitchum (Wes Evans), Jill Powers aka Milla Sannoner (Nancy), George Ardisson (Tully Danzer), Giacomo Rossi Stuart (Sheriff Burt Cooley), Andrea Giordana, Burt Nelson (Clay Danzer), Nando Poggi (Ace Mason), Edward Cianelli (Eric Danzer), Benito Stefanelli, Renato Terra Caizzi (Curly Mason), Medar Vladimir (Harley Whitmore), Gavric Vlastimir (Bear Mason), Attilio Severini (Flake Mason)

The story

Wes Evans catches up with the last two members of the Slade Gang, who killed his pa, and shoots them. He returns to his home town of Arriba Mesa, having been gone two years. Outside town, in Butte Canyon, a horde of gunmen has gathered – cannon fodder for a range war between ranchers Harley Whitmore and Eric Danzer.

Wes is offered the sheriff’s badge, but declines. He wants to become a rancher. But when he discovers his beloved, Nancy, is now married to Danzer’s evil son, Tully, he decides to sell his property to Harley, and move on.

Harley leads an army of a hundred men to attack the Danzer ranch, but Tully ambushes them in a canyon, and a violent standoff ensues. Wes persuades Harley and the Danzers to accept a truce, and tries to persuade Eric Danzer not to hire a notorious gang of killers lurking in town – the Manson brothers. He gets Eric to surrender his younger son to Harley, as a hostage.

But Eric breaks the truce and sends Tully to give $75,000 to the Mansons, and re-hire them to kill Harley. Tully offers the worst Manson brother, Flake, $50,000 to kill Wes, Harley and co. Flake accepts, and sets his men to besieging the jail, and killing the sheriff. His involvement turns the tide against Harley – but in the nick of time Wes arrives at the canyon with a posse of townspeople. Many cowboys shoot each other. Wes kills Flake. Tully is shot dead by a farmer, Fred, whose leg was severed by Tully some time previously.

Harley is about to hang young Clay Danzer in front of his father, when Wes arrives, delivering Tully’s corpse as an alternate peace offering. Harley spares Clay. Wes and Nancy are reunited, and Wes accepts the post of sheriff.

The film

Red Pastures is a bad film. Half-hearted and half-assed, it seeks to imitate an American cowboy picture, and fails badly at that. Right at the outset, after Wes has shot the last two Slades, there is a long tracking shot, featuring Wes’s face. The actor should appear determined, or troubled, perhaps – he has finally killed all his father’s killers – but Mitchum’s expression changes constantly, brightening, clouding, reflecting puzzlement at the difficult task the director has set him: walk in a straight line. Mitchum has his father’s looks, but no acting chops at all.

The film is lit brightly, like a TV comedy. Corbucci had been united with a great cameraman, Enzo Barboni, yet here they produced nothing of visual interest. The dark, graphic interiors of Django were still two films away. The exteriors – which in a Western should always be great, or at least interesting – are uniformly poor. The ‘red pastures’ – shot in Yugoslavia – have an unnaturally groomed appearance. Often Wes appears to be riding across a golf course. Several actors have the same, overly groomed, too-handsome, nineteenth-hole appearance: particularly orange-tanned and puppet-looking are the blonds Tully (George Ardisson) and Sheriff Cooley (GR Stuart). Corbucci has better luck with certain other characters: in particular, the rival ranchers, played enthusiastically by Eduardo Cianelli and Medar Vladimir (who looks remarkably like Roberto Camardiel, the Spanish actor).

Red Pastures’ worst offence is that its characters behave unnaturally. Early on, Fred, having expounded much back-story info, abruptly says, ‘See you later, Wes.’ Why doesn’t this Wild West homesteader, encountering his dear friend after two years’ absence, invite him in? Such unexplained curtness makes no sense, and would not occur in a Ford film, where the characters act plausibly.

Few people have seen Red Pastures. This is a good thing. But even a bad thing can contain good elements. Despite various sources which report that the producer and Corbucci co-directed Red Pastures, I believe it’s Corbucci’s solo work. Or fault. The Italian credits favour Corbucci: the first reads, ‘Un film di Albert Band’. So, in legalese, Band/Antonini gets a possessory, not a directorial, credit. Antonini is also credited as assistant director, under his real name. And the final crew credit says ‘Regia di Stanley Corbett’ – the pseudonym of Corbucci. So according to the credits, Corbucci directed it: it was his second feature, in fact, the other being a gladiator movie, Maciste Against the Vampire (1961). And most importantly, I think, there are several scenes, and themes, which recur more boldly in Corbucci’s later films.

The first characteristic Corbucci element is the scene where Fred shows Wes his graveyard. The shot is ludicrous – nine crosses made out of flimsy sticks stuck in someone’s lawn. But the shot is there for a reason. Corbucci wants us to dwell on this graveyard, even if it is stupid. Now Fred points to a tenth cross, and says, ‘Over there… that one’s mine. My leg’s buried there. I brought it back and put it right there… planted it where I got it.’

The English-dubbed dialogue is confusing: apparently, the vicious Tully shot Fred’s leg off, in a gundown, which claimed nine lives. This sudden focus on a cruel incident of mutilation is entirely consistent with all of Corbucci’s subsequent Western work. Corbucci liked the horses, and the riders, and the big country well enough, but it was the plotting of corrupt townspeople, and subsequent opportunities for bizarre violence – often involving physical mutilation – which floated this director’s boat.

Corbucci hadn’t yet seen Yojimbo: he inherited from ‘Band’ the sub-plot of two powerful, warring bands. One side is led by Eric, a bedridden, corrupt gringo; the other by Harley, a bearded, likeable brute. Opposing factions do battle in the background of most of Corbucci’s Westerns, and the status quo is always the same: gringos versus Mexicans in MinnesotaClay and Django; bankers versus bandits in Navajo Joe and The Big Silence; state versus revolutionaries in his ‘Mexican’ films.

Red Pastures comes to life in its fight scenes, where Corbucci shows some enthusiasm, and Barboni gets his camera off the tripod. There’s a well-staged brawl in a bar – Wes always fights dirty – and, during the prolonged canyon stand-off, there’s a strange, stark shot of men being gunned down on a slope of boulders. All of which indicates a penchant for action, and prefigures the highly stylised shootouts of the director’s later films. Corbucci always displayed an interest in the fate of corpses: during a truce in the canyon battle, the dead are arduously carried downhill.

In common with all later Spaghetti Westerns, numbers are highly inflated. In the canyon battle, those killed seems to number in the hundreds. Both factions talk of having more than a hundred armed men. Likewise, when money is mentioned, the sums are enormous: $75,000 is a lot of money to bribe saloon-dwelling lowlifes – even with a cheque!

Corbucci displays a predeliction for strong women characters. Nancy is dull, but the widow Maude, toting a shotgun, insists Wes intervene in the range war, and be sheriff like his father. His only alternative, she says, is to raise chickens. It’s not a bad scene and she’s a precursor of the tough women with moral voices – usually prostitutes – who populate his later films.

Though the film barely touches on it, its hero is a bounty hunter. Wes has spent two years hunting down the Slade brothers, for a $5,000 reward. No one remarks that he might have thought to bring them in alive. Corbucci just assumes a bounty hunter always kills his man. This was to be standard Italian-Western operating procedure within a couple of years.

Though bad, Red Pastures features several crew people who would be key Spaghetti Western personnel – among them the cameraman, Barboni, second unit director Franco Giraldi, and Benito Stefanelli, a fair-haired, gringo-looking stuntman and master-of-arms, who would become one of the form’s most consistent and satisfactory heavies.

1963 ended with visits to the cinema for Corbucci, Leone and many of their friends. The tale3 begins one December night in Rome. Enzo Barboni emerges from the Arlecchino Cine. In the Piazza del Popolo, at the bar Canova, he runs into Mr and Mrs Sergio Leone. Barboni has just seen a samurai film, Yojimbo. He’s completely turned on by it, and urges Sergio to see it. Leone is a young assistant director, who has directed one feature – a gladiator drama called The Colossus of Rhodes (1961). He’s been talking with two producers, Colombo and Papi, about directing his second feature: a Western, titled The Magnificent Stranger.

If it’s Christmas in Rome, no one’s in their offices. So it’s an anxious season for the young director, and he has time on his hands. Leone and Carla go to see Yojimbo the next day. He, too, is blown away. He’s seen Seven Samurai of course. And countless Westerns. But Yojimbo is something different. Its cynicism, and its arbitrary surges of violence, are something no one has depicted so clearly, so unadornedly, before. Yojimbo is as much a gangster movie as a Western; Leone decides to make it the model for his upcoming cowboy film.

As soon as they get home, Leone calls his brother directors: Duccio Tessari, Sergio Corbucci, Mario Caiano. He calls his writer friend, Sergio Donati. He calls his assistant director, Tonino Delli Colli. Leone tells them all about this amazing chambara he’s just seen.

Corbucci has already seen Yojimbo, on Barboni’s recommendation. He has a Western in the pipeline, too, called Minnesota Clay. Suddenly, Leone and Corbucci, friends and rivals, are in a race to direct a Western with a Yojimbo edge to it. They’re 34 and 36 years old.

3As told by Christopher Frayling, in his book Sergio Leone. Marco Giusti (in his Dizionario del western all’italiana) says these events happened in mid-summer 1963; but I prefer Frayling’s version as it presents more opportunities for the art department.

1964

‘Sergio Leone did a thing which created jobs for ten thousand people for ten years. In a way, he is a saint!’

– Luciano Vincenzoni, in Frayling, Something to Do With Death

Corbucci, imagining he had raised the money for Minnesota Clay, hired a talented designer, Carlo Simi. They’d worked together before, in gladiator days. But Corbucci’s money stalled again; his film was put on hold.

Meanwhile, Leone’s producers showed him their new movie, Gunfight at Red Sands. Leone despised it. Papi and Colombo didn’t care. Like other producers, they were filling a niche with cheap, imitation American Westerns made quickly, to be shown in Italy, Germany and Spain. They planned to shoot two Westerns, back-to-back, co-financed by Spanish and German partners. Both films would have Italian, German and Spanish actors, with an American, such as Richard Harrison, in the lead role. They liked Harrison because he was Rome based and they wouldn’t have to fly him over. But his fee was high. Colombo and Papi wanted to shoot Leone’s Western as soon as they finished Bullets Don’t Argue (aka Le pistole non discutono or Las pistolas no discuten), directed by ‘Mike Perkins’ – Mario Caiano. Both Westerns would be filmed on the decrepit ‘Zorro’ set at Hojo de Manzanares, near Madrid.

Simi showed Leone the sketches he’d done for Corbucci, and Leone – who now had a start date of April 1964 – hired him as costume and set designer, in preference to the producers’ art director, Alberto Roccianti. It was a wise move – but directors are sensitive beasts, and I doubt Corbucci was happy losing ‘his’ designer to another film. Papi and Colombo were clearly impressed by Simi, since they hired him for Bullets Don’t Argue, too. And Leone stuck with their other preferences: Massimo Dallamano as cinematographer, Ennio Morricone as composer. Leone and Morricone had known each other since they were schoolboys; Leone made it clear he did not like Morricone’s Gunfight at Red Sands score.

Fistful of Dollars

aka Per un pugno di dollari, The Magnificent Stranger

(Italy/Spain/Germany)

Director: Sergio Leone WProducer: Arrigo Colombo, Giorgio Papi WScreenplay: Sergio Leone, Duccio Tessari, Jaime Comas Gil, Fernando Di Leo, Tonino Valerii, Victor Andres Catena WDirector of Photography: Massimo Dallamano WArt Director: Carlo Simi WEditor: Roberto Cinquini W2nd Unit Director: Franco Giraldi WMusic: Ennio Morricone WCast: Clint Eastwood (Joe), Gian Maria Volonte (Ramon Rojo), Marianne Koch (Marisol), Pepe Calvo (Silvanito), Wolfgang Lukschy (John Baxter), Sieghardt Rupp (Esteban Rojo), Antonio Prieto (Benito Rojo), Margherita Lozano (Consuela Baxter), Benito Stefanelli (Rubio), Mario Brega (Chico), Josef Egger (Piripero), Aldo Sambrell (Manolo)

The story

A drifter, Joe, rides his mule into the Mexican town of San Miguel. He passes a corpse, heading the other way. He sees a man and boy abused by bandits, and a beautiful woman – Marisol – held prisoner. In town, Joe is hassled by cowboys, who shoot at his mule. He visits the bar of Silvanito, who seems to know him from before. Silvanito explains the lie of the land: San Miguel has been taken over by two rival gangs of outlaws, the Rojos and the Baxters, who sell liquor and guns to the Indians. Joe observes, ‘Two bosses… very interesting… There’s money to be made in a place like this.’

Joe kills four of the Baxter boys, and offers his services to Don Miguel Rojo. Miguel, impressed, hires him. Joe overhears Miguel and his brother Esteban arguing over how to deal with him. Esteban offers to kill him, but Miguel wants no trouble: the Mexican cavalry is shortly to arrive in town.

Joe and Silvanito follow the cavalry – with its closely guarded stagecoach – to the Rio Grande, where it meets a detachment of American soldiers. The Mexicans are there to exchange money for an arms shipment. But the ‘Americans’ are the Rojos in disguise, and the Mexican troops are machine-gunned by Miguel’s brother, Ramon. Joe and Silvanito are the only witnesses to the massacre.

Ramon returns to the hacienda, and insists he wants to make peace with the Baxters. Joe, disappointed, gives Miguel back his money, and departs. That night, as the Baxters and the Rojos attempt a truce, Joe and Silvanito place two corpses from the massacre in the San Miguel cemetery. Joe tells John and Consuela Baxer that two witnesses to the massacre have escaped and are in the graveyard: this is the Baxters’ chance to incriminate the Rojos, and they take it. Joe tells Ramon Rojo the same story. A gun battle in the cemetery ensues; Ramon shoots both ‘witnesses’ with his Winchester rifle; the truce is off.

While the Rojos are gone, Joe searches the hacienda and finds the stolen loot; he also finds Marisol – accidentally knocking her unconscious – and delivers her to the Baxters.

Next day there is an exchange of prisoners: Marisol for the Baxters’ son, captured by the Rojos. For a brief moment, Marisol, her husband Julio, and her weeping child, Jesus, are reunited. But Joe, pretending to side with Ramon, breaks up the party.

That evening, Joe pretends to be drunk and – in Ramon’s absence – returns to the white house where Marisol is imprisoned. He kills her five guards, and reunites her with Julio and Jesus, giving them all his money so that they can escape. But Ramon returns early and busts him; Joe is savagely beaten up. Unable to make him reveal where Marisol is, Ramon assumes she’s with the Baxters. Joe escapes, the Rojos set the Baxters’ house ablaze, and kill them all. Consuela dies cursing Ramon.

Joe hides in a mine shaft, slowly recovering. Out of an old metal wagon, he fashions a bullet-proof vest. When Piripero, the coffin-maker, tells him that Ramon – still hunting for Joe – is torturing Silvanito, Joe returns to San Miguel. His bullet-proof breastplate enables him to get within pistol range of the Winchester-toting Ramon. Killing the other Rojos, Joe challenges Ramon to a single-bullet, Colt-versus-Winchester duel. Joe wins.

The film

Fistful of Dollars is a really good picture. Exciting, violent, funny, cynical, and not too long, it’s an excellent cowboy-south-of-the-border adventure, in the Vera Cruz vein. It’s heavily influenced by Yojimbo: the characters, the plot, and most of the incidents are lifted from Kurosawa’s film. Copyright doesn’t seem to have been an issue in the Italian cinema of the 1960s – films were continually borrowing plots and character names from other films – so Leone’s producers made no effort to contact Yojimbo’s producers, or to obtain the remake rights. For them, the film’s inspiration was something to be ignored. The screenplay was entitled The Magnificent Stranger – presumably a reference to The Magnificent Seven (1960, John Sturges), the Hollywood Western famously based on another Kurosawa picture. It had two alternate titles, Sputafuoco Joe and Texas Joe. Though it was an Italian/German/Spanish co-production, with cast from all three countries, everyone was obliged to adopt a fake American name: the producers became Harry and George, Leone became Bob Robertson (his father, also a film director, had worked as ‘Roberto Roberti’).

Italian Westerns, particularly Papi’s and Colombo’s, still pretended to be American Westerns – so, in addition to the fake names (Peter Saint… John Speed… Frank Palance!), it was necessary to have an American actor in the lead role. Even later, when the Italians became proud of their Westerns, many native stars continued using fake American names. Very few leading actors were able to drop the fake moniker and do business with their real name: one remembers Giuliano Gemma, Franco Nero, Gian Maria Volonte as exceptions. The cinema promotes a fantasy that the ‘Heroic Individual’ is an American (and so must presumably be played by one). We’ll see how directors like Corbucci and Sollima and Questi later subverted this. But it wasn’t so easy back in 1963. Which was why Corbucci had ended up with such a modestly talented lead in Red Pastures: James Mitchum might be low on charisma and acting ability, but he was an American.4 Leone had to play the game, but unlike Corbucci he genuinely cared who played the lead in his picture. So he sent the script to Henry Fonda’s agent in Los Angeles, offering Hank the part of Joe.

Fonda’s agent passed without showing the script to his client. Leone approached three more excellent choices: Lee Marvin and Charles Bronson (who rejected it), and James Coburn (who wanted $25,000: the producers had budgeted $15,000). Then he began approaches to the less great but possibly available: Cameron Mitchell (already signed to star in Corbucci’s Minnesota Clay), Tony Kendall, Frank Wolff, Vassili Karis, Robert Hossein (neither of whom was American!) and finally Richard Harrison. All turned it down. Harrison had already starred in Marchent’s Gunfight at High Noon and Papi and Colombo’s Gunfight at Red Sands. He thought there was no real future in Spaghetti Westerns, and wanted to return to his real specialty, gladiator films. According to one version of the story, Harrison recommended another actor for The Magnificent Stranger: Clint Eastwood. According to another version, it was an Italian employee of Eastwood’s agents, Claudia Sartori, who proposed him.

Eastwood was a TV actor who played a likeable cowpoke, ‘Rowdy’ Yates, in a series called Rawhide. He was looking for film work, and he accepted the $15,000. Eastwood’s film experience was fairly minimal, though he had portrayed a sidekick to Francis, the Talking Mule.

Was Eastwood having a whispered joke when, to provoke a gunfight with the Baxter gang, he insisted that they apologise to his mule, for laughing at it? Both he and Lee Van Cleef remarked that the scripts they were given were incredibly verbose. The first draft of The MagnificentStranger, by Leone, Duccio Tessari and Fernando di Leo, had been 358 pages long (independent films run about a page a minute – so 358 pages equals almost six hours: One-Eyed Jacks territory). Eastwood knew instinctively to cut the dialogue. Most people on set – including the directors – spoke little or no English. According to Eastwood, the only English word Leone could say was ‘goodbye’. So Clint and his stunt double, Bill Thompkins, communicated with their director via sign language, and the bilingual stunt coordinator, Stefanelli. Leone would mime the action for his cast: how to walk, how to draw a gun, how to hit someone. An intensely visual director, he paid little attention to the dialogue. With multi-national casts acting in their own languages, actors had considerable licence to misbehave. A bad actor would instinctively seek to increase the number of lines he had: it was the genius of Eastwood, and later Lee Van Cleef, to do the opposite. Faced with page after page of overwritten dialogue, they pared it down to a few words, a couple of words, a look. ‘Pardon me, Ma’am.’ ‘Sorry, Shorty.’

The Magnificent Stranger began its six-week shoot in April, on the Zorro set. Hojo de Manzanares was a single street of wooden, anonymous buildings, dominated by a two-storey saloon, which Simi refurbished as a Spanish-style hacienda. The town was in poor shape: windows were broken, signs had fallen down, paint was bleached away. Leone and Simi relished the dilapidation, and enhanced it: San Miguel was meant to be a ghost town, inhabited only by criminal gangs, and the phantoms of those they’d killed.

These two gangs are seen in the background, from the balcony of the saloon, as Silvanito tells the stranger which side is which. These are the warring families of Yojimbo with an extra Corkscrew twist: one outlaw family is gringo, the other Mexican. The sake merchant and the silk merchant had reasons to hate each other, but they were both Japanese; in Leone’s version, racism enters the frame. The Baxters – gun merchants – are mostly gringos. The Rojos – rum runners – are pure-blood Spaghetti Western Mexicans, with the one gringo henchman, Rubio (Stefanelli). This Mexican-gringo war would be the template for many, many later Italian Westerns. In Corbucci’s films, the gringos – being more calculating and cynical – tend to beat the Mexicans. Here, the gringos don’t have a chance against the Rojos, who – being Latins like the audiences in Italy – are depicted as infinitely more hot-blooded and effective.

The casting combines the splendid and the awful.

Awful are the stock ‘cute’ characters, including Piripero, the cackling coffin-maker; Silvanito, the brusque bartender; Julio and Jesus, the pathetic pair; and Juan de Dios, the town’s babbling bellringer (how many towns have a professional bellringer, for God’s sake? Where is the church? Where is the priest?). All are borrowed from Yojimbo. Piripero is played by Josef Egger, a hammy old character actor whom Leone admired for the elasticity of his face. Silvanito is Pepe Calvo, straight from central casting with a false moustache and wig. Julio and Jesus are not played by actors. There is no better moment in Fistful than the one where Benito Stefanelli, wearing a vest bedecked with bullets, aims his gun at the whimpering Julio and Jesus. And no bigger disappointment than the appearance of Silvanito, with shotgun, to save the pair. Hated by the audience, these cutesy characters were seemingly loved by the director. And by his co-screenwriter, Duccio Tessari, who peopled his later scripts with similar ‘cute/funny’ annoyances.

Cuteness aside, the supporting cast is fine. The Germans, Marianne Koch (Marisol), Wolfgang Lukschy (John Baxter) and Sieghardt Rupp (Esteban Rojo) all make a proper effort, and the ‘Mexicans’, played by Antonio Prieto, Stefanelli and Mario Brega, a butcher from Rome, are excellent. Koch was briefly a big star in Germany, and Leone was canny in casting her in an iconic, almost wordless role.

Leone had wanted his friend Mimmo Palmara to play Ramon, the leader of the Rojos. But Palmara was hired for Bullets Don’t Argue, so Leone went with a stage and TV actor, Gian Maria Volonte. It was a choice of genius. Saddled with the moniker ‘Johnny Wells’, Volonte is one of the most present actors ever filmed. Soon he would become a leading man, a star, portraying Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Enrico Mattei, Lucky Luciano… But it was Leone who gave Volonte the break of his career, and Volonte returned the favour. As Ramon Rojo, he doesn’t mess about, doesn’t lose concentration, doesn’t ‘act’. Always in motion, hurrying along balconies, down stairs, stalking among his men, this actor invites a plano secuencia: a long, complicated tracking shot, a scene without cuts. Volonte is powerful and fascinating. He has the best part, of course: a psychotic, kidnapping mass-murderer.

Fistful of Dollars is Gian Maria Volonte’s film, and Eastwood plays Joe as Ramon’s foil: passive, slow, catlike in the sense that cats are lazy and, most of the time, don’t do very much. He does this well.

Ramon, with his reliance on the Winchester rifle, equals Onosuke in Yojimbo: the deadly young punk with a pistol, so precisely played by Tatsuya Nakadai. But Volonte plays his outlaw, not as sadistic and precise, but as sadistic and outright mad. With the arrival of Ramon, Leone deviates from the Yojimbo narrative. In Yojimbo, the government inspectors keep the warring gangs in check for a while. In Fistful, Ramon murders the government inspectors – two US and Mexican army detachments – and steals their money and guns.

The hecatomb beside the Rio Bravo is the prototype for many machinegun massacres, of soldiers and civilians, in later Spaghetti Westerns. Corbucci’s films have several. But in Fistful it’s a completely original moment, not copied from Yojimbo. It establishes Ramon Rojo as an adversary more dangerous and powerful than Onosuke, since he is prepared to take on and defeat the state itself. Two states, in fact, since he has killed and robbed soldiers from Mexico and the US.

This is a crucial scene. And it wasn’t directed by Leone! This whole sequence, involving Eastwood, Volonte, Pepe Calvo, and many extras, was shot by a second unit on the banks of the Rio Alberche, in Spain. The director was Franco Giraldi – hired by Papi and Colombo. I, too, have directed second unit, and the theory of it is that second unit films mere cutaways and ride-bys, and the odd shot first unit has missed. That is the theory. In reality, a second unit director is hired because the production has fallen way behind schedule and the producers need someone to direct entire scenes, with actors – quickly.

So Giraldi directed the massacre beside the river – splendidly – and also the night-time attack on the Baxters’ house. This, too, is an important, memorable scene. Closely modelled on Yojimbo, the massacre of the Baxters is strikingly creepy and violent; it became one of the two most-censored parts of the film. What was Leone thinking of, absenting himself from these important scenes?

We know that Papi and Colombo had a penchant for throwing extra directors into the mix: in Giraldi they had picked a good one. But why did Leone let this happen? How could he fall so far behind as to miss directing these important scenes? In truth, most of the scenes in Fistful can be described as important: it’s a tight script with only one sub-plot – Marisol. Eastwood was only briefly in the ‘Rio Bravo’ scene: a couple of shots, then Leone’s first unit could continue using him. Giraldi would continue with Volonte – the ‘supporting actor’ who just happened to be stealing the film.

I get the impression Leone wasn’t obsessive about directing. He liked setting up projects, and planning them, and he was passionate about the costumes, and the sets, and the ‘historical’ detail. He loved talking about these things, in grand and impressively allusive terms. But I suspect he wasn’t entirely happy on the set. Perhaps he was in later films, when he was an internationally respected auteur… But Leone would still try to avoid directorial duties, handing entire films over to his assistants. When Eastwood first arrived in Rome, Leone had avoided him, pretending to be ill and sending Caiano to meet the actor. Perhaps Leone felt similarly intimidated by Volonte – volatile like his name, demanding, full of questions, seeing the politics in everything and wantingto discuss it. Some directors love talking to actors. Others do not. Like actors, directors can be complex characters. Leone included.

And most histories of Fistful of Dollars report that the production was running out of money by this stage. The story goes that Colombo and Papi had overspent on Bullets Don’t Argue