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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Easily master the anatomy and basic physiology of the nervous system in this concise, student-friendly update of this distinguished textbook
A Textbook of Neuroanatomy has long served as the essential student introduction to the anatomy and systems of the brain. Covering brain organization, neural connections, and neural pathways in an accessible style, it contains the fundamental neurophysiology of every major brain area. Now fully updated to reflect the latest research and clinical data, it’s an essential resource for students in the life sciences with an interest in neuroscience.
Readers of the third edition of A Textbook of Neuroanatomy will also find:
- New photomicrographic presentations of key anatomical structures
- New clinically-relevant topics in each chapter, including board-style questions
- Supplemental website incorporating figures, quizzes, bioinformatics worksheets, case studies, and more
A Textbook of Neuroanatomy is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in neuroscience, neurology, and general clinical behavioral neuroscience and neuroanatomy.
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Seitenzahl: 1565
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
PART I: General Principles of the Nervous System
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to the Nervous System
CELLS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 2: Development of the Nervous System
EARLY DEVELOPMENT
NEURULATION
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPINAL CORD
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3: Histophysiology of the Nervous System
NEURONS
NEUROGLIA
GENERATION AND CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSES
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM HISTOPHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 4: Neurotransmitter Substances
CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES
CHAPTER 5: Spinal Cord
MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPINAL CORD
INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPINAL CORD
VASCULAR SUPPLY OF THE SPINAL CORD
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE SPINAL CORD
CHAPTER 6: Gross Anatomy of the Brain
CEREBRUM
DIENCEPHALON
CEREBELLUM
BRAINSTEM
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE BRAIN
CHAPTER 7: Brainstem
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAINSTEM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MIDBRAIN
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE BRAINSTEM
CHAPTER 8: Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
CRANIAL MENINGES
SPINAL MENINGES
VENOUS SINUSES OF THE CRANIAL DURA MATER
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE CRANIAL MENINGES
CHAPTER 9: Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System
VASCULAR SUPPLY OF THE SPINAL CORD
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE BRAIN
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE BRAIN
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE VASCULAR SUPPLY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 10: Autonomic Nervous System
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PELVIC AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 11: Spinal Reflexes
COMPONENTS OF REFLEXES
LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
SKELETAL MUSCLE INNERVATION
SKELETAL MUSCLE RECEPTORS
MUSCLE STRETCH REFLEX
RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
AUTOGENIC INHIBITION (INVERSE MYOTATIC REFLEX)
FLEXOR REFLEX (WITHDRAWAL REFLEX, NOCICEPTIVE REFLEX)
CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX
MAINTENANCE OF MUSCLE TONE VIA THE GAMMA LOOP
ALPHA–GAMMA COACTIVATION
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE SPINAL REFLEXES
PART II: Integrative Components of the Nervous System
CHAPTER 12: Ascending Sensory Pathways
SENSORY RECEPTOR
ANTEROLATERAL SYSTEM
TACTILE SENSATION AND PROPRIOCEPTION
SENSORY PATHWAYS TO THE CEREBELLUM
MODULATIONOF NOCICEPTION
NEUROPLASTICITY
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE ASCENDING SENSORY PATHWAYS
CHAPTER 13: Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways
CORTICAL AREAS CONTROLLING MOTOR ACTIVITY
DESCENDING MOTOR PATHWAYS
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE MOTOR CORTEX AND DESCENDING MOTOR PATHWAYS
CHAPTER 14: Basal Nuclei
COMPONENTS OF THE BASAL NUCLEI
NUCLEI ASSOCIATED WITH THE BASAL NUCLEI
INPUT, INTRINSIC, AND OUTPUT NUCLEI OF THE BASAL NUCLEI
CONNECTIONS OF THE BASAL NUCLEI
CIRCUITS CONNECTING THE BASAL NUCLEI, THALAMUS, AND CEREBRAL CORTEX
OTHER CIRCUITS OF THE BASAL NUCLEI
NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF THE BASAL NUCLEI
“DIRECT,” “INDIRECT,”AND“HYPERDIRECT” LOOPS (PATHWAYS) OF THE BASAL NUCLEI
CIRCUITS THAT MODULATE ACTIVITY OF THE BASAL NUCLEI
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE BASAL NUCLEI
CHAPTER 15: Cerebellum
MORPHOLOGY OF THE CEREBELLUM
CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI
AFFERENTS (INPUT) TO THE CEREBELLUM
EFFERENTS (OUTPUT) FROM THE CEREBELLUM
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CEREBELLUM: INTRINSIC CIRCUITRY
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE CEREBELLUM
CHAPTER 16: Reticular Formation
MORPHOLOGY OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION
ZONES OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION
NUCLEI ASSOCIATED WITH THE RETICULAR FORMATION
INPUT TO AND OUTPUT FROM THE RETICULAR FORMATION
FUNCTIONS OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION
CHAPTER 17: Cranial Nerves
OLFACTORY NERVE (CN I)
OPTIC NERVE (CN II)
OCULOMOTOR NERVE (CN III)
TROCHLEAR NERVE (CN IV)
TRIGEMINAL NERVE (CN V)
ABDUCENS NERVE (CN VI)
FACIAL NERVE (CN VII)
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (CN VIII)
VAGUS NERVE (CN X)
ACCESSORY NERVE (CN XI)
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (CN XII)
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE CRANIAL NERVES
CHAPTER 18: Visual System
EYEBALL
CENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAYS
VISUAL REFLEXES
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 19: Auditory System
EAR
AUDITORY TRANSMISSION
CENTRAL AUDITORY PATHWAYS
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 20: Vestibular System
VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
VESTIBULAR NERVE (CN VIII)
CENTRAL PATHWAYS OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
CONTROL OF OCULAR MOVEMENTS
VESTIBULAR NYSTAGMUS
CALORIC NYSTAGMUS
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER 21: Olfactory System
OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS
OLFACTORY TRANSDUCTION
OLFACTORY NERVE (CN I)
CENTRAL CONNECTIONS OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM
BLOOD SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 22: Limbic System
LIMBIC LOBE
BRAINSTEM CENTERS ASSOCIATED WITH LIMBIC SYSTEM FUNCTION
PATHWAYS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
LIMBIC ASSOCIATION CORTEX
LIMBIC SYSTEM INPUT TO THE ENDOCRINE, AUTONOMIC, AND SOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEMS
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
CHAPTER 23: Hypothalamus
BORDERS
HYPOTHALAMIC ZONES AND COMPONENT NUCLEI
HYPOTHALAMIC REGIONS (AREAS) AND COMPONENT NUCLEI
CONNECTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
PATHWAYS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMOHYPOPHYSEAL CONNECTIONS
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
CHAPTER 24: Thalamus
BORDERS
ANATOMY
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MEDULLARY LAMINAE
THALAMIC NUCLEI
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE THALAMUS
CHAPTER 25: Cerebral Cortex
CELLS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
TYPES OF CORTEX
CELL LAYERS OF THE NEOCORTEX
VERTICAL COLUMNAR ORGANIZATION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
AFFERENTS (INPUT) TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
EFFERENTS (OUTPUT) FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
INTERNAL CAPSULE AND CORONA RADIATA
LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
CEREBRAL DOMINANCE
SYNONYMS AND EPONYMS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
CHAPTER 26: Evolution of the Human Brain
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS
EARLY HOMININS
NON‐HUMAN PRIMATES
MODERN HUMAN BRAINS
PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
Questions to ponder: answers to odd questions
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 22
CHAPTER 23
CHAPTER 24
CHAPTER 25
Questions to ponder: answers to even questions
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 22
CHAPTER 23
CHAPTER 24
CHAPTER 25
Answers to clinical case margin questions
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 22
CHAPTER 23
CHAPTER 24
CHAPTER 25
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1
●
Common terms in neuroanatomy.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1
●
Derivatives of the neural crest, neural plate, and ectode...
Table 2.2
●
Pharyngeal arch derivatives and their innervation.
Table 2.3
●
Derivatives of the pharynx and pharyngeal pouches.
Table 2.4
●
Derivatives of the primary brain divisions.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1
●
Axonal transport.
Table 3.2
●
Types of synapses.
Table 3.3
●
Properties of neuroglia.
Table 3.4
●
Proteins of myelin.
Table 3.5
●
Ion concentration and Nernst equilibrium potential in mamm...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1
●
Properties of the principal neurotransmitters (organized a...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1
●
Relationship of the spinal segment to the adult vertebral ...
Table 5.2
●
List of clinically important dermatomes.
Table 5.3
●
Classification of afferent and efferent nerve fibers.
Table 5.4
●
Neuronal groups of the spinal cord gray matter and their r...
Table 5.5
●
Subdivisions of the spinal cord white matter.
Table 5.6
●
Tracts of the spinal cord white matter.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1
●
Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
Table 6.2
●
Selected Brodmann’s areas.
Table 6.3
●
Layers of the neocortex.
Table 6.4
●
Extent of the long arcuate fiber groups.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1
●
Basal plate derivatives are arranged by modality (fiber ty...
Table 7.2
●
Alar plate derivatives are arranged by modality (fiber typ...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1
●
Comparison of the layers of meninges around the brain and...
Table 8.2
●
Composition of cerebrospinal fluid.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1
●
Branches of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid...
Table 9.2
●
Regions supplied by the anterior choroidal and posterior c...
Table 9.3
●
Regions supplied by the anterior cerebral artery and its ...
Table 9.4
●
Regions supplied by the middle cerebral artery and its bra...
Table 9.5
●
Regions supplied by the cranial portion of the vertebral a...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1
●
Central components of the autonomic nervous system and t...
Table 10.2
●
Some of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system....
Table 10.3
●
Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Table 10.4
●
Selected hormones secreted by the diffuse neuroendocrine ...
Table 10.5
●
Principal and co‐transmitter neurotransmitter substances ...
Chapter 12
Table 12.1
●
A general description of the anatomical and functional as...
Table 12.2
●
Sensory receptors.
Table 12.3
●
Ascending sensory pathways to consciousness.
Table 12.4
●
Ascending sensory pathways (subconscious).
Table 12.5
●
Functions of the ascending sensory tracts to the cerebell...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1
●
The descending motor pathways.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1
●
Classification of the basal nuclei.
Table 14.2
●
Basal nuclei and associated structures.
Table 14.3
●
Nuclei associated with the basal nuclei.
Table 14.4
●
Input, intrinsic, and output nuclei of the basal nuclei....
Table 14.5
●
Afferent (input) fibers to the striatum.
Table 14.6
●
Efferent (output) fibers from the striatum.
Table 14.7
●
Afferent (input) fibers to the globus pallidus.
Table 14.8
●
Efferent (output) fibers from the globus pallidus.
Table 14.9
●
Other circuits of the basal nuclei.
Table 14.10
●
Neurotransmitters of the basal nuclei.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1
●
Role of the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and cerebellum...
Table 15.3
●
Neurons of the cerebellar cortex.
Table 15.4
●
The three zones of the cerebellum and associated cortical...
Table 15.5
●
Lobes of the cerebellum.
Table 15.6
●
The cerebellar peduncles.
Table 15.7
●
Connections of the deep cerebellar nuclei.
Table 15.8 ● Afferents to the cerebellum.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1
●
Zones of the reticular formation and their component nucl...
Table 16.2
●
The reticular formation and associated tracts.
Chapter 17
Table 17.1
●
Sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves.
Table 17.2
●
Parasympathetic ganglia of the cranial nerves.
Table 17.3
●
Cranial nerve functional components.
Table 17.4
●
Cranial nerves, their components, distribution, and funct...
Table 17.5 The trigeminal nuclei.
Chapter 18
Table 18.1
●
Topographic relationships of projections from the retina ...
Table 18.2 ● Visual deficit(s) resulting following a lesion at various locat...
Chapter 19
Table 19.1
●
Components of the outer, middle, and internal ear.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1
●
Components of the limbic system.
Table 22.2
●
Cortical components of the limbic lobe.
Table 22.3
●
The hippocampal formation.
Table 22.4
●
Connections of the hippocampus.
Table 22.5
●
Nuclear groups of the amygdaloid complex.
Table 22.6
●
Connections of the amygdaloid body.
Table 22.7
●
Brainstem centers associated with limbic system function....
Table 22.8
●
Pathways of the limbic system.
Chapter 23
Table 23.1
●
Hypothalamic zones, regions, and component nuclei.
Table 23.2
●
Afferent pathways to the hypothalamus.
Table 23.3
●
Efferent pathways of the hypothalamus.
Table 23.4
●
Bidirectional pathways of the hypothalamus.
Table 23.5
●
Hypothalamic nuclei and their functions.
Chapter 24
Table 24.1
●
Anatomical and functional classification of the thalamic ...
Table 24.2
●
Connections of the thalamic subnuclei.
Chapter 25
Table 25.1
●
The topographic relationships of fibers from the retina t...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1
●
Observe the four multipolar neurons (N) from the anterior...
Figure 1.2
●
Note that ciliated cuboidal ependymal cells (EC) line the...
Figure 1.3
●
Note that the capillary (Ca), running horizontally throug...
Figure 1.4
●
The brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and major somatic ...
Figure 1.5
●
The spinal cord, its meninges, spinal nerves, and sympath...
Figure 1.6
●
Diagram demonstrating the difference between autonomic in...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1
●
The early development of a human embryo. Fertilization, t...
Figure 2.2
●
The notochord is responsible for inducing the overlying e...
Figure 2.3
●
Cross‐section through a developing human embryo during th...
Figure 2.4
●
Neuroepithelial cells are long cells that initially exten...
Figure 2.5
●
The origin of the developing cells of the CNS. Note that ...
Figure 2.6
●
Three‐dimensional representation of the human brain (left...
Figure 2.7
●
Diagrams of the developing nervous system. (A) Longitudin...
Figure 2.8
●
This is a photomicrograph of a whole mount of a chick emb...
Figure 2.9
●
The developing cerebellum: (A, C) longitudinal sections a...
Figure 2.10
●
Development of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). Sagitta...
Figure 2.11
●
Development of the eye begins with the outgrowth of the ...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1
●
Diagram of a multipolar neuron. Note that the processes o...
Figure 3.2
●
Section of a multipolar neuron displaying a messenger RNA...
Figure 3.3
●
Synapses along a dendrite. Note that one of the axon term...
Figure 3.4
●
An axon terminal (terminal bouton) forming a synapse. Not...
Figure 3.5
●
Synaptic vesicles are held in reserve by docking complexe...
Figure 3.6
●
Some synaptic vesicles are formed in the soma and are tra...
Figure 3.7
●
Diagram depicting the difference between direct and indir...
Figure 3.8
●
I. Top. Diagrams of categories of neurons: Neurons are cl...
Figure 3.9
●
Longitudinal section of a nerve fiber at the myelin sheat...
Figure 3.10
●
Myelination is very similar in the central nervous syste...
Figure 3.11
●
Myelin formation and structure in the peripheral nervous...
Figure 3.12
●
Propagation of the action potential depicted in three ax...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1
●
An example of an ionotropic effect occurring at a synapse...
Figure 4.2
●
A diagram of G‐protein action during a metabotropic event...
Figure 4.3
●
Synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine.
Figure 4.4
●
Synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan.
Figure 4.5
●
Synthesis of enkephalins from prepro‐opiomelanocortin. AC...
Figure 4.6
●
Acetylcholine synthesis and degradation.
Figure 4.7
●
(A) Synthesis of glycine from glucose. (B) Synthesis of G...
Figure 4.8
●
Glutamine–glutamate cycle.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1
●
The spinal cord in a human. Note that the spinal processe...
Figure 5.2
●
The preferred method of performing a lumbar puncture is t...
Figure 5.3
●
(A) Posterior and anterior views of the spinal cord, depi...
Figure 5.4
●
Medium magnification histological image of a spinal gangl...
Figure 5.5
●
The spinal cord and the relationship between the numbered...
Figure 5.6
●
A typical spinal nerve. The right side depicts the somati...
Figure 5.7
●
The evidence‐based dermatome map representing the most co...
Figure 5.8
●
Cross‐section of the thoracic spinal cord (T1) showing it...
Figure 5.9
●
Cross‐section of the spinal cord displaying the divisions...
Figure 5.10
●
The white matter of the spinal cord is organized into fi...
Figure 5.11
●
The vascular supply of the spinal cord. Note that there ...
Figure 5.12
●
Anterior view of the spinal cord, drawn so that the bodi...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1
●
Diagram of the brain from a lateral view.
Figure 6.2
●
(A) Diagram of the ventricles of the brain and central ca...
Figure 6.3
●
Diagram of the medial view of a sagittal section of the b...
Figure 6.4
●
Diagram of the base of the brain displaying the cranial n...
Figure 6.5
●
Diagram of the base of the brain displaying the location ...
Figure 6.6
●
Diagram of a coronal section of the brain displaying the ...
Figure 6.7
●
Superior and inferior views of the cerebellum.
Figure 6.8
●
Diagram of a lateral view of the cerebellum and medulla o...
Figure 6.9
●
Diagram of the posterior view of the brainstem.
Figure 6.10
●
Diagram of the anterior view of the brainstem.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1
●
Posterior surface of the brainstem.
Figure 7.2
●
Anterior surface of the brainstem.
Figure 7.3
●
Regions of the brainstem at the (A) medulla oblongata, (B...
Figure 7.4
●
(A) Transverse section of the myelencephalon of an early ...
Figure 7.5
●
Cross section of the brainstem at the level of the caudal...
Figure 7.6
●
Cross section of the brainstem at the level of the caudal...
Figure 7.7
●
Cross section of the brainstem at the level of the rostra...
Figure 7.8
●
Cross section of the brainstem at the level of the rostra...
Figure 7.9
●
Cross section of the brainstem at the level of the pontom...
Figure 7.10
●
Cross section of the brainstem at the level of the cauda...
Figure 7.11
●
Cross section of the brainstem at the level of the mid‐p...
Figure 7.12
●
Cross section of the brainstem at the level of the rostr...
Figure 7.13
●
General subdivisions of the midbrain. The tectum consist...
Figure 7.14
●
Caudal midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus....
Figure 7.15
●
Rostral midbrain, at the level of the superior colliculu...
Figure 7.16
●
Cross section at the level of the rostral medulla oblong...
Figure 7.17
●
Cross section at the level of the caudal pons.
Figure 7.18
●
Cross section at the level of the rostral pons.
Figure 7.19
●
Cross section of the rostral midbrain, at the level of t...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1
●
Three views of the dura mater. (A) The periosteal layer o...
Figure 8.2
●
Diagram of the dura and dural folds containing the venous...
Figure 8.3
●
Diagram of the dura and dural reflections housing the ven...
Figure 8.4
●
Diagram of a frontal section of the skull and brain to di...
Figure 8.5
●
Diagram of the superior sagittal sinus housing arachnoid ...
Figure 8.6
●
Schematic diagram of an arachnoid granulation protruding ...
Figure 8.7
●
Schematic diagram of the spinal meninges.
Figure 8.8
●
Schematic diagram of the major dural sinuses. Note that t...
Figure 8.9
●
Diagram of the cavernous sinuses and their contents.
Figure 8.10
●
Hemisected skull demonstrating the flow of cerebrospinal...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1
●
Arterial supply of the spinal cord.
Figure 9.2
●
Venous drainage of the spinal cord.
Figure 9.3
●
Arterial supply of the brain. Note that the frontal lobes...
Figure 9.4
●
Region of the arterial cerebral circle displaying the bl...
Figure 9.5
●
Blood supply to the brain. Note that the right cerebral h...
Figure 9.6
●
(A) Arterial supply to the lateral aspect of the brain. N...
Figure 9.7
●
Arterial supply of the cerebellum.
Figure 9.8
●
Diagram of the anterior view of the cerebral arterial cir...
Figure 9.9
●
Close‐up diagram of the anterior view of the cerebral art...
Figure 9.10
●
Schematic diagrams of the distribution of the major bran...
Figure 9.11
●
Lateral view of the venous drainage of the brainstem and...
Figure 9.12
●
Venous drainage of the brain. Note that the temporal lob...
Figure 9.13
●
Diagram of the deep venous drainage of the brain.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1
●
Schematic diagram demonstrating the difference between t...
Figure 10.2
●
Diagram of the sympathetic nervous system.
Figure 10.3
●
Diagram of the right and left sympathetic trunk. Observe...
Figure 10.4
●
Diagram of the sympathetic nervous system. Solid lines r...
Figure 10.5
●
Diagram demonstrating the difference between the synapse...
Figure 10.6
●
Diagram of the parasympathetic nervous system. Solid lin...
Figure 10.7
●
Schematic diagram of the parasympathetic innervation of ...
Figure 10.8
●
Diagram of the spinal sensory and spinal motor pathways ...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1
●
Components of a spinal reflex arc: A receptor, in this c...
Figure 11.2
●
A muscle spindle covered by a fibrous capsule and enclos...
Figure 11.3
●
The structure of a tendon organ and its innervation.
Figure 11.4
●
Components of the flexor reflex and reciprocal inhibitio...
Figure 11.5
●
Components of flexor (withdrawal, nociceptive) reflex....
Figure 11.6
●
Components of the crossed extensor reflex.
Figure 11.7
●
Components of the gamma loop.
Figure 11.8
●
Components of the alpha–gamma coactivation. (A) Gross mu...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1
●
Free (Bare) nerve endings in the skin. The free nerve en...
Figure 12.2
●
Follicular (Peritrichial) nerve endings. These free nerv...
Figure 12.3
●
A section of dermis showing an epithelial tactile disc (...
Figure 12.4
●
Epithelial tactile discs (eponym: Merkel discs) terminat...
Figure 12.5
●
(A) Tactile corpuscles (eponym: Meissner corpuscles) are...
Figure 12.6
●
(A) Lamellar corpuscle (eponym: Pacinian corpuscle) are ...
Figure 12.7
●
A bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini ending).
Figure 12.8
●
Right: an extrafusal skeletal muscle fiber. Left: a neur...
Figure 12.9
●
A tendon organ (eponym: Golgi tendon organ, synonym: neu...
Figure 12.10
●
The direct pathway of the anterolateral system. Note th...
Figure 12.11
●
Light micrograph of a spinal ganglion.
Figure 12.12
●
The ascending sensory pathway that transmits pain, temp...
Figure 12.13
●
The spinothalamic (direct) and spinoreticular (indirect...
Figure 12.14
●
(A) and (B) Ascending and descending branches of primar...
Figure 12.15
●
Somatosensory information to consciousness. VPI, ventra...
Figure 12.16
●
Spinotectal, spinoreticular, and spinohypothalamic trac...
Figure 12.17
●
Primary and secondary somatosensory cortex and retroins...
Figure 12.18
●
Coronal section through the primary somatosensory corte...
Figure 12.19
●
(A). Flow diagram of the ascending sensory pathway rela...
Figure 12.20
●
(A) The posterior column–medial lemniscal pathway relay...
Figure 12.21
●
(A) Lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere showing ...
Figure 12.22
●
(A) Two of the ascending sensory pathways to the cerebe...
Figure 12.23
●
Dermatomes of the skin. Each striped area represents th...
Figure 12.24
●
Brown–Séquard syndrome. The figure shows the deficits r...
Figure 12.25
●
(A). Nociception from the L1 spinal nerve territory ent...
Figure 12.26
●
A lesion of the PCML pathway at spinal cord levels (bel...
Figure 12.27
●
A lesion of the PCML pathway above its decussation will...
Figure 12.28
●
Location of a syphilitic lesion on the thoracic spinal ...
Figure 12.29
●
Syringomyelia. (A) Damage of decussating fibers of the ...
Figure 12.30
●
Cross‐section of the cervical spinal cord and its arter...
Figure 12.31
●
Gate control theory of pain. Stimulation of the C fiber...
Figure 12.32
●
Opiate‐induced suppression of substance P (SP) release ...
Figure 12.33
●
The descending analgesic pathways. (A) The midbrain per...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1
●
The motor cortical areas: the primary motor cortex (MI) ...
Figure 13.2
●
(A) Coronal section of the brain at the level of the pri...
Figure 13.3
●
The six layers of the neocortex and the different cell t...
Figure 13.4
●
The origin, course, and termination of the corticospinal...
Figure 13.5
●
Horizontal section of the cerebrum showing the anterior ...
Figure 13.6
●
The origin, course, and termination of the corticospinal...
Figure 13.7
●
The origin and termination of the corticospinal tract. F...
Figure 13.8
●
Termination of the corticospinal tracts in the spinal co...
Figure 13.9
●
Somatotopic organization of the anterior horns of the ce...
Figure 13.10
●
The origin, course, and termination of the corticonucle...
Figure 13.11
●
The origin, course, and termination of the corticonucle...
Figure 13.12 (A) Corticonuclear (corticobulbar) tract projections to the tri...
Figure 13.13
●
The origin, course, and termination of the tectospinal ...
Figure 13.14
●
The origin, course, and termination of the rubrospinal ...
Figure 13.15
●
The origin, course, and termination of the medial and l...
Figure 13.16
●
Somatotopic organization of the ventral horn of the spi...
Figure 13.17
●
Origin, path, crossing, and termination of the corticos...
Figure 13.18
●
Lesion to the corticospinal tract. Upper motor neuron (...
Figure 13.19
●
Extensor plantar response/inverted plantar reflex (Babi...
Figure 13.20
●
Lesion to the corticospinal tract. The corticospinal tr...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1
●
Connections between the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal...
Figure 14.2
●
The caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens and ...
Figure 14.3
●
Lateral view of the corpus striatum and its anatomical r...
Figure 14.4
●
Horizontal sections through the dorsal level (left) and ...
Figure 14.5
●
Coronal section at the level of the thalamus, subthalamu...
Figure 14.6
●
Transverse section of the rostral midbrain, showing the ...
Figure 14.7
●
Lateral view of the corpus striatum, amygdaloid body, th...
Figure 14.8
●
Horizontal section of the brain at the level of the basa...
Figure 14.9
●
Afferent (input) projections to the caudate nucleus and ...
Figure 14.10
●
Efferent (output) projections from the caudate nucleus ...
Figure 14.11
●
Afferent (input) projections to the globus pallidus....
Figure 14.12
●
Efferent (output) projections from the globus pallidus....
Figure 14.13
●
Principal output connections of the basal nuclei arisin...
Figure 14.14
●
Sensory–motor loops. In the closed loop, information fl...
Figure 14.15
●
Oculomotor loops. In the closed loop, information flows...
Figure 14.16
●
Association loops. In the closed loop, information flow...
Figure 14.17
●
Limbic loops. In the closed loop, information flows fro...
Figure 14.18
●
Neural circuitry and neurotransmitters of the basal nuc...
Figure 14.19
●
Major pathways of the basal nuclei and their neurotrans...
Figure 14.20
●
The direct pathway of the basal nuclei. GPl, globus pal...
Figure 14.21
●
The indirect pathway of the basal nuclei. GPl, globus p...
Figure 14.22
●
Subthalamic nucleus lesion. Note the neural circuitry m...
Figure 14.23
●
Striatal lesion. Note the neural circuitry modification...
Figure 14.24
●
An individual with Huntington chorea. Symptoms include ...
Figure 14.25
●
Decreased dopamine. Note the neural circuitry modificat...
Figure 14.26
●
Individual with Parkinson disease. Symptoms include mas...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1
●
The cerebellum: (A) midsagittal section, medial view, (B...
Figure 15.2
●
The deep nuclei of the cerebellum, viewed posterosuperio...
Figure 15.3
●
Organization of the gray and white matter of the cerebel...
Figure 15.4
●
Midsagittal section through the brainstem and vermis of ...
Figure 15.5
●
The cerebellar cortex and its component cell layers.
Figure 15.6
●
(A) The zones and phylogenetic classification of the cer...
Figure 15.7
●
Sensory depiction in the cerebellar cortex. Note that vi...
Figure 15.8
●
Posterior view of the brainstem and part of the left lob...
Figure 15.9
●
Purkinje cell projections from the cerebellar cortex to ...
Figure 15.10
●
Functional organization of the spinocerebellum, cerebro...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1
●
Neurons of the reticular formation. (A) A neuron whose p...
Figure 16.2
●
The nuclei of the reticular formation in the brainstem....
Figure 16.3
●
The origin, course, and termination of the medial and la...
Figure 16.4
●
The location of the horizontal and vertical gaze centers...
Figure 16.5
●
Descending pathways that modulate the transmission of no...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1
●
Anterior view of the brainstem showing the cranial nerve...
Figure 17.2
●
The nuclei of the cranial nerves. The sensory nuclei are...
Figure 17.3
●
A lesion involving the left oculomotor nerve results in ...
Figure 17.4
●
(A) Normal: When the head is tilted, the eyes automatica...
Figure 17.5
●
Trochlear nerve paralysis/palsy of the left eye. The aff...
Figure 17.6
●
Trochlear nerve paralysis/palsy of the left eye. The aff...
Figure 17.7
●
Trochlear nerve paralysis/palsy of the left eye. By tilt...
Figure 17.8
●
The trigeminal pathway for touch and pressure. Touch and...
Figure 17.9
●
The trigeminal pathway for pain and temperature. Pain an...
Figure 17.10
●
Branchiomotor innervation of the trigeminal nerve. The ...
Figure 17.11
●
The masseteric reflex. The mesencephalic nucleus of the...
Figure 17.12
●
The connections of the abducens nucleus with the oculom...
Figure 17.13
●
(A) Medial strabismus of the right eye due to paralysis...
Figure 17.14
●
A lesion of the left abducens nucleus will damage: (1) ...
Figure 17.15
●
(A) Lesion to the right MLF. (1) Normal primary positio...
Figure 17.16
●
“One‐and‐a‐half” syndrome: Results following a lesion i...
Figure 17.17
●
Trochlear nerve palsy with internuclear ophthalmoplegia...
Figure 17.18
●
The origin and distribution of the facial nerve and its...
Figure 17.19
●
Parasympathetic innervation of the facial nerve. GVE, g...
Figure 17.20
●
The gustatory pathway. Taste sensation is transmitted b...
Figure 17.21
●
(A) A lesion that damages the right upper motor neuron ...
Figure 17.22
●
The origin and distribution of the glossopharyngeal ner...
Figure 17.23
●
Innervation by the glossopharyngeal nerve: (A) special ...
Figure 17.24
●
The origin and distribution of the vagus nerve and its ...
Figure 17.25
●
Innervation by the vagus nerve: (A) general somatic aff...
Figure 17.26
●
The origin and distribution of the accessory nerve and ...
Figure 17.27
●
The origin and distribution of the hypoglossal nerve.
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1
●
Anatomy of the eyeball. The external layer includes the ...
Figure 18.2
●
(A) Layers of the retina including the location of the p...
Figure 18.3
●
Schematic representation of the retinal photoreceptor ce...
Figure 18.4
●
Schematic diagram of the eyeballs, optic nerves, optic c...
Figure 18.5
●
The visual pathways. Retinal ganglion cell axons (axons ...
Figure 18.6
●
The visual pathway.
Figure 18.7
●
Retinal ganglion cell projections to the lateral genicul...
Figure 18.8
●
Visual field representation in the retina and striate ar...
Figure 18.9
●
(A) Visual field representation in the visual pathway: T...
Figure 18.10
●
The visual cortical areas and their major connections. ...
Figure 18.11
●
The “what” pathway and “where” pathway from the primary...
Figure 18.12
●
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and its projection...
Figure 18.13
●
The pupillary light reflex pathway.
Figure 18.14
●
The pupillary light reflex pathway. When light is flash...
Figure 18.15
●
The pupillary dilation pathway. Axons arising from the ...
Figure 18.16
●
The pupillary dilation pathway.
Figure 18.17
●
The convergence accommodation (near) reflex pathway. Vi...
Figure 18.18
●
The convergence accommodation (near) reflex pathway.
Figure 18.19
●
The corneal blink reflex. When a wisp of cotton is gent...
Figure 18.20
●
The corneal blink reflex.
Figure 18.21
●
(A) The visual fields and their representation on the r...
Figure 18.22
●
Lesions at various points along the visual pathway and ...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1
●
The external, middle, and internal ear.
Figure 19.2
●
The transmission of sound waves from the external to the...
Figure 19.3
●
Components of the internal ear. (A) The vestibulocochlea...
Figure 19.4
●
The main efferent projections from the cochlear nuclei....
Figure 19.5
●
The pathway of auditory stimulation from the external au...
Figure 19.6
●
The principal ascending auditory pathways emerging from ...
Figure 19.7
●
The principal ascending auditory pathways emerging from ...
Figure 19.8
●
Auditory cortex consists of the primary, secondary, and ...
Figure 19.9
●
Lateral view of the cerebral hemisphere showing the loca...
Figure 19.10
●
Distinct “what” and “where” pathways emerging from the ...
Figure 19.11
●
The olivocochlear pathway arises from the superior oliv...
Figure 19.12
●
The sound attenuation reflex. Auditory information is t...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1
●
The external, middle, and internal ear.
Figure 20.2
●
Schematic illustration showing the vestibulocochlear app...
Figure 20.3
●
The macula. (A) Location of the macula within the utricl...
Figure 20.4
●
Three‐dimensional view of the semicircular canals. (A) L...
Figure 20.5
●
Function of the semicircular canals in balance maintenan...
Figure 20.6
●
(A) The vestibulocochlear apparatus, termination of the ...
Figure 20.7
●
The vestibular nuclei and their ascending and descending...
Figure 20.8
●
The main central projections of the vestibular system. O...
Figure 20.9
●
Central connections mediating compensatory horizontal ey...
Figure 20.10
●
Central connections mediating compensatory vertical (up...
Figure 20.11
●
Central connections mediating compensatory vertical (do...
Figure 20.12
●
Vestibular nystagmus: (A) slow phase and (B) rapid phas...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1
●
(A) The olfactory bulb and tract. The olfactory receptor...
Figure 21.2
●
Olfactory transduction. Odorous substances dissolve in t...
Figure 21.3
●
The layers and neuronal circuitry of the olfactory bulb....
Figure 21.4
●
The olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and olfa...
Figure 21.5
●
The connections of the olfactory system. The olfactory r...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1
●
The cortical structures of the limbic lobe: the subcallo...
Figure 22.2
●
(A) Dissection of the right cerebral hemisphere illustra...
Figure 22.3
●
(A) Coronal section through the hippocampus and its asso...
Figure 22.4
●
Dissection of the superior surface of the cerebrum to re...
Figure 22.5
●
Dissection of the medial surface of the cerebral hemisph...
Figure 22.6
●
A transverse section through the temporal lobe at the le...
Figure 22.7
●
The intrinsic circuitry of the hippocampal formation.
Figure 22.8
●
The relationship of the amygdaloid body and hippocampal ...
Figure 22.9
●
Three‐dimensional view of the relationships between the ...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1
●
Sagittal section through the brainstem and part of the c...
Figure 23.2
●
Schematic ventral view of the brain illustrating the hyp...
Figure 23.3
●
Schematic paramedian sagittal section of the brainstem i...
Figure 23.4
●
Coronal sections through the hypothalamus at the level o...
Figure 23.5
●
Coronal sections through the hypothalamus at the level o...
Figure 23.6
●
Coronal sections through the hypothalamus at the level o...
Figure 23.7
●
Schematic diagram of the hypothalamus illustrating its c...
Figure 23.8
●
Hypothalamic control of the hypophysis (neural path). AD...
Figure 23.9
●
Hypothalamic control of the hypophysis (non‐neural path)...
Figure 23.10
●
The paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypoth...
Figure 23.11
●
The interaction between the hypothalamus and adenohypop...
Figure 23.12
●
Vascularization of the hypothalamus and the hypophysis....
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1
●
A midsagittal section through the brainstem and part of ...
Figure 24.2
●
An axial section through the cerebral hemispheres showin...
Figure 24.3
●
Schematic representation of the dorsal surface of the th...
Figure 24.4
●
(A) Schematic representation of the thalamus showing its...
Figure 24.5
●
Schematic representation of the superior surface of the ...
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1
●
Lateral view of the cerebral hemisphere showing the prin...
Figure 25.2
●
The different types of neurons of the cerebral cortex.
Figure 25.3
●
The histology of the cerebral cortex, illustrating the l...
Figure 25.4
●
(A) Schematic representation of the major association fi...
Figure 25.5
●
(A) Horizontal schematic representation of the brain sho...
Figure 25.6
●
Lateral view of the brain showing four of the five lobes...
Figure 25.7
●
Views of the cerebral hemisphere showing the cytoarchite...
Figure 25.8
●
Lateral view of the cerebral hemisphere showing the func...
Figure 25.9
●
Coronal section through the cerebral hemisphere showing ...
Figure 25.10
●
The location and functional organization of the primary...
Figure 25.11
●
Diagram showing the possible progression of neural tran...
Figure 25.12
●
Neural pathways associated with: (A) hearing a word tha...
Figure 25.13
●
Functions associated with the dominant and nondominant ...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Begin Reading
Questions to ponder: answers to odd questions
Questions to ponder: answers to even questions
Answers to clinical case margin questions
Index
End User License Agreement
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A Textbook of Neuroanatomy
Third Edition
Maria A. Patestas, PhD
Professor Emerita of Anatomy (retired)Department of Anatomy Des Moines University Medicine & Health SciencesWest Des Moines, Iowa
Amanda J. Meyer, PhD, FHEA
Senior LecturerDiscipline of Anatomy and PathologyCollege of Medicine and DentistryJames Cook UniversityTownsville QLDAustralia
Leslie P. Gartner, PhD
Professor of Anatomy (retired)Department of Biomedical SciencesBaltimore College of Dental SurgeryDental SchoolUniversity of MarylandBaltimore, Maryland
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data:
Names: Patestas, Maria Antoniou, author. | Meyer, Amanda J., author. |
Gartner, Leslie P., 1943‐ author.
Title: A textbook of neuroanatomy / Maria A. Patestas, Amanda J. Meyer,
Leslie P. Gartner.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, [2025] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2024047936 (print) | LCCN 2024047937 (ebook) | ISBN
9781394237067 (paperback) | ISBN 9781394237074 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781394237081 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Nervous System—anatomy & histology
Classification: LCC QP360 (print) | LCC QP360 (ebook) | NLM WL 101 | DDC
612.8—dc23/eng/20250108
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024047936
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024047937
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Alones/Shutterstock
Dedication
In loving memory of my father, Antonios;
and to my mother, Garifalia, and
my sister, Oursikía
MAP
To my husband, Nigel,
my mother, Pamela, and
my sons Ayden and Oliver
AJM
To my wife, Roseann,
my daughter, Jen, and
in loving memory of my parents
LPG
XXV
The brain within its groove
Runs evenly and true;
But let a splinter swerve,
‘T were easier for you
To put the water back
When floods have slit the hills,
And scooped a turnpike for themselves,
And blotted out the mills!
Emily Dickinson
Preface to the Third Edition
For A Textbook of Neuroanatomy by Maria A. Patestas, Amanda J. Meyer, and Leslie P. Gartner.
Unlike most prefaces, this preface to the third edition of A Textbook of Neuroanatomy is presented in two parts because we (MAP and LPG) wish to announce how pleased we are to be able to present our new coauthor, Dr. Amanda J. Meyer, who was kind enough to accept our invitation to join us in this revision of the second edition. Dr. Meyer is a distinguished faculty member of the College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University in Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Her many additions to the current edition are invaluable, and we thank her for all the improvements that she made.
Maria A. Patestas
Leslie P. Gartner
It is always gratifying to publish the third edition of a textbook because it is an indication that our efforts were well received, that our colleagues endorsed our work, and that students have been well served by it. This new edition of A Textbook of Neuroanatomy, as indeed the first and second editions, was written with students in mind in full knowledge of the trepidation with which they face the prospect of learning a subject matter that appears to be not just daunting, but actually intimidating. The material, in part, appears overwhelming because of the many eponyms that have been retained, which add to the inherent complexity of studying the nervous system. Happily, for the students, the reports of being an overwhelming subject is an unjust reputation for neuroanatomy; although challenging, it is truly a fascinating topic. Its comprehension does not require amazing brilliance, but merely a willingness to learn new words, an aptitude for reading maps, and the ability to follow pathways from one place to another. In order to help the student achieve the goal of learning neuroanatomy, we made this textbook concise, yet complete and easy to read. We included many illustrations and schematic diagrams that clarify and elucidate the concepts being discussed. Presenting the exquisite structure and function of the nervous system in a clear and relevant context makes the learning experience simpler, more enjoyable, and quite memorable.
Every chapter of this edition was revised to include current material and to make it even easier to read than the previous two editions. The terminology has been updated based on the new international neuroanatomical terminology derived from the Terminologia Neuroanatomica (TNA) for the human central and peripheral nervous systems, eliminating repetitions of many of the older eponyms, but identifying them at least once in the text.
One new chapter (Chapter 26) was added at the end of the book on the Evolution of the Human Brain, which provides a general and broad overview of how the brain evolved over millions of years.
We continued to highlight the interrelationships between neural systems/structures and the rest of the body as we described the various regions of the brain. We firmly believe that a broad understanding of neuroanatomy, supported with a basic understanding of its physiology, is critical so that students, instead of merely memorizing structures, learn the principles thus establishing the foundation for future studies in the health sciences and for the logical forces that help drive it.
As with the first two editions, this textbook is divided into two sections. The first 11 chapters provide an overview of neuroanatomy that introduces terms and should be viewed as the vocabulary lessons that are necessary evils in the mastering of a new language. For no matter how well one understands the grammar of a foreign language, it is the possession of a rich vocabulary that permits one to communicate with speakers of that tongue. The second part of this textbook, Chapters 12–26, utilizes the vocabulary of the first part to detail information concerning the various pathways and discrete systems that act in concert to perform the myriad functions of the human nervous system. Pieces of the puzzle are assembled and fit together to create a composite design of the whole brain.
We retained in this edition the well‐liked special features, which include:
Chapter opening outlines that provide a quick overview of the chapter content and organizational logic;
Clinical cases in the beginning of each chapter, setting the stage for the clinical relevance of that chapter’s context;
Key points in the chapter that are highlighted in the text;
Clinical case questions that emphasize the relevance of the chapter opening case at key points in the chapter – the answers appear in the related website;
Summary tables within each chapter that function as study guides to assist students in memorization that leads to learning;
Clinical considerations that underscore the medical conditions relevant to the topics;
Synonym/eponym tables that help organize the many possible terms for each vocabulary word;
A follow‐up to each clinical case at the end of each chapter that discusses the opening case, helping to correlate the text and its medical application;
Questions to ponder at the end of each chapter to reinforce the relevance of the material, with the answers to even‐numbered and odd‐numbered questions appearing at the end of the hard copy of the book;
An accompanying website that includes all the illustrations, the odd and even numbered answers for questions to ponder, and all the answers for clinical case questions. It also features animations of key processes and links to useful sources. The site can be found at
www.wiley.com/go/patestas/neuroanatomy3e
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the many individuals who helped us bring this project to fruition, including our editors at Wiley Blackwell Publishing: Julia Squarr, our original Editor, who signed and oversaw the beginning of the publishing process; Frank Weinreich, our new Publisher, who took over where Julia left off; our Managing Editor, Neena Ganjoo, who scrutinized the fine detail and helped us proceed through the intricacies of manuscript submission; Our artist, Todd Smith, worked closely with us to ensure a first‐rate art program, and Dr Scott Thompson, who wrote the clinical cases that begin and close each chapter.
Additionally, we would like to thank the anonymous (to the three authors) reviewers who commented on the manuscript prior to its development. Their help was instrumental in the crafting of this book. And finally, we would like to thank our respective families for all the time we took away from them in the writing of this textbook.
While we appreciate all of the assistance that we received from our editors and colleagues, the responsibility for errors, omissions, and shortcomings is ours. In view of that fact, we welcome criticisms and suggestions for improvement of this text.
Maria A. Patestas
Amanda J. Meyer
Leslie P. Gartner
About the Companion Website
This book is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com/go/patestas/neuroanatomy3e
The website includes:
Answers to the odd‐numbered questions at the end of each chapter
Answers to the even‐numbered questions at the end of each chapter
Answers for the clinical case questions
Animations of key processes
Powerpoints of all figures from the book for downloading
PART IGeneral Principles of the Nervous System
CHAPTER 1Introduction to the Nervous System
CELLS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
The human nervous system is an extremely efficient, compact, fast, and reliable computing system that performs at an incredible capacity. In fact, at this point it has the capability of performing tasks that are far beyond the abilities of any artificial intelligence as yet devised. The present textbook discusses not only the anatomy of the central nervous system but also its function, making it a textbook dealing with the subject of neurobiology. In case the reader wonders why one should study this subject matter, it should be recalled that it is our central nervous system more than anything else about us that makes us what we are, human beings.
The nervous system is subdivided, morphologically, into two compartments, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, whereas the PNS, as a physical extension of the CNS, is composed of ganglia as well as cranial and spinal nerve fibers. Functionally, the nervous system is also subdivided into two components, the somatic nervous system, which is under the individual’s conscious control, and the autonomic nervous system, which controls the myriad of unconscious activities in conjunction with the voluntary nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is a tripartite organization, in that it has a sympathetic, a parasympathetic, and an enteric component. Simply stated, the first initiates the “flight or fight or freeze or fornicate” response, the second is concerned with the body’s vegetative activities, whereas the enteric nervous system is involved in regulating the processes of digestion. It must be understood, however, that the interplay of these three systems maintains homeostasis. The autonomic nervous system acts upon three cell types to perform its functions, namely cells of glands, smooth muscle cells, and cardiac muscle cells. The nervous system has two other functional components, sensory and motor. The sensory component collects information and transmits it to the CNS (and is therefore called afferent), where the information is sorted, analyzed, and processed. Generally speaking, the motor component delivers the results of the analyses away from the CNS (and is therefore called efferent) to the effector organs, that is, muscles (all three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac) and glands, resulting in a response to the stimulus.
Discussion of the topics of neuroanatomy requires that the student be familiar with some of the specialized terminology
