Abdominal X-rays for Medical Students E-Book

Christopher Clarke

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 188

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Highly Commended at the British Medical Association Book Awards 2016 Abdominal X-rays for Medical Students is a comprehensive resource offering guidance on reading, presenting and interpreting abdominal radiographs. Suitable for medical students, junior doctors, nurses and trainee radiographers, this brand new title is clearly illustrated using a unique colour overlay system to present the main pathologies and to highlight the abnormalities in abdomen x-rays. Abdominal X-rays for Medical Students: * Covers the key knowledge and skills necessary for practical use * Provides an effective and memorable way to analyse and present abdominal radiographs - the unique 'ABCDE' system as developed by the authors * Presents each radiograph twice, side by side: the first as seen in the clinical setting, and the second with the pathology clearly highlighted * Includes self-assessment to test knowledge and presentation technique With a systematic approach covering both the analysis of radiographs and next steps mirroring the clinical setting and context, Abdominal X-rays for Medical Students is a succinct and up-to-date overview of the principles and practice of this important topic.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Series page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Acknowledgements

Learning objectives checklist

Part 1

About X-rays

What are X-rays?

How are X-rays produced?

How do X-rays make an image?

How are X-ray images (radiographs) stored?

Radiation hazards

The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations

In women of reproductive age

Indications for an abdominal X-ray

Abdominal X-ray views

AP Supine abdominal X-ray

Other views

Radiograph quality

Inclusion

Exposure

Normal anatomy on an abdominal X-ray

Right and left (Figure 7)

Quadrants and regions (Figure 8)

Abdominal viscera 1 (Figure 9)

Abdominal viscera 2 (Figure 10)

Skeletal structures (Figure 11)

Pelvis (Figure 12)

Lung bases (may be visualised at the top of the abdomen) (Figure 13)

Bowel 1 (Figure 14)

Bowel 2 (Figure 15)

Presenting an abdominal radiograph

Be systematic!

Part 2

Overview of the ABCDE of abdominal radiographs

A – Air in the wrong place

B – Bowel

C – Calcification

D – Disability (bones and solid organs)

E – Everything else

A

Pneumoperitoneum (gas in the peritoneal cavity)

Pneumoretroperitoneum (gas in the retroperitoneal space)

Pneumobilia (gas in the biliary tree)

Portal venous gas (gas in the portal vein)

B

Dilated small bowel

Dilated large bowel

Volvulus

Dilated stomach

Hernia

Bowel wall inflammation

Faecal loading

Faecal impaction

C

Gallstones in the gallbladder (cholelithiasis)

Renal stones (urolithiasis)

Bladder stones

Nephrocalcinosis

Pancreatic calcification

Adrenal calcification

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) calcification

Fetus

Calcified structures of little clinical significance

D

Pelvic fractures – 3 Polo rings test

Sclerotic and lucent bone lesions

Spine pathology

Solid organ enlargement

E

Medical and surgical objects (iatrogenic)

Foreign bodies

Lung bases

Self-assessment questions

Self-assessment answers

Glossary

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1: The electromagnetic spectrum (Freq is short for frequency).

Figure 2: X-ray production.

Figure 3: The spectrum of tissues of different densities as seen on a conventional radiograph. The radiograph example shows the left lumbar region of a patient who swallowed a battery.

Chapter 03

Figure 4: Anterior–posterior (AP) supine abdominal X-ray.

Chapter 04

Figure 5: A normal abdominal radiograph showing the superior aspect of the liver (1), superior aspect of the spleen (2) and lateral abdominal walls (3) marked with dashed white lines. The pubic symphysis (4) is marked with a white circle (although ideally I would also like to see the inferior aspect of the pubic symphysis).

Figure 6: An underexposed abdominal radiograph demonstrating poor visualisation of the spine. It is more difficult to make out the bowel gas and the diagnostic value of this radiograph may be somewhat limited.