Advanced Technologies for Realizing Sustainable Development Goals 5G, AI, Big Data, Blockchain and Industry 4.0 Applications E-Book
Kapil Joshi
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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Advanced Technologies for Realizing Sustainable Development Goals: 5G, AI, Big Data, Blockchain, and Industry 4.0 Applications explores the intersection of cutting-edge technologies and their role in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This book covers diverse topics, including energy-efficient cities, smart healthcare systems, blockchain for social empowerment, and sustainable agriculture. It explores the impact of 5G, AI, machine learning, and cybersecurity on smart cities, industry, and healthcare, providing valuable insights for sustainable development.
Key Features:
- Highlights the role of advanced technologies like 5G, AI, and blockchain in achieving SDGs
- Provides case studies on smart cities, healthcare, and agriculture
- Examines emerging issues in cybersecurity and sustainability
- Offers insights into Industry 4.0 tools and their applications
This book is essential for those seeking to understand how emerging technologies can drive global sustainability efforts.
Readership
Ideal for researchers, academics, professionals, and students in the fields of technology, sustainability, and development
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Seitenzahl: 560
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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FOREWORD
In the grand tapestry of human history, there come moments when the convergence of innovation and purpose sets the stage for transformational change. We find ourselves in such a moment today, a moment where advanced technologies have the potential to unlock the doors to a more sustainable and equitable world. It is with great pleasure and anticipation that I introduce you to "Advanced Technologies for Realizing Sustainable Development Goals: 5G, AI, Big Data, Blockchain, and Industry 4.0 Applications."
This book is not merely a compendium of cutting-edge technologies; it is a beacon of hope, illuminating the path toward a future in which technology serves as an enabler of sustainable development. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations serve as a global blueprint for addressing the most pressing challenges of our time, from eradicating poverty and hunger to combating climate change and ensuring access to quality education and healthcare for all. Achieving these goals requires innovative solutions that transcend the limitations of traditional approaches.
The authors of this book, experts in their respective fields, guide us through the transformative potential of five of the most disruptive technologies of our era: 5G, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, blockchain, and Industry 4.0. They offer insights, analysis, and case studies that demonstrate how these technologies can be harnessed to tackle the complex and interconnected challenges articulated in the SDGs.
As we delve into the pages of this volume, we embark on a journey that spans industries, sectors, and continents. We witness how 5G technology is revolutionizing connectivity and enabling smart cities that enhance the quality of urban life while reducing environmental impact. We explore how AI is augmenting our decision-making capabilities, from healthcare diagnostics to sustainable agriculture. We delve into the vast ocean of big data, uncovering its potential to inform policies, drive innovation, and improve resource allocation.
Blockchain technology emerges as a trust-building force, underpinning transparent supply chains, enabling secure digital identities, and facilitating financial inclusion. Finally, we venture into the world of Industry 4.0, where smart manufacturing processes promise increased efficiency, reduced waste, and sustainable production.
While these technologies offer boundless opportunities, they also present complex challenges. The ethical considerations of AI, the security and privacy concerns of big data, and the regulatory landscape of blockchain are just a few of the critical issues that demand our attention. As we navigate this intricate terrain, we must remain steadfast in our commitment to ensuring that these technologies are deployed responsibly and for the greater good of humanity.
The authors of this book have taken on the admirable task of not only showcasing the potential of advanced technologies but also exploring their societal, ethical, and environmental implications. Their work serves as a reminder that innovation must go hand in hand with responsibility and that the true measure of technological progress lies in its ability to improve the well-being of all people while preserving our planet for future generations.
As we contemplate the remarkable journey that awaits us within these pages, I am reminded of the words of Mahatma Gandhi: "You must be the change you wish to see in the world." The contributors to this book embody this spirit, tirelessly working to harness the power of advanced technologies to realize the Sustainable Development Goals and create a world where prosperity, equity, and sustainability flourish.
I extend my gratitude to the authors, editors, and all those who have contributed to this remarkable volume. Their dedication to advancing the discourse on technology and sustainability is a beacon of hope for a brighter future. As you read these pages, I encourage you to not only absorb the knowledge within but also be inspired to take action, for it is through collective effort and shared vision that we will turn the promise of these technologies into a reality that benefits us all.
PREFACE
As we navigate the tumultuous waters of the 21st century, it is evident that we stand at a crossroads of unprecedented technological progress and pressing global challenges. Our planet is confronted by a multitude of complex issues, from poverty and inequality to environmental degradation and healthcare disparities. Simultaneously, we are witnessing an explosion of innovation in the form of 5G, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, blockchain, and Industry 4.0, technologies that hold the potential to revolutionize industries, societies, and the very way we live our lives. It is within this dynamic context that the book "Advanced Technologies for Realizing Sustainable Development Goals: 5G, AI, Big Data, Blockchain, and Industry 4.0 Applications" emerges.
The book you hold in your hands, "Advanced Technologies for Realizing Sustainable Development Goals: 5G, AI, Big Data, Blockchain, and Industry 4.0 Applications", is a testament to our collective commitment to bridge the gap between technological progress and sustainable development. In these pages, we explore the transformative potential of some of the most disruptive technologies of our time and how they can be harnessed to address the pressing issues that confront humanity.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations serve as a global roadmap for building a better and more equitable world by 2030. These ambitious goals encompass challenges ranging from eradicating poverty and hunger to ensuring access to quality education and clean water, all while safeguarding our planet's ecosystems. Achieving these objectives requires not just ambition but also innovation, collaboration, and an unwavering commitment to leaving no one behind.
In our book, we set the stage for the exploration that follows. We examine the current state of the world, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable development in the face of mounting crises. The section book underscores the role of advanced technologies as catalysts for change, emphasizing the potential of 5G, AI, big data, blockchain, and Industry 4.0 to be game-changers in the pursuit of the SDGs. We explore the historical context of these technologies, tracing their evolution and discussing their current capabilities. From precision agriculture and smart cities to healthcare breakthroughs and supply chain transparency, the applications are as diverse as the challenges themselves.
5G technology contributes to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by fostering innovation, improving connectivity, and enabling transformative solutions. It supports industry growth and infrastructure development (Goal 9) through enhanced connectivity and high-speed data transmission. In smart cities, 5G facilitates sustainable urban development (Goal 11) with applications like efficient energy management and intelligent transportation. The technology promotes good health (Goal 3) through telemedicine and remote patient monitoring. In education (Goal 4), 5G enhances online learning platforms, increasing access to quality education. It aids climate action (Goal 13) by enabling IoT and smart technologies for environmental monitoring and efficient resource management. Additionally, 5G fosters economic growth (Goal 8) by creating job opportunities and supporting entrepreneurship. Collaborative partnerships (Goal 17) are crucial for successful 5G deployment, addressing various global challenges and contributing to the collective achievement of SDGs.
AI technology contributes to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by driving innovation and addressing key challenges. It aids in healthcare (Goal 3) through diagnostics, personalized medicine, and telehealth, improving overall well-being. In education (Goal 4), AI supports personalized learning, increasing access and quality of education. AI contributes to gender equality (Goal 5) by reducing bias and promoting inclusivity in various sectors. In poverty reduction (Goal 1) and economic growth (Goal 8), AI facilitates job creation, entrepreneurship, and economic opportunities. Smart resource management powered by AI supports sustainable cities (Goal 11) and climate action (Goal 13). It enhances disaster response and recovery efforts, contributing to resilient communities (Goal 11). Collaborative partnerships (Goal 17) are crucial for responsible AI deployment and addressing ethical considerations, ensuring that AI technologies align with the principles of sustainable development.
Big Data technology contributes to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by providing insights and solutions to address global challenges. In healthcare (Goal 3), Big Data enables better disease monitoring, predictive analytics, and personalized treatments. It supports education (Goal 4) through data-driven decision-making, adaptive learning, and improved resource allocation. Big Data helps in poverty reduction (Goal 1) and economic growth (Goal 8) by informing evidence-based policies, fostering innovation, and creating job opportunities. In sustainable cities (Goal 11), Big Data aids urban planning, traffic management, and resource optimization for more efficient and resilient urban environments. It contributes to environmental sustainability (Goal 13) by enabling climate modeling, natural resource management, and monitoring environmental changes. Collaborative partnerships (Goal 17) are vital for sharing data, ensuring privacy, and leveraging Big Data to collectively achieve SDGs. Big data, the vast ocean of information generated daily, is the focus of our book. We explore how big data analytics can unlock insights that drive sustainable decision-making. Here, we discussed the challenges of data privacy and security, as well as the potential for data-driven innovation in sectors ranging from agriculture to disaster management. Case studies highlight how Big Data is being used to combat climate change, track epidemics, and improve resource allocation.
Blockchain technology contributes to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by enhancing transparency, traceability, and efficiency in various sectors. In healthcare (Goal 3), blockchain ensures secure and transparent management of health records, facilitating interoperability and patient care. It supports financial inclusion (Goal 1) by providing secure and accessible financial services, especially in regions with limited banking infrastructure. In supply chain management (Goal 12), blockchain improves transparency, reducing fraud and ensuring sustainable and ethical sourcing. For identity verification (Goal 16), blockchain enhances security and inclusivity by providing decentralized and tamper-resistant identity solutions. In climate action (Goal 13), blockchain enables transparent tracking of carbon emissions and supports sustainable practices. Collaborative partnerships (Goal 17) are crucial for standardizing blockchain solutions and ensuring widespread adoption for achieving collective SDG objectives.
Blockchain technology, known for its ability to establish trust and transparency, takes center stage in our chapters. We examine how blockchain is revolutionizing supply chains, enabling fair trade, and securing identities. The chapter also explores the potential for blockchain to enhance financial inclusion and support sustainable energy initiatives. Through case studies, we showcase the transformative impact of blockchain in various industries and its role in achieving the SDGs.
Industry 4.0, also known as the fourth industrial revolution, refers to the ongoing transformation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices through the integration of digital technologies. It involves the use of advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, robotics, and other smart technologies to create more intelligent, connected, and automated industrial systems. The goal of Industry 4.0 is to improve efficiency, productivity, and flexibility in manufacturing and related industries by enabling real-time data exchange, smart decision-making, and the seamless integration of digital and physical processes. We explore the concept of Industry 4.0, a paradigm shift in manufacturing and production. We examine how smart factories, automation, and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) are reshaping industries while reducing environmental impacts. The chapter discusses the implications of Industry 4.0 for job markets and sustainable manufacturing practices. Case studies illustrate how Industry 4.0 is driving innovation and sustainable development in diverse sectors.
The integration of 5G, AI, Big Data, and Blockchain technologies holds significant promise in collectively advancing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 5G's high-speed connectivity supports innovative solutions in healthcare, education, and industry, contributing to SDGs related to good health and well-being (SDG 3), quality education (SDG 4), and industry innovation (SDG 9). AI and Big Data play pivotal roles in healthcare, facilitating diagnostics, personalized medicine, and improved patient care, aligning with SDG 3. Blockchain enhances transparency in supply chains, ensuring responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), and supports inclusive identity verification, promoting peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16). These technologies collectively foster global collaboration (SDG 17) by providing tools for addressing challenges, enhancing sustainability, and creating a technologically advanced and inclusive future.
The contributors to this volume are experts, visionaries, and pioneers in their respective fields, offering insights that bridge the gap between theory and practice. Their research, experiences, and case studies shed light on how these advanced technologies can be harnessed to foster sustainable development, enhance the quality of life for all, and create a world where opportunities are abundant.
Yet, while these technologies hold immense promise, they also present ethical, social, and regulatory challenges. As we embrace the transformative power of innovation, we must remain vigilant in ensuring that the benefits are equitably distributed, privacy is safeguarded, and that the technology serves as a force for good.
As you delve into the pages of this book, we invite you to explore not only the fascinating applications of 5G, AI, big data, blockchain, and Industry 4.0 but also the broader implications for society and the global community. We hope that the knowledge and insights shared within these pages will inspire you to engage in the ongoing dialogue on how we can leverage advanced technologies to build a more sustainable and inclusive future.
Lastly, we extend our gratitude to the contributors, editors, and readers who join us on this intellectual journey. Together, we can harness the power of advanced technologies to advance humanity's most ambitious agenda to realize the Sustainable Development Goals and create a world where prosperity, equity, and sustainability thrive hand in hand.
List of Contributors
Role of Energy-Efficient Technology to Build Sustainable Cities
Reeta Rautela1,*,Shravan Kumar1,Monika Bhatt1,Jashandeep Kaur1,Namrata Prakash2,Varsha Gupta3Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goal 11 aims to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. With economic growth and development, the number cities has increased, and the slums are also increasing, which cause a number of problems like solid waste management, pollution, poor traffic systems, and many more. Among other major concerns, one significant concern is that of energy consumption. To protect the environment, it has become significant to act sustainably and choose sustainable ways to develop cities. Globally, there has been raising concern over the disparities and energy-related CO2 emissions. With an increase in the number of people living in cities, the construction of sustainable cities has become necessary; hence in this regard, it has become crucial to concentrate on technological innovation in energy efficiency. The sustainable urban development path will transform cities to achieve Goal 11 for the path to a sustainable future. Energy efficiency is one of the most immediate aspects on which the whole world needs to work. This study seeks to explain the contribution of technology to support energy-efficient tools for constructing sustainable cities. This study represents dimensions of sustainable development and convergence of energy efficient technology enabling advanced levels of sustainable development along with the challenges and key policy recommendations to achieve Goal 11.
INTRODUCTION
The United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled “Transforming our World” for Sustainable Development in 2015. The report
spells out 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for a great and prosperous future. The central ideas of sustainability have been environing for many years and now they have begun to apparent on international political sphere. This is because people are becoming mindful of how much pressure human beings are putting on the planet than what it can refill [1]. UN-Habitat is working universally to address Goal 11 (Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable). As a result of population growth, 7 out of 10 people are anticipated to shift to metropolitan areas by the year 2050 to make a living. This rise in the urbanization rate affects the wellbeing of people which sum up to create sustainable city or to reconstruct cities across the world into sustainable one and providing a safe and secure future.
Sustainable cities are the cities that lead the way to social, economic and environmental progress on the one hand and on the other hand, provide a stable home for the current population without compromising the needs of future generations to enjoy the same.
Technology plays an important role in achieving sustainability. The efficiency and effectiveness of sustainable development can be improved by technological advancement. Technological advancement helps in the completion of SDGs. Solutions for sustainable development and a sustainable environment are provided by technology by installing innovative and value chain gadgets in the cities [2]. One of the sustainable development goals (SDG 7) listed in the UN report is to ensure access to reliable, affordable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. This paper puts forward a discussion on energy-efficient technology paving the way for sustainable development.
OBJECTIVES
1. To understand different dimensions of sustainable development that support the designing of sustainable cities.
2. To find out the relationship between sustainability and energy efficiency.
3. To analyze the significance of energy-efficient technology in facilitating sustainable cities by an insight into the selected countries.
4. To analyze the policies related to energy efficiency.
SUSTAINABLE CITY
A sustainable city is one that addresses the economic, social, and cultural needs of present as well as future generations. A sustainable city assists in forming a sustainable living environment. Under the concept of sustainable development, hundreds of definitions have been circulating that represent multidisciplinary points of view on sustainable development. Sustainable development has mainly three dimensions:
• Social Dimension.
• Economic Dimension.
• Environmental Dimension.
Social Dimension
By ensuring the wellbeing of people and raising the standard of living through education, health, housing, employment opportunities, safety and security, etc., the fundamental principle of equality emphasizes reducing discrimination. The goal of governance is to ensure that there are ample resources to support sustainability programs. The notion of social cohesiveness explains the significance of unity among people and prompting them to participate in social activities.
During the 53rd session of the Commission for Social Development, the member states emphasized strengthening the social dimensions of sustainable development:
• By adopting strategies for poverty eradication.
• By introducing schemes and policies to provide employment opportunities and access to quality education, healthcare, sanitation, etc.
• By integrating social policies with environmental and economic policies at a wider level.
• By encouraging social responsibility among people (through awareness campaigns) to protect the environment.
Economic Dimension
The elements of the economic dimension ensure that human communities have access to the resources they need.
Economic growth is like a double barreled on sustainable development [3]. If economic expansion is attained at the expense of increased income inequality, excessive consumption of resources needed by future generations, and a high rate of unemployment, then it is considered inevitable yet unsustainable.
Development and expansion of the economy should not put the environment at risk as economic and environmental dimensions are intertwined i.e., the production process has a negative impact on the environment. To reduce the harmful effect caused by production, the economy should protect the environment by using recycled materials and renewable energy sources and by reducing carbon emissions. These environment-saving ways will also help the cities to achieve sustainability and the economy to flourish.
Environmental Dimension
Environment health is the main area of concern in this developing world. Environment protection and maintenance are connected and can be achieved by managing environment dimensions [4]. These dimensions of the environment include managing water resources, air quality, trash management, transport management, reducing greenhouse gases and carbon emissions, etc.
Green cities are identified as a possible strategy for constructing sustainable cities [5]. Environmental dimensions help construct green infrastructure by reducing the negative effects of carbon emissions, enhancing open spaces, increasing the recycling process, developing local sustainable enterprises, etc., leading to the construction of green, sustainable cities.
SUSTAINABILITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), by 2040, “the global demand for energy will increase by 37%”. The demand for energy consumption increases due to the rise in population. This rise in demand results in the use of fossil fuels on a large scale, which has a bad impact, such as heating up the environment, polluting it, and contributing to climate change. The harmful gases released from fuels lead to Ocean acidification (i.e., an increase in carbon dioxide absorbed by the ocean), rising temperatures contributing to global warming, and the greenhouse effect.
The term “energy efficiency technologies” refers to machinery that uses less energy to perform the same operation or task as compared to other standard machines and calculate the amount of energy needed to finish a task [6]. Examples of energy efficiency measures are LED lights, solar water heaters, energy-efficient air conditioners, thermal insulation in walls and roofs, solar panel systems, etc. Energy efficiency contributes to a reduction in carbon emissions, environment sustainability, energy security, etc [7].
Energy efficiency is one of the strategies to minimize negative impacts on current and future generations and to establish a sustainable energy economy. Goal 7 (ensuring access to clean and affordable energy) of the SDGs mentioned by the UN include Goal 7.1(universal access to energy service), Goal 7.2 (increase in the share of renewable energy), and Goal 7.3 (improvement on global energy efficiency).
Energy is an important element required for economic and social development. Limited resources and unlimited wants lead to an increase in demand and a decrease in supply, which cause a rise in the prices of fossil fuels, due to which the energy crisis is on hype. Energy efficiency is seen as an environmentally friendly way to handle this energy crisis [8].
ENERGY-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY
Urbanization makes people more vulnerable to climate change through the degradation of air and water quality, affects biodiversity, and increases resource demand and energy usage. According to IEA, in urban areas, buildings account for the usage of 71% of electricity, 39% of energy consumption, and 40% of carbon emissions [9]. It is important to make cities sustainable in order for them to absorb the growing population and reduce the usage of energy, providing basic necessities and enhancing the quality of life. Energy-efficient technology is one of the pillars that help build sustainable cities to counter all the problems mentioned above.
Technological innovation has the power to improve the safety, accessibility, and sustainability of energy systems. Information and communication technology (ICT) has been recognized to tackle SDGs 7 and 11 in an interlinked manner. United Nations (UN) provides global platforms, such as United for Smart and Sustainable Cities (USSC) led by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), along with other 14 UN bodies, to promote and encourage the use of Information and Communication Technology to achieve SDG 11 (i.e., sustainable cities).
As stated in the 2019 Global Status Report, the building sector resulted in 36% energy utilization and 39% release of harmful carbon emissions from the production process [10]. As per the 2019 International Energy Outlook, between 2018 and 2050, energy consumption by the domestic and commercial sectors will be increased, which will create a burden on energy sources [11].
The government is creating a sustainable city model and an urban rehabilitation plan to implement sustainability practices [12]. A sustainable city is created with the help of the concept of smart buildings, which cover a wide spectrum, including houses, residential buildings, industrial buildings, infrastructure, etc. The construction sector and industrial buildings are the largest consumers of energy. Residential buildings are the second largest consumer of energy. The energy efficiency of these buildings need to beassessed . ICT is combined with fourth industrial revolution technologies (AI, IoT, cloud computing, machine learning, etc.) to become the facilitator of energy-efficient tools that support the goal of building sustainable cities. Energy-efficient tools combine the network of Building Management System (BMS) and Energy Management System (EMS), which improve, control and manage the need for energy devices [13]. Today, IoT and AI are the leading technologies that develop energy-efficient buildings by saving energy and identifying and minimizing operational errors [14]. The technologies or appliances that support energy efficiency to build sustainable cities are:
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System
Smart HVAC systems have smart features like heating control, temperature monitoring, integrated cooling of ICT equipment, etc. IoT devices installed in structures and buildings make use of actuators, sensors, and smart auto monitoring to control the consumption of energy by detecting and examining issues such as temperature, humidity, and pressure [15].
Smart Thermostat
A smart thermostat, an energy-efficient tool, works as an in-charge of regulating the home's ventilation, heating, and air conditioning. It enables the home automation system i.e., the use of Wi-Fi connectivity and sensors, and is helpful in saving energy. A thermostat is a device that provides solutions to reduce the consumption of energy (by controlling and executing the temperature of energy-hungry devices), leading to energy efficiency and helping construct sustainable cities.
Demand Controlled Ventilation
The utilization of cutting-edge sensors and technologies makes it easier for us to identify pollutants in the building airstream, which improves the quality of indoor air and the performance of the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. Demand-controlled ventilation techniques save energy by changing the ventilation rate when there is less demand i.e., demand for ventilation by fewer occupants. This smart technology reduces needless overventilation through the use of carbon dioxide sensors that demand ventilation space depending upon actual occupancy. These sensors examine, control, and adjust how much outdoor air is given to occupants. With the help of demand-controlled ventilation, less electricity is used for cooling in buildings [16].
Geothermal Heating and Cooling System
Geothermal heat pump is regarded as the most effective and energy-efficient technology available, which utilizes the natural heat of the earth for the heating process, water heating process, and other cooling process. This system uses a geothermal heat pump with a heat exchanger for the heating process. During the winter season, this heat pump transfers heat from the ground to the interior of the building. This process is reversed during summer. The heat pump transfers heat from the inside to the ground through heat exchange. All types of buildings, like schools, homes, hospitals, etc., can use geothermal heat pumps for energy saving [17].
Lighting System
Energy-efficient tools support the lighting system in building smart cities. Nowadays, buildings are installed with IoT sensors, which manage the lighting system by turning it on and off when needed. Some of the lighting technologies are:
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
The use of semiconductors in solid-state lighting turns power into light, which includes LEDs. Currently, white light is considered the most energy-efficient and quickly evolving lighting technology. LEDs emerged as the most energy-efficient tools, which save up to 90% energy and have a 25 times longer lifespan as compared to conventional incandescent bulbs. The use of LED in structures and buildings reduces costs, carbon emissions, and energy usage. It is also used in developing small lamps and other battery-powered devices like flashlights, charging lights, etc. It is estimated that this smart lighting control system can reduce energy consumption by an average of 30-40%.
Smart Lighting Control
Smart lighting control technologies provide lighting services that work in accordance with natural daylight and the needs of the location. Smart lighting control technologies help to eliminate the chance of leaving the appliances ON and reduce energy consumption [18]. Some of these are occupancy sensors and photo sensors, which are explained below:
• Occupancy sensor: This sensor monitors occupancy and is used for interior space. It basically saves energy by turning the lights off when a space is empty. It also offers convenience by turning on the lights automatically when someone enters a room. The most attractive feature of this device, which makes it unique and advanced, is that it can detect people or activities related to people in the room. Occupancy sensors include the use of timers and timing models while triggering illumination. It modifies the timing to suit the environment through which savings can be made.
• Photo sensor: A photo sensor is also known as a photoelectric device. It is an automatic system that controls and stops the lights from turning on during the day time. With the help of this system, we do not need to remember to turn off our lights as this sensor will helpus in managing the situation by automatically turning our lights off and help in conserving electricity.
• Ballasts: This device is used for power regulation in electric lamps (like integrated with CFL). Through this device, energy can be saved by lowering internal core loss, increasing light output, controlling the amount of electric current available, changing the voltage, adjusting the power factor, etc.
High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps and Bulbs
High-intensity discharge lamps are considered to produce highly bright light by using electrical arcs between electrodes. The conductor used makes it an energy-efficient tool. HID lights are used in indoor and outdoor lighting systems and also in the lighting systems of modern vehicles. They are 90% more efficient than incandescent lighting.
Energy Management System
Buildings and structures in sustainable cities are energy efficient. An energy management system performs the most important and complex task of managing the chain of energy supply. Artificial intelligence systems support these energy management tools, which help in monitoring our energy consumption and then give recommendations on how to save energy. In the EU, the data on end-use energy is 40% and 50% in electrical power [19].
Smart Metering
A smart meter is an advanced meter that computes energy consumption and then provides appropriate information to consumers, which helps in saving energy. It provides more accurate and detailed measurements of the consumption of energy than other standard meters. Smart meters have gained popularity across different countries, due to which we can see a noticeable shift toward the use of smart meters, which brings a change in energy consumption strategy [20]. An EU experiment of smart meters shows that providing accurate information to consumers can save up to 10% of energy. The smart meter provides real data on patterns of energy consumption, which helps consumers to eliminate mistakes. It brings improvement in consumption patterns, which paves the way to more sustainable consumption. The smart meter helps invest in energy efficiency mechanisms and make cities sustainable.
Light Wise System
The LightWise System works through wireless sensors by assessing the energy efficiency of a lighting control system by evaluating and pointing out the areas that can be enhanced for greater energy efficiency. It weighs and evaluates the amount of energy that can be saved by switching to an alternative solution. The LightWise system works by measuring how much energy is lost by eliminating the defaults in the lighting system and replacing the lighting system with a more cautious energy-saving solution. The data provided by this system works as an enabler by controlling the lighting system, adjusting it to the surroundings, and reducing energy waste. The LightWise system investigates and determines from the data how much and why energy inefficiencies occur in a control system.
Smart Grid
A Smart grid is an electrical network that uses digital technologies like AI and blockchain for peer-to-peer energy trading, etc. It monitors and controls the transfer of power from all the power-generating sources in order to satisfy users’ need for electricity. The smart grid is the main component used in smart buildings and smart homes. There is an integration of digital technologies and sensors with the network of smart grid to use electricity more efficiently. Some of the grid technologies are inverters, smart meters, remote terminal units, etc. The smart grid makes the management system capable of meeting demands related to energy management, charge control, minimization of energy consumption, and regulation of energy production.
Renewable Energy Sources
The use of renewable sources of energy in buildings helpsin reducing our dependency on non-renewable sources (i.e., fossil fuels). Renewable energy helps in fueling free intelligent monitoring systems [21]. Renewable energy sources are the cleanest form of energy, which help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and attain low carbon energy transmission. According to IEA, by 2035, the use of renewable energy will increase, which would eliminate and reduce problems related to environment and energy. Global status report, 2007 shows that global energy consumption comes from renewables source of energy in 2006 under which 13% of energy consumption comes from conventional biomass and 3% from hydropower and 0.8% from geothermal, wind, solar energy. The technical potential for utilization of renewable source of energy is better and greater than non-renewable source of energy [22].
Solar Photovoltaic System
Solar energy is the most important form of renewable energy which can be generated with the installation of photovoltaic system in buildings. Installation of solar photovoltaic system on rooftop help to produce urban energy. Solar photovoltaic system works through solar panels made up of PV cells which collect sunlight and convert it into direct current which is further converted into alternative current (by using inverter). This current is supplied to homes which help to run electronic appliances and help in energy efficiency. With the help of PV system, the building like household, industry, healthcare etc., can produce its own electricity. International Renewable Energy Agency Report shows that due to increase in investment in renewable energy the cost of photovoltaic modules had fallen by 80% since 2009.
Solar Thermal System
Utilization of solar energy for thermal energy is the purpose of solar thermal technology. Under this solar thermal collector is classified into three types - low, medium, and high temperature collectors. The first one is low temperature collector which is used to heat ventilation air and solar heating. Second one is medium temperature collector which is utilized for solar distillation, solar cooking and solar cooling. The last one is high temperature collector which uses mirror or lenses to focus sunlight which is used for solar thermal power generation technologies such as solar tower and parabolic dish etc. Solar water heating is considered to be one of the renewable technologies with greatest growth. 2003 estimate shows that $ 22 billion investments was made in global renewable energy out of which 21% was invested in solar water heater.
Transportation System
Due to increasing population, urban cities face the most concerning problem of pollution from vehicles and issues related to road congestion. Transportation activities resulted in 25% of energy related carbon emission which makes air polluted. One of the major elements which assess the sustainability of transport is source of energy [23].
Electric Vehicles
Use of electric vehicles are considered to be the most efficient and energy saving form of transportation. Dependency on electric vehicles will reduce our dependency on use of fossil fuels for transportation. Improvement in design and technology in vehicles can help to achieve energy efficiency. As EV uses less energy as compared to gasoline powered vehicles. EV directly convert electricity into motion which makes it is more efficient than typical car which first burn fuel to produce heat and then turn that heat into motion. On one side an electric vehicle recovers and store a sizeable portion of its braking energy in the battery and making it available when it needs to regain momentum but on the other side in conventional car the brakes simply turn the energy into heat and waste it. EV provides a way for reduction of emission from vehicles, leading to clean environment and making a way for energy efficiency [23].
Use of AI algorithm made the management of electric vehicles and power generations easier. Al technology used in manufacturing of electric vehicles help to identify and assess the location for charging stations. These electric vehicles automatically switched to battery mode and recharge the batteries when they are in low mode.
Intelligent Transportation System
Intelligent Transportation System is supported by AI and Machine learning based technologies which provides accurate information and makes the system efficient. Intelligent Transportation System is developed through smart public transport system and it provides technologies like lane sensor, dynamic messaging, ramp metering and emergency dispatching. With the help of these technologies, we can manage disabled vehicles, can reduce crashes and accidents, can solve problem of poor signal and road congestion etc.
Industrial Sector
Energy efficiency in industrial sector is necessary for reducing energy cost and increasing economic security.
Energy Efficient Transformer
Efficient transformer is more helpful in minimizing losses when compared to conventional transformer. The new highly efficient transformer is made up of using a material called amorphous material (i.e., a metallic glass alloy) which is helpful in reducing energy loss. Use of these transformer result in reduction of fuel consumption in power plant which results in energy saving and further reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from fuels. Increase number of amorphous transformers maintain a balance and have a great influence on electricity production and consumption as well as help in energy saving.
Energy Efficient Motors
With the help of advanced technology, a newly type of energy efficient motors are used in industries to minimize energy losses. Energy Efficient Motors are the one which provide the same output strength by using less electricity when compared to standard motors. It is made up of high-quality material to avoid any kind of motor loss and results in motor efficiency. Nowadays industries are also contributing to make a city sustainable by taking some steps like use of energy efficient motor in industries to reduce environmental cost of electricity generation. They also make use of energy efficient motors in air compressors to reduce power cost and power surge. These efficient motors are used for field purposes like in agricultural pumps for energy efficiency by controlling speed. These motors are also used in building ventilation system for energy saving mechanism.
Power Backup System
DG sets: Many problems are faced by industries such as increase in power shortage, poor power quality and increase in power cost due to which there is loss in production process.
To avoid all the problems mentioned above industries are using DG sets which have following advantages:
• DG set provide uninterrupted power supply which is free from utility power outages. The feature of grid disturbance improves productivity and avoid the need to restart the process again and again.
• Help in saving energy and lowering energy costs.
• It is used in peak loading and standby power supply modes.
Energy Efficient Appliances:
Energy efficiency is a main concern when we talk about use of appliances. With the help of technological advancement modern appliances are made which aim to ensure energy efficiency in residential building which further help to construct sustainable environment and cities.
Vending Machine
Effective refrigerator compressor, lighting systems and fan motors are all the energy saving feature of efficient vending machine. These vending machines have sensors, when there is elongated idleness in any electrical appliances, these motion sensors automatically convert to low energy refrigeration and or lighting to ensure energy saving.
Electric and Electronic Equipment
Electronic equipment like television, computer, phones etc. consume more energy. Use of switch mode power supply, smart charger (i.e., low power mode), efficient backlighting setting, etc. owners can increase the efficiency of their electric and electronic goods and can help achieve energy efficiency.
Cloth Washers
According to US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) efficient clothes washers consume less electricity i.e., 26% less electricity and also consume less water i.e. 40% less water than standard washers. Nowadays energy efficient washer consists of greater tub capacities which allow to use less loads to clean same quantity of laundry as compare to standard washer. Some other features of efficient washers are motion sensor which track and control temperatures and level of incoming water. These new energy efficient washers help in energy conservation.
ENERGY EFFICIENT POLICIES ADOPTED BY SOME COUNTRIES
• Turkey government adopted energy efficiency programme to promote energy security. A prudent, inclusive and legislative framework involving ancillary regulations has been set up in Turkey to support energy saving. Some cities like Ankara, Antalya, and Istanbul are becoming sustainable by adopting smart mobility system and use of renewable energy sources.
• In Luxembourg, government enacted Energy performance rules for residential building and for non-residential building. These rules set a technique for calculating building energy performance which help in energy saving. Luxembourg occupied 5th position in Global Sustainability Index. Luxembourg took a step toward sustainability by pushing energy efficient building.
• Canada is another country which promote energy efficiency. Canada initiated “The Canadian National Energy Law for Building” in 2011 which assess the required minimum degree of energy efficiency used for structure and the building equipment such as lighting, electric motor system, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and water heating etc. In Canada, Montreal city is regarded as a sustainable city for energy efficiency. The maximum supply of energy to this city is from renewable sources (i.e., Hydropower and wind power).
