Aircraft Systems E-Book

Ian Moir

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Aerospace Series (PEP)
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 704

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This third edition of Aircraft Systems represents a timely update of the Aerospace Series' successful and widely acclaimed flagship title. Moir and Seabridge present an in-depth study of the general systems of an aircraft - electronics, hydraulics, pneumatics, emergency systems and flight control to name but a few - that transform an aircraft shell into a living, functioning and communicating flying machine. Advances in systems technology continue to alloy systems and avionics, with aircraft support and flight systems increasingly controlled and monitored by electronics; the authors handle the complexities of these overlaps and interactions in a straightforward and accessible manner that also enhances synergy with the book's two sister volumes, Civil Avionics Systems and Military Avionics Systems. Aircraft Systems, 3rd Edition is thoroughly revised and expanded from the last edition in 2001, reflecting the significant technological and procedural changes that have occurred in the interim - new aircraft types, increased electronic implementation, developing markets, increased environmental pressures and the emergence of UAVs. Every chapter is updated, and the latest technologies depicted. It offers an essential reference tool for aerospace industry researchers and practitioners such as aircraft designers, fuel specialists, engine specialists, and ground crew maintenance providers, as well as a textbook for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students in systems engineering, aerospace and engineering avionics.

Leseprobe

Contents

Foreword

Series Preface

About the Authors

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

Systems Integration

Systems Interaction

References

1 Flight Control Systems

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Principles of Flight Control

1.3 Flight Control Surfaces

1.4 Primary Flight Control

1.5 Secondary Flight Control

1.6 Commercial Aircraft

1.7 Flight Control Linkage Systems

1.8 High Lift Control Systems

1.9 Trim and Feel

1.10 Flight Control Actuation

1.11 Civil System Implementations

1.12 Fly-By-Wire Control Laws

1.13 A380 Flight Control Actuation

1.14 Boeing 777 Implementation

1.15 Interrelationship of Flight Control, Guidance and Flight Management

References

2 Engine Control Systems

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Engine Technology and Principles of Operation

2.3 The Control Problem

2.4 Example Systems

2.5 Design Criteria

2.6 Engine Starting

2.7 Engine Indications

2.8 Engine Oil Systems

2.9 Engine Offtakes

2.10 Reverse Thrust

2.11 Engine Control on Modern Civil Aircraft

References

3 Fuel Systems

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Characteristics of Fuel Systems

3.3 Description of Fuel System Components

3.4 Fuel Quantity Measurement

3.5 Fuel System Operating Modes

3.6 Integrated Civil Aircraft Systems

3.7 Fuel Tank Safety

3.8 Polar Operations – Cold Fuel Management

References

4 Hydraulic Systems

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Hydraulic Circuit Design

4.3 Hydraulic Actuation

4.4 Hydraulic Fluid

4.5 Fluid Pressure

4.6 Fluid Temperature

4.7 Fluid Flow Rate

4.8 Hydraulic Piping

4.9 Hydraulic Pumps

4.10 Fluid Conditioning

4.11 Hydraulic Reservoir

4.12 Warnings and Status

4.13 Emergency Power Sources

4.14 Proof of Design

4.15 Aircraft System Applications

4.16 Civil Transport Comparison

4.17 Landing Gear Systems

References

5 Electrical Systems

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Aircraft Electrical System

5.3 Power Generation

5.4 Primary Power Distribution

5.5 Power Conversion and Energy Storage

5.6 Secondary Power Distribution

5.7 Typical Aircraft DC System

5.8 Typical Civil Transport Electrical System

5.9 Electrical Loads

5.10 Emergency Power Generation

5.11 Recent Systems Developments

5.12 Recent Electrical System Developments

5.13 Electrical Systems Displays

References

6 Pneumatic Systems

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Use of Bleed Air

6.3 Engine Bleed Air Control

6.4 Bleed Air System Indications

6.5 Bleed Air System Users

6.6 Pitot Static Systems

References

7 Environmental Control Systems

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Need for a Controlled Environment

7.3 The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)

7.4 Environmental Control System Design

7.5 Cooling Systems

7.6 Humidity Control

7.7 The Inefficiency of Present Systems

7.8 Air Distribution Systems

7.9 Cabin Noise

7.10 Cabin Pressurisation

7.11 Hypoxia

7.12 Molecular Sieve Oxygen Concentrators

7.13 g Tolerance

7.14 Rain Dispersal

7.15 Anti-Misting and De-Misting

7.16 Aircraft Icing

References

8 Emergency Systems

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Warning Systems

8.3 Fire Detection and Suppression

8.4 Emergency Power Sources

8.5 Explosion Suppression

8.6 Emergency Oxygen

8.7 Passenger Evacuation

8.8 Crew Escape

8.9 Computer-Controlled Seats

8.10 Ejection System Timing

8.11 High Speed Escape

8.12 Crash Recorder

8.13 Crash Switch

8.14 Emergency Landing

8.15 Emergency System Testing

References

9 Rotary Wing Systems

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Special Requirements of Helicopters

9.3 Principles of Helicopter Flight

9.4 Helicopter Flight Control

9.5 Primary Flight Control Actuation

9.6 Key Helicopter Systems

9.7 Helicopter Auto-Flight Control

9.8 Active Control Technology

9.9 Advanced Battlefield Helicopter

9.10 Tilt Rotor Systems

References

10 Advanced Systems

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Stealth

10.3 Integrated Flight and Propulsion Control (IFPC)

10.4 Vehicle Management System

10.5 More-Electric Aircraft

10.6 More-Electric Actuation

10.7 More-Electric Engine

10.8 Impact of Stealth Design

10.9 Technology Developments/Demonstrators

References

11 System Design and Development

11.1 Introduction

11.2 System Design

11.3 Major Safety Processes

11.4 Requirements Capture

11.5 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

11.6 Dependency Diagram

11.7 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

11.8 Component Reliability

11.9 Dispatch Reliability

11.10 Markov Analysis

11.11 Development Processes

11.12 Extended Operations (ETOPS)

References

12 Avionics Technology

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Nature of Microelectronic Devices

12.3 Data Bus Integration of Aircraft Systems

12.4 Fibre Optic Buses

12.5 Avionics Packaging Standards

12.6 Typical LRU Architecture

12.7 Integrated Modular Avionics

References

13 Environmental Conditions

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Environmental Factors

13.3 Testing and Validation Process

References

Index

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Reprinted with corrections March 2009

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Moir, I. (Ian)Aircraft systems: mechanical, electrical, and avionics subsystems integration/Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-05996-8 (cloth: alk. paper)1. Aeronautics—Systems engineering. 2. Airplanes, Military—Design and construction. 3. Airplanes—Equipment and supplies. I. Seabridge, A. G. (Allan G.) II. Title.TL671.M59 2008629.135—dc222008001330

To Mike Woodhead1944 to 2007

Professor of Systems Engineering at Loughborough University

An inspiration to all systems engineers and sadly missed

Foreword

The Aerospace and Defence industry has been at the forefront of systems engineering for many decades. The imperatives of commercial success and/or military need have compelled those in the Industry to seize the opportunities offered by taking a systems engineering approach to solve a variety of complex problems.

The insights offered by use of computer based modelling techniques, which have the capacity to represent multiple complex systems, their interdependencies, interactions and their inputs and outputs have propelled the exploitation of systems engineering by those in Aerospace and Defence. The approach is not confined to those mechanical and electrical systems for which stand alone systems models can be constructed. Rather, it is put to its best use when considering a major product or service as a system made up of many subsystems. For example, the optimisation of aircraft layout involving trade-offs between structural aspects, aerodynamic design, electronic and mechanical system performance as well as integrity can be achieved. Carried out in a balanced way, this can be the most powerful tool used by the Engineering teams in the process of defining a light, cheap to manufacture, reliable and high performance aircraft.

In stark terms, success or failure in the Aerospace and Defence sector is determined by the approach taken in the development of systems and how well or otherwise the systems or their interactions are modelled, understood and optimised. The most obvious output from such a process is the resulting system performance, for example how fast your aircraft can fly and what it can see using its radar. In addition however, the dimensions of cost and elapsed time to develop and build a system, together with its inherent reliability throughout its life, are also all critically dependent on effective systems engineering from the outset. Projects, and sometimes entire businesses, will succeed or flounder on the basis of how well the systems engineering approach has informed decision making relating to the definition of responsibilities between, for example, customers and suppliers, industrial partners or members of an alliance or team. Effective systems engineering will help to expose where the natural boundaries are between areas of activity which in turn informs the definition of suitable contractual boundaries and terms and conditions of a contract. The ultimate benefit of this approach is more effective assignment of responsibilities, enduring contracts and, most importantly, safer systems.

The ultimate consequence of having a culture within an organisation that centres on Systems Engineering is that the inherent approach spills over into other aspects of the activity across the enterprise involved. Obvious benefits in manufacturing process optimisation sit alongside the creation of business information management systems and other tools each playing a part in the quest for an organisation to make the best use of its resources, skills and funding. All of this contributes to the drive for predictable business performance and business success.

This book exemplifies the need to apply a systems engineering approach to the aircraft systems as well as the avionics systems deployed by the aircraft and weapons systems in the performance of its military role. The performance and inter-relationship of all systems are paramount in meeting the air vehicle specification requirements, which in many future offensive air vehicles will be unmanned. The authors have described the Aircraft Systems that emerge from the application of Systems Engineering to show the benefits to individual systems performance and whole aircraft design and integration. Examples of solutions in commercial and military aircraft are given, which complement the systems described in companion volumes.

The forthcoming More-Electric Aircraft and More-Electric Engine technologies as described in various places within this text herald the approach of innovative and highly integrated technologies for many of the aircraft systems that will serve both civil and military applications in the future. The book has much to recommend it as a place mark in time in relation to the ultimate maturity and application of these technologies.

Nigel Whitehead, Group Managing Director – Military Air Solutions, BAE SYSTEMS

Series Preface

The field of aerospace is wide ranging and covers a variety of products, disciplines and domains, not merely in engineering but in many related supporting activities. These combine to enable the aerospace industry to produce exciting and technologically challenging products. A wealth of knowledge is contained by practitioners and professionals in the aerospace fields that is of benefit to other practitioners in the industry, and to those entering the industry from University.

The Aerospace Series aims to be a practical and topical series of books aimed at engineering professionals, operators, users and allied professions such as commercial and legal executives with in the aerospace industry. The range of topics spans design and development, manufacture, operation and support of aircraft as well as infrastructure operations, and developments in research and technology. The intention is to provide a source of relevant information that will be of interest and benefit to all those people working in aerospace.

About the Authors

Ian Moir After 20 years in the Royal Air Force as an engineering officer, Ian went on to Smiths Industries in the UK where he was involved in a number of advanced projects. Since retiring from Smiths he is now in demand as a highly respected consultant. Ian has a broad and detailed experience working in aircraft avionics systems in both military and civil aircraft. From the RAF Tornado and Apache helicopter to the Boeing 777, Ian’s work has kept him at the forefront of new system developments and integrated systems in the areas of more-electric technology and system implementations. He has a special interest in fostering training and education in aerospace engineering.

Allan Seabridge was until recently the Chief Flight Systems Engineer at BAE SYSTEMS at Warton in Lancashire in the UK. In over 30 years in the aerospace industry his work has latterly included the avionics systems on the Nimrod MRA 4 and Lockheed Martin Lightning II (Joint Strike Fighter) as well as a the development of a range of flight and avionics systems on a wide range of fast jets, training aircraft and ground and maritime surveillance projects. Spending much of his time between Europe and the US, Allan is fully aware of systems developments worldwide. He is also keen to encourage a further understanding of integrated engineering systems. An interest in engineering education continues with the design and delivery of systems and engineering courses at a number of UK universities at undergraduate and postgraduate level.

Acknowledgements

This book has taken a long time to prepare and we would not have completed it without the help and support of colleagues and organisations who willingly gave their time and provided information with enthusiasm.

We would especially like to thank Gordon Leishman who reviewed the rotorcraft chapter and Geoff Poole, Dr Craig Lawson and Roy Langton who reviewed the entire manuscript. We are indebted to their valuable comments.

The following organisations kindly provided information and images:

AGUSTA WESTLANDHigh Temp Engineering/CobhamAirbus (UK)HoneywellBAE SYSTEMSHoneywell Aerospace YeovilBell HelicopterNASABF GoodrichNorthrop GrummanBoeingParker AerospaceBoeing/BellRaytheonClaverham/Hamilton SundstrandRolls RoyceDoD photograph by TSGT Edward BoyceRolls Royce/TurbomecaDunlop Aerospace InternationalSmiths Group/GE AviationEngineering Arresting Systems CorpUS Air ForceFlight Refuelling/CobhamUS Air Force photograph by Senior Airman Darnall Cannady

We would like to thank the staff at John Wiley who took on this project from a previous publisher and guided us to a satisfactory conclusion.

List of Abbreviations

A 429ARINC 429 Data BusA 629ARINC 629 Data BusA 664ARINC 664 100Mbits/sec Fast Switched EthernetACAdvisory Circular (FAA)AAWWSAirborne Adverse Weather Weapons System (Apache)ACAdvisory Circular (FAA)ACAlternating CurrentACEActuator Control ElectronicsACMAir Cycle MachineACMPAC Motor PumpACTActive Control TechnologyA/DAnalogue to DigitalADMAir Data ModuleADPAir Driven PumpADUActuator Drive UnitADVAir Defence Variant (Tornado)AFCSAutomatic Flight Control SystemAFDCAutopilot Flight Director Computer (B777)AFTIAdvanced Fighter Technology Integration (F-16)AIAAAmerican Institute of Aeronautics & AstronauticsAjJet Pipe AreaAMADAirframe-Mounted Accessory DriveAMBActive Magnetic BearingAmp or AAmpereAoAAngle of AttackAPBAuxiliary Power BreakerAPUAuxiliary Power UnitARINCAir Radio IncARTActuator Remote Terminal (B-2 flight control system)ASCBAvionics Standard Communications BusASIAirspeed IndicatorASICApplication Specific Integrated-CircuitASMAir Separation ModuleAS/PCUAir Supply/Pressurisation Control Unit (B777)ATAAir Transport AssociationATCAir Traffic ControlATFAdvanced Tactical FighterATMAir Transport ManagementATPAdvanced Turbo-PropATRAir Transport RadioAUWAll-Up WeightAVMAirplane Vibration Monitoring  BBlue (as in blue hydraulic system)BAESBAE SYSTEMSBattBatteryBCBus Controller (MIL-STD-1553B)BCFBromo-Chloro-diFluoro-MethaneBCRUBattery Charger Regulator Units (regulated TRUs used on the A380)BITBuilt-In TestBOVBlow Off ValveBPCUBus Power Control UnitBSCUBrake System Control UnitBTBBus Tie BreakerBTMUBrake Temperature Monitoring Unit  CCentigradeCCentreCCollectiveCAACivil Aviation AuthorityCANbusCommercial-Off-The-Shelf data bus (originally designed by Bosch for automobile applications)CASAConstrucciones Aeronauticas Socieda AnonymCBLTMControl-By-LightTM (Raytheon proprietary fibre optic bus)CCACommon Cause AnalysisCCBConverter Control Breaker (B777)CCRCommon Computing Resource (B787)CDAConcept Demonstration AircraftCDRCritical Design ReviewCDUCockpit Display UnitsCGCentre of GravityCHRGChargerCMACommon Mode AnalysisCNSCommunications, Navigation, SurveillanceCOTSCommercial Off-The-ShelfCPIOMCommon Processor Input/Output Module (A380 avionics IMA)CSASControl Stability Augmentation SystemCSDConstant Speed DriveCTCurrent TransformerCTCCabin Temperature ControlCTOLConventional Take-Off & LandingCVCarrier Variant  DATACDigital Autonomous Terminal Access Communication (forerunner to ARINC 629)D/ADigital to AnalogueDCDirect CurrentDECUDigital Engine Control UnitDef StanDefence StandardDem/ValDemonstration/ValidationDFCCDigital Flight Control Computer (AFTI F-16)DTDDirectorate of Technical DevelopmentDTIDepartment of Trade & IndustryDVODirect Vision Optics  E1E1 Electrical Channel (A380)E2E2 Electrical Channel (A380)E3E3 Electrical Channel (A380)EAIEngine Anti-IceEAPExperimental Aircraft ProgrammeEASAEuropean Aviation Safety AuthorityEBHAElectrical Backup Hydraulic Actuator (A380)ECEuropean CommunityECAMElectronic Crew Alerting & MonitoringECSEnvironmental Control SystemEDPEngine Driven PumpEEElectrical Equipment (as in EE Bay)EECElectronic Engine ControllerE2PROMElectrically Erasable Programmable Read Only MemoryEFAEuropean Fighter AircraftEFABExtended Forward Avionics BayEFISElectronic Flight Instrument SystemEFPMSEngine Fuel Pump and Metering SystemEGTExhaust Gas TemperatureEHAElectro-Hydrostatic ActuatorEICASEngine Indication & Crew Alerting SystemELCUElectronic Load Control UnitELMSElectrical Load Management System (B777)EMAElectro-Mechanical ActuatorEMPElectrical Motor PumpEMIElectro-Magnetic InterferenceEPCExternal Power ContactorEPMSElectrical Power Management System (AH-64C/D Apache)EPROMElectrically Programmable Read Only MemoryEPUEmergency Power UnitERAElectrical Research AgencyESSEssentialESSEnvironmental Stress ScreeningETOPSExtended Twin OperationSEUElectronics UnitEUEuropean UnionEUROCAEEuropean Organisation for Civil Aviation EquipmentEXT or ExtExternal  FAAFederal Aviation AuthorityFACFlight Augmentation ComputerFADECFull Authority Digital Engine ControlFARFederal Aviation RegulationsFBWFly-By-WireFCFlight ControlFCCFlight Control ComputerFCDCFlight Control Data ConcentratorFCMCFuel Control and Monitoring Computer (A340-500/600)FCPFuel Control PanelFCPCFlight Control Primary ComputerFCSFlight Control SystemFCSCFlight Control Secondary ComputerFDCFuel Data Concentrator (A340-500/600)FCUFuel Control UnitFHAFunctional Hazard AnalysisFITECFarnborough International Technology Exploitation Conference (1998)FLIRForward Looking Infra RedFMCFlight Management ComputerFMEAFailure Modes & Effects AnalysisFMESFailure Modes & Effects SummaryFMGECFlight Management Guidance & Envelope Computer (A330/A340)FMQGSFuel Management & Quantity Gauging System (Global Express)FMSFlight Management SystemFOBFuel On BoardFQISFuel Quantity Indication SystemFQPUFuel Quantity Processor Unit (B777)FSCCFlap/Slat Control Computers (A380)FSDFull Scale DevelopmentFSDGFan Shaft Driven GeneratorFSEUFlap Slats Electronics Unit (B777)ftFeetFTAFault Tree Analysis  GGreen (as in green hydraulic system)G or GenGeneratorGAGeneral AviationG&CGuidance & ControlGCBGenerator Control BreakerGCUGenerator Control UnitGEGeneral Electric (US)GECGeneral Electric CompanyGLYGalleyGNDGroundgpmGallons per minuteGPSGlobal Positioning SystemGPUGround Power UnitGRGround Reconnaissance  HISLHigh Intensity Strobe LightsHPHigh PressureHPSGHigh Pressure Starter GeneratorhpHorse PowerHUMSHealth & Usage Management SystemHydHydraulicHzHertz  IAPIntegrated Actuator PackageICIntegrated CircuitIDEAIntegrated Digital Electric AirplaneIDGIntegrated Drive GeneratorIDSInterDictor Strike (Tornado)IEEInstitution of Electrical EngineersIEEEInstitute of Electrical & Electronic EngineersIFEIn-Flight EntertainmentIETInstitute of Engineering & Technology (formerly IEE)IFPCIntegrated Flight & Propulsion ControlIFSDIn-Flight ShutDownIMAIntegrated Modular AvionicsIMechEInstitution of Mechanical EngineersINSInertial Navigation SystemINVInverterI/OInput/OutputIPNIso-Propyl NitrateIPTIntegrated Product TeamIPUIntegrated Power UnitIRInfra RedIRSInertial Reference SystemISAInternational Standard AtmosphereISAInstruction Set Architecture  JAAJoint Airworthiness AuthorityJARJoint Aviation RegulationJET AJET A Aviation Fuel (also known as JET A-1)JET BJET B Aviation FuelJ/ISTJoint Strike Fighter/Integrated Subsystems TechnologyJP-4Aviation fuel used by the US Air ForceJP-5Aviation fuel used by the US NavyJSFJoint Strike Fighter (F-35 Lightning II)  KKelvinkgKilogramkNKilo NewtonkPaKilo PascalKT or ktKnotkVAKilo Volt-Ampere  LLiftLLeftLAFLoad Alleviation FunctionLANLocal Area NetworkLB or lbPoundLHLeft HandLHX or LHLight HelicopterLOXLiquid OxygenLPLow PressureLRMLine Replaceable ModuleLRULine Replaceable UnitLVDTLinear Variable Differential Transformer  MMach NumbermMetremAMilli AmpereMAMarkov AnalysisMACMean Aerodynamic ChordMAUModular Avionics Unit (Honeywell EPIC system)MBBMesserschmit Bolkow BlohmMCDUMultipurpose Control & Display UnitMDCMiniature Detonation CordMCUModular Concept UnitMDHCMcDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company (now Boeing)MEAMore-Electric AircraftMEEMore-Electric EngineMECUMain Engine Control UnitMELMinimum Equipment ListMFDMulti-Function DisplayMFOPMaintenance Free Operating PeriodMHzMega HertzMIL-HMilitary HandbookMLIMagnetic Level IndicatorMIL-STDMilitary StandardmlMillilitreMLCMain Line ContactorMLIMagnetic Level IndicatormmMillimetreMRMaritime Reconnaissancem/sMetres/secondMNMega NewtonMSOCMolecular Sieve Oxygen ConcentratorMSOVModulating Shut-Off Valve  NNorth PoleNADCNaval Air Development CenterNASANational Space & Aerospace AgencyNavNavigationNH or N2Speed of rotation of engine HP shaftNi-CdNickel-CadmiumNGSNitrogen Generation SystemHL or N1Speed of rotation of engine LP shaftNOTARNO TAil RotorNRVNon-Return ValveNxLateral AccelerationNyLongitudinal AccelerationNxNormal Acceleration  OBOGSOn-Board Oxygen Generating SystemOBIGGSOn-Board Inert Gas Generating SystemOEMOriginal Equipment ManufacturerOxPitch AxisOyRoll AxisOzYaw Axis  PPressurePPitchPOAPower Optimised Aircraft (EC More-Electric Technology Programme)Ps or PoAmbient Static PressurePcPressure CapsulePCUPower Control UnitPDEPower Drive Electronics (AFTI F-16)PDUPower Drive UnitPDCPower Distribution CenterPDRPreliminary Design ReviewPEMPower Electronics ModulePEPDCPrimary Electrical Power Distribution Centre (A380)PFCPrimary Flight Computer (B777)PFCSPrimary Flight Control System (B777)PMAPermanent Magnet AlternatorPMGPermanent Magnet GeneratorPNVSPilot Night Vision System (Apache)PRVPressure Reducing ValvePRSOVPressure Reducing Shut-Off ValvePSEUProximity Switch Electronics Unit (B777)PSSAPreliminary System Safety AnalysispsiPounds/Square InchPtDynamic PressurePTFEPoly-Tetra-Fluoro-EthylenePTUPower Transfer UnitPSUPower Supply UnitPWRPower  ‘Q’ feelA pitch feel schedule used in aircraft flight control systems based upon ½ρV2  RRightRRollR & DResearch & DevelopmentRAeSRoyal Aeronautical SocietyRAFRoyal Air ForceRATRam Air TurbineRDCPRefuel/Defuel Control Panel (Global Express)RFIRequest For InformationRFPRequest For ProposalRIURemote Interface UnitRJRegional JetROMRead Only MemoryRPDURemote Power Distribution UnitsRTRemote Terminal (MIL-STD-1553B)RTCARadio Technical Committee AssociationRTZReturn-To-ZeroRVDTRotary Variable Differential Transformer  SSouth PoleSAARUSecondary Attitude Air data Reference UnitSAESociety of Automobile EngineersSCRSilicon Controlled Rectifier (Thyristor)SDRSystem Design ReviewSECSpoiler Elevator Computer (A320)SEPDBSecondary Electrical Power Distribution Box (A380)SEPDCSecondary Electrical Power Distribution Centre (A380)SFENASociété Française d’Equipments pour la Navigation AerienneSFCCSlat/Flap Control Computers (A330/A340)SGSpecific Gravity (Density of water=1)shpShaft horse PowerSIMSerial Interface Module (A629)SMPSystems Management Processor (EAP)SMTDSTOL Manoeuvre Technology Demonstrator (F-15)SOLSolenoidSOVShut-Off Valvesq mSquare MetreSSASystem Safety AnalysisSSPCSolid State Power ControllerSRRSystem Requirements ReviewSSRSoftware Specification ReviewSTBYStandbySTCSupplementary Type CertificateSTOLShort Take-Off and LandingSTOVLShort Take-Off Vertical LandingSVServo-ValveSVCEService  TTemperatureTambAmbient Air Temperature (°K)TramRam Air TemperatureTrecRecovery Air TemperatureTADSTarget Acquisition & Designator System (Apache)TBTTurbine Blade TemperatureTCDTotal Contents DisplayTCLThrust Control LeverTEOSTechnologies for Energy Optimised Aircraft Equipment SystemsT/EMMThermal/Energy Management ModuleT/FTransformerTGTTurbine Gas TemperatureTHSTailplane Horizontal StabiliserTPMUTyre Pressure Monitoring UnitTRU or TRTransformer Rectifier Unit  UAVUnmanned Air VehicleUCSUtilities Control SystemUKUnited KingdomUMSUtilities Management SystemUSUnited StatesUSGUS Gallon (1 USG=0.8 Imperial Gallon)UTILUtilityUVUltra-VioletU/VUnder Voltage  VVelocityVVoltsVACVolts Alternating CurrentVDCVolts Direct CurrentVDUVisual Display UnitVIBVibrationVIGVVariable Inlet Guide VaneVFVariable FrequencyVORVHF Omni-RangeVLSIVery Large Scale Integrated-CircuitVMSVehicle Management SystemVSCFVariable Speed Constant FrequencyV/STOLVertical/Short Take-Off & LandingVSVVariable Stator VaneVTOLVertical Take-Off & Landing  WWeightWWattsWWIIWorld War II  YYawYYellow (as in yellow hydraulic system)  ZFWZero Fuel WeightZSAZonal Safety Analysis

Introduction

Since the Second Edition of Aircraft Systems was published six years ago a few but not many major new aircraft projects have emerged. At the time of writing, the Airbus A380 is approaching certification and entry into service (the first aircraft being delivered to Singapore Airlines in October 2007), the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II (previously known as JSF) is well established on its flight test programme and the Boeing 787 is months away from first flight and the Airbus A350XWB final design is emerging. However, with the development of these new aircraft the introduction of new technologies abounds and the use of avionics technology to integrate systems at the aircraft and subsystems level has gained considerable pace.