An Introduction to Sociolinguistics E-Book

Ronald Wardhaugh

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 957

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Thoroughly updated and revised, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 7th Edition presents a comprehensive and fully updated introduction to the study of the relationship between language and society. Building on Ronald Wardhaugh's classic text, co-author Janet Fuller has updated this seventh edition throughout with new discussions exploring language and communities, language and interaction, and sociolinguistic variation, as well as incorporating numerous new exercises and research ideas for today's students. Taking account of new research from the field, the book explores exciting new perspectives drawn from linguistic anthropology, and includes new chapters on pragmatics, discourse analysis, and sociolinguistics and education. With an emphasis on using examples from languages and cultures around the world, chapters address topics including social and regional dialects, multilingualism, discourse and pragmatics, variation, language in education, and language policy and planning. A new companion website including a wealth of additional online material, as well as a glossary and a variety of new exercises and examples, helps further illuminate the ideas presented in the text. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 7th Edition continues to be the most indispensable and accessible introduction to the field of sociolinguistics for students in applied and theoretical linguistics, education, and anthropology.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics

Title page

Copyright page

Companion Website

Instructors

Students

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgments

1: Introduction

Knowledge of Language

Variation

Speakers and Their Groups

Language and Culture

The Boundaries of Sociolinguistics

Methodological Concerns

Overview of the Book

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Part I: Languages and Communities

2: Languages, Dialects, and Varieties

Language or Dialect?

Standardization

Regional Dialects

Social Dialects

Styles, Registers, and Genres

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

3: Defining Groups

Speech Communities

Communities of Practice

Social Networks

Social Identities

Beliefs about Language and Social Groups

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

4: Languages in Contact: Multilingual Societies and Multilingual Discourse

Multilingualism as a Societal Phenomenon

Diglossia

Multilingual Discourse

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

5: Contact Languages: Structural Consequences of Social Factors

Lingua Francas

Pidgin and Creole Languages: Definitions

Pidgin and Creole Formation

Geographical Distribution

Linguistic Characteristics of P/C Languages

From Pidgin to Creole and Beyond

Other Contact Varieties: Mixed Languages

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Part II: Inherent Variety

6: Language Variation

Regional Variation

The Linguistic Variable

Social Variation

Data Collection and Analysis

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

7: Three Waves of Variation Studies

The First Wave of Variation Studies

The Second Wave of Variation Studies

The Third Wave of Variation Studies

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

8: Language Variation and Change

The Traditional View

Some Changes in Progress

The Process of Change

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Part III: Language and Interaction

9: Ethnographic Approaches in Sociolinguistics

The Ethnography of Communication

Ethnomethodology

Linguistic Ethnography

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

10: Pragmatics

Speech Acts

Implicature

Politeness

Pronouns

Naming and Titles

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

11: Discourse Analysis

Conversation Analysis

Interactional Sociolinguistics

Critical Discourse Analysis

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Part IV: Sociolinguistics and Social Justice

12: Language, Gender, and Sexuality

Defining Terms: Gender, Sex Category, and Sexuality

Sexist Language

Discourses of Gender and Sexuality

Deficit, Dominance, Difference, and Identities

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

13: Sociolinguistics and Education

Social Dialects and Education

Multilingual Education

Education and World-Wide English

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

14: Language Policy and Planning

Terminology, Concepts, and Development of the Field

LPP and Nationalization

LPP in Post- and Neo-Colonial Contexts

LPP in the United States and Canada

Multilingual Countries and LPP

Endangered Languages and the Spread of English

Chapter Summary

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Glossary

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 5.1    Pidgins and creoles by lexifier language

Table 7.1    Percentage of [r] use in three New York City department stores

Table 7.2    The (ng) variable in Norwich

Table 7.3    Final cluster simplification among Black speakers in Washington, DC

Table 7.4    Final cluster simplification among Black speakers in Detroit

Table 7.5    Final cluster simplification in several varieties of English

Table 8.1    Percentages of informants overreporting and underreporting variants in Norwich

Table 10.1    Uses of

tóngzhì

in 1980s China

List of Illustrations

Figure 4.1    Linguistic landscapes in Berlin, Germany: Café Happy Day

Figure 4.2    Linguistic landscapes in Berlin, Germany: Your multicultural fresh market

Figure 5.1    The life cycle model of pidgins and creoles

Figure 6.1    The Rhenish Fan

Figure 6.2    Isoglosses

Figure 6.3    H-dropping means for five social groups

Figure 6.4    H-dropping: within-group ranges for five social groups

Figure 7.1    ‘Model’ boy versus ‘typical’ boy: percentages of

-ing

versus -

in'

use

Figure 7.2    ‘Model’ boy's preference for -

ing

versus -

in'

by formality of situation

Figure 7.3    Use of (r) pronunciation by department store

Figure 7.4    Pronunciation of (r) in New York City by social class and style of speech

Figure 7.5    Percentage of use of

-in'

in four contextual styles of speech in Norwich

Figure 7.6    Percentage of [z] absence in third-person singular present tense agreement in Detroit Black speech

Figure 7.7    Percentage of (r) absence in words like

farm

and

car

in Detroit Black speech

Figure 8.1    The Northern Cities Vowel Shift

Figure 8.2    Degree of centralization of (ay) and (aw) by age level on Martha's Vineyard

Figure 8.3    Degree of centralization and orientation toward Martha's Vineyard

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Start Reading

Preface

CHAPTER 1

Index

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Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics

The books included in this series provide comprehensive accounts of some of the most central and most rapidly developing areas of research in linguistics. Intended primarily for introductory and post-introductory students, they include exercises, discussion points and suggestions for further reading.

Liliane Haegeman,

Introduction to Government and Binding Theory

(Second Edition)

Andrew Spencer,

Morphological Theory

Helen Goodluck,

Language Acquisition

Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet M. Fuller,

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

(Seventh Edition)

Martin Atkinson,

Children's Syntax

Diane Blakemore,

Understanding Utterances

Michael Kenstowicz,

Phonology in Generative Grammar

Deborah Schiffrin,

Approaches to Discourse

John Clark, Colin Yallop, and Janet Fletcher,

An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology

(Third Edition)

Natsuko Tsujimura,

An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics

(Third Edition)

Robert D. Borsley,

Modern Phrase Structure Grammar

Nigel Fabb,

Linguistics and Literature

Irene Heim and Angelika Kratzer,

Semantics in Generative Grammar

Liliane Haegeman and Jacqueline Guéron,

English Grammar: A Generative Perspective

Stephen Crain and Diane Lillo-Martin,

An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition

Joan Bresnan,

Lexical-Functional Syntax

Barbara A. Fennell,

A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach

Henry Rogers,

Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach

Benjamin W. Fortson IV,

Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction

(Second Edition)

Liliane Haegeman,

Thinking Syntactically: A Guide to Argumentation and Analysis

Mark Hale,

Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method

Henning Reetz and Allard Jongman,

Phonetics: Transcription, Production, Acoustics and Perception

Bruce Hayes,

Introductory Phonology

Betty J. Birner,

Introduction to Pragmatics

This seventh edition first published 2015

© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Edition History: Basil Blackwell Ltd (1e 1986); Blackwell Publishers Ltd (2e 1992, 3e 1998,

and 4e 2002); Blackwell Publishing Ltd (5e 2006, 6e 2010)

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The right of Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet M. Fuller to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wardhaugh, Ronald.

    An introduction to sociolinguistics / Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet M. Fuller. – Seventh edition.

        pages cm.

    Includes bibliographical references and index.

    ISBN 978-1-118-73229-8 (pbk.)

1.  Sociolinguistics.    I. Fuller, Janet M., 1962-    II. Title.

    P40.W27 2015

    306.44–dc23

                                                        2014030512

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: Willie Rodger, The Kiss, 1995, oil on canvas. © Willie Rodger, RSA RGI DUniv., 1995, reproduced by kind permission. Private Collection / Bridgeman Images

Companion Website

This text has a comprehensive companion website which features a number of useful resources for instructors and students alike.

Instructors

Chapter-by-chapter discussion points

Solutions and sample answers to the explorations and exercises in the text.

Students

Chapter-by-chapter study guide

List of key terms

Annotated key links.

Visit www.wiley.com/go/wardhaugh/sociolinguistics to access these materials.

List of Figures

Figure 4.1 Linguistic landscapes in Berlin, Germany: Café Happy Day

Figure 4.2 Linguistic landscapes in Berlin, Germany: Your multicultural fresh market

Figure 5.1 The life cycle model of pidgins and creoles

Figure 6.1 The Rhenish Fan

Figure 6.2 Isoglosses

Figure 6.3 H-dropping means for five social groups

Figure 6.4 H-dropping: within-group ranges for five social groups

Figure 7.1 ‘Model’ boy versus ‘typical’ boy: percentages of -ing versus -in' use

Figure 7.2 ‘Model’ boy's preference for -ing versus -in' by formality of situation

Figure 7.3 Use of (r) pronunciation by department store

Figure 7.4 Pronunciation of (r) in New York City by social class and style of speech

Figure 7.5 Percentage of use of -in' in four contextual styles of speech in Norwich

Figure 7.6 Percentage of [z] absence in third-person singular present tense agreement in Detroit Black speech

Figure 7.7 Percentage of (r) absence in words like farm and car in Detroit Black speech

Figure 8.1 The Northern Cities Vowel Shift

Figure 8.2 Degree of centralization of (ay) and (aw) by age level on Martha's Vineyard

Figure 8.3 Degree of centralization and orientation toward Martha's Vineyard

List of Tables

Table 5.1 Pidgins and creoles by lexifier language

Table 7.1 Percentage of [r] use in three New York City department stores

Table 7.2 The (ng) variable in Norwich

Table 7.3 Final cluster simplification among Black speakers in Washington, DC

Table 7.4 Final cluster simplification among Black speakers in Detroit

Table 7.5 Final cluster simplification in several varieties of English

Table 8.1 Percentages of informants overreporting and underreporting variants in Norwich

Table 10.1 Uses of tóngzhì in 1980s China

Preface

When I was asked to work on the seventh edition of An Introduction to Sociolinguistics I jumped at the chance, having often used the textbook myself and knowing it was something I would be proud to have my name on. As I worked on the project, my respect for Ronald Wardhaugh only grew; the depth and breadth of his knowledge provides the basis for these chapters. While I am responsible for the content of this textbook, this project was only possible because I had as a starting point such excellent material.

The changes I have made are both thematic and organizational. Throughout the text, I have sought to incorporate research which reflects contemporary social theories, in particular social constructionist and critical approaches, as applied to the study of language in society. Further, I have sought to position sociolinguists as potential actors and activists, not objective observers who necessarily remain outside of the worlds they study; this perspective culminates in the final section, which has been titled ‘Sociolinguistics and Social Justice.’

In terms of chapter layout, some re-arrangement of the materials will be apparent to those who have used the textbook in the past. The first section contains chapters on the same topics, although with some different titles to the sixth edition. The second section has been updated, but retains its focus on variationist sociolinguistics. The section now titled ‘Language and Interaction’ contains chapters on ethnography, pragmatics, and discourse analysis. The final section on social justice continues to include chapters on language and gender (and sexuality) and language policy and planning, but also a chapter focusing on language and education in sociolinguistic research.

Finally, the seventh edition of An Introduction to Sociolinguistics also has an accompanying website, where students can find a review guide, vocabulary lists, and links to related websites for each chapter. There are also materials for instructors, including discussion topics and guides to the explorations and exercises that are provided in the textbook.

May your introduction to sociolinguistics be the beginning of new interests and insights!

Janet M. Fuller

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank several friends and colleagues for taking the time to consult with me on topics in their expertise during the writing of this book – Matthew Gordon, on variationist sociolinguistics; Michael Aceto, on pidgin and creole linguistics; and Heike Wiese, on Kiezdeutsch ‘neighborhood German.’ Their support was much appreciated.

I am further indebted to Southern University of Illinois, and especially the Department of Anthropology, for granting me the sabbatical during which I did most of the work on this book, and to the John F. Kennedy Institute at the Freie Universität Berlin, and especially Director Irwin Collier, for support while on my sabbatical in 2013–2014.

This project could not have been carried out without the valuable feedback on this revision from Ronald Wardhaugh, and the help with content, formatting, and other logistics from the staff at Wiley-Blackwell. Their support and assistance was much appreciated.

Finally, as always I am grateful to my children for inspiration: Arlette, who has always helped me question everything I thought I knew, and Nicholas, who provided me with encouragement, explanations of pop culture, and tech support throughout this project.

1Introduction

Key Concepts

How to define and delineate the study of sociolinguistics

What it means to ‘know’ a language

How language varies across speakers and within the speech of one person

The social construction of identities

The relationship between language and culture

Research design and methodologies for sociolinguistics research

Sociolinguistics is the study of our everyday lives – how language works in our casual conversations and the media we are exposed to, and the presence of societal norms, policies, and laws which address language. Since you are reading this book, you may already have some idea what the study of sociolinguistics entails; you may already have an interest in, and knowledge about, regional dialects, multilingualism, language policy, or non-sexist language. And we will cover all of these topics, along with many others – what social class and ethnicity might have to do with language use, why we do not always ‘say what we mean,’ the role of language in education.

But we would like to encourage readers to approach the study of sociolinguistics not as a collection of facts, but as a way of viewing the world around you. In sociolinguistics, we seek to analyze data so that we can make generalizations about language in society, but also to question both our findings and the very process of doing research. Take, for instance, the topic of nicknames. There is a stereotype that men use nicknames and women do not, exemplified in the following joke:

If Diana, Natalie, Naomi, and Maria meet for lunch, they will call each other Diana, Natalie, Naomi, and Maria. But if Matt, Peter, Kirk, and Scott go out for a brewsky, they will call each other Dutch, Dude, Doofus, and Pencil.

We could investigate this sociolinguistic phenomenon by surveying people about their nicknames and also observing or recording interactions in which they are addressed by close friends and family members. We might find, indeed, that the men in our study are often called nicknames, while the women rarely are. But we would like to go deeper than this generalization; why do we ask this question in the first place? Why do we assume that the categories of ‘men’ and ‘women’ are socially relevant? What is it about nicknames that makes using them, or not using them, significant social behavior? And even if most men are called by a nickname and most women are not, how do we explain the existence of individual men who do not have nicknames, and the individual women who do?

Thus, while in sociolinguistics we do analyze speech with the goal of making generalizations, we also question these generalizations and examine how they, in turn, influence how we use language. In short, sociolinguistics is not a study of facts (e.g., men call each other nicknames) but the study of ideas about how societal norms are intertwined with our language use (e.g., what it means to be a male or female member of a particular society may influence the terms we use to address each other).