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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
A complete guide to the anatomy and physiology of farm animals, fully updated and revised
In the newly revised ninth edition of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, distinguished veterinary professors Drs. Anna Fails and Christianne Magee deliver a comprehensive guide for animal science, veterinary technician, and pre-veterinary students and instructors seeking a well-organized and easy-to-understand resource. The new edition offers modified and refined learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter, as well as a brand-new chapter on llamas/alpacas that highlights the significant species differences and explains the roles of these species in the wool and packing industries.
Additional illustrations enhance comprehension and improve the anatomy sections of the book. New “Study Prompts,” integrative application questions, are included in each chapter in differently colored text and stimulate understanding of the material. Finally, a reorganized companion website is included with the book. It integrates fully with the print text and provides supplemental content, including word roots, clinical cases, study and practice questions, and additional images, diagrams, and videos.
Readers will also find:
- An excellent anatomy and physiology resource for high school and undergraduate students in animal science, veterinary medicine, and zoology programs
- Comprehensive explorations of the anatomy and physiology of the cell
- Practical discussions of embryology, the skeletal system, and microscopic anatomy
- Complete discussion of the physiology of muscle and the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system
A valuable comprehensive resource for advanced high school and undergraduate animal science students in agriculture, pre-veterinary, and veterinary technical program, Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals will also benefit people practicing in allied professions and veterinary practitioners.
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Seitenzahl: 1258
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomical Nomenclature, Directional Terms, and Planes of Section
Microscopic Anatomy: Animal Cells and Tissues
The General Plan of the Animal Body
Chapter 2: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CELL
Properties of Life
Chemical Composition of the Cell
Microscopic Study of the Cell
The Cell Membrane
Transport Across Cell Membranes
Membrane Potentials and Excitable Cells
Membrane Receptors and Intracellular Signaling
Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Organelles
Nucleus
Cell Division
Regulation of Cell Growth and Replication
Chapter 3: EMBRYOLOGY
Early Development
Principles of Differentiation
Neurulation
Mesodermal Differentiation
Teratogenesis
Chapter 4: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Functions of Bones
Terminology
Classification of Bones According to Gross Appearance
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter 5: JOINTS
Classification of Joints
Movements of Joints
Types of Synovial Joints
Joints of the Axial Skeleton
Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton
Pathology of Joints and Related Structures
Chapter 6: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY AND GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BONE
Microscopic Anatomy and Formation of Bone
Ossification
Physiology of Bone
Fractures and Fracture Healing
Other Pathologic Conditions
Chapter 7: ANATOMY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Anatomical Nomenclature of Muscles
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Organization
Muscles of the Thoracic Limb
Muscles of the Pelvic Limb
Muscles of the Head
Muscles of the Trunk and Neck
Chapter 8: THE UNGULATE FOOT AND EQUINE PASSIVE STAY APPARATUS
Structural Plan of the Ungulate Foot
The Artiodactyl Foot
The Equine Foot
Function
Equine Stay Apparatus
Chapter 9: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Chapter 10: ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Microscopic Neuroanatomy
Embryology
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System
Chapter 11: PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functional Regions of the Neuron
Physiology of the Nerve Impulse
Synaptic Transmission
Neurotransmitters
Neural Control of Skeletal Muscle
Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
Regeneration and Repair in the Nervous System
Chapter 12: SENSE ORGANS
Sensory Receptors
Somatosensation
Visceral Sensations
Chemical Senses
Hearing and Balance
Vision
Chapter 13: ENDOCRINOLOGY
Hormones and Their Receptors
Cellular Effects of Peptide Hormones
Cellular Effects of Steroid and Thyroid Hormones
Negative and Positive Feedback Regulation
Hypothalamopituitary Axis
Hormones of the Neurohypophysis
Hormones of the Adenohypophysis
Other Endocrine Glands
Chapter 14: THE INTEGUMENT
Integument
Skin
Adnexa of the Skin
Modified Epidermis
Coat Color in Horses
Wool
Chapter 15: BLOOD AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS
Blood
Plasma and Serum
Blood pH
Hemostasis and Coagulation
Lymph
Serous Fluids
Chapter 16: BODY DEFENSES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Nonspecific Defenses
Specific Immune Response
B Lymphocytes
Immunoglobulins
T Cells and Cell‐Mediated Immunity
Lymphocyte Origin, Development, and Residence
Active and Passive Immunities
Immunological Surveillance
Lymphatic System
Chapter 17: ANATOMY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart
Vessels
Pulmonary Circulation
Systemic Circulation
Veins
Fetal Circulation
Chapter 18: PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART AND CIRCULATION
Basic Design and Function of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Cycle
Electrical Activity of the Heart
Cardiac Output and Its Regulation
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure and Blood Volume
Cardiovascular Function During Exercise and Hypovolemia
Chapter 19: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Upper Respiratory Tract
Thorax
Physiology of Respiration
Chapter 20: ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Organization of the Digestive System
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Simple Stomach
Ruminant Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Peritoneal Features
Accessory Digestive Organs
Chapter 21: PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION
Pregastric Physiology
Ruminant and Camelid Forestomach
Gastric Physiology
Physiology of the Small Intestine, Exocrine Pancreas, and Liver
Physiology of the Cecum and Colon
Rectum and Defecation
Neuroendocrine Control of Feeding
Gut–Brain Axis
Chapter 22: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM
Nutrition
Metabolism
Chapter 23: THE URINARY SYSTEM
Anatomy of the Kidney
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
Micturition
Overview of Function and Histology of the Kidneys
Glomerular Filtration
Proximal Tubule Transport
Concentration and Dilution of Urine: Role of the Nephron Loop and Collecting Duct Transport
Sodium, Potassium, and Aldosterone
Urine Acidification
Regulation of Acid‐Base Balance
Chapter 24: ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Testis
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
Scrotum
Inguinal Canal
Descent of the Testis
Castration
Accessory Sex Glands
Penis
Prepuce
Muscles of the Male Genitalia
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Male Genitalia
Chapter 25: PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE REPRODUCTION
Seminiferous Tubules and Spermatogenesis
Epididymis
Semen and Semen Technology
Hormones of Male Reproduction
Erection and Ejaculation
Chapter 26: ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ovaries
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vestibule and Vulva
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Female Reproductive Tract
Chapter 27: THe OVARY AND ESTROUS CYCLES
Oogenesis
Ovulation
Corpus Luteum
Phases of the Estrous Cycle
Specifics of Selected Estrous Cycles
Chapter 28: PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION
Fertilization
Implantation and Placentation
Hormones of Pregnancy
Pregnancy Diagnosis
Parturition
Fetal Presentations and Delivery
Dystocia
Chapter 29: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MAMMARY GLAND
Mammary Glands of the Cow
Microscopic Anatomy of the Mammary Gland
Mammary Glands of Sheep and Goats
Mammary Glands of Swine
Mammary Glands of the Horse
Physiology of Lactation
Chapter 30: POULTRY
Integument
Body Design
Skeleton and Bone
Musculature
Gastrointestinal System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Urinary System
Female Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Sex Chromosomes
Reproduction and Photoperiods
Chapter 31: LLAMAS AND ALPACAS
Musculoskeletal System
Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology
Cardiopulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
Appendix: Abbreviations
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1‐1.
Nomenclature for Systematic Anatomy
Table 1‐2.
Main Directional Terms
Chapter 2
Table 2‐1.
Metric Linear Measurements
Chapter 3
Table 3‐1.
Approximate Times (in Days) to Establishment of Developmental St
...
Table 3‐2.
The Germ Layer Origin of Tissues
Chapter 4
Table 4‐1.
Bony Features
Table 4‐2.
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Table 4‐3.
Vertebral Formulas of Common Domestic Animals and Humans
Table 4‐4.
Rib and Sternebra Numbers
Table 4‐5.
Comparison of Bones of Thoracic and Pelvic Limbs
Chapter 5
Table 5‐1.
Pathologic Disorders of Joints and Related Structures
Chapter 7
Table 7‐1.
Characteristics of Muscle Arrangements
Table 7‐2.
Muscles of the Thoracic Limb
Table 7‐3.
Muscles of the Pelvic Limb
Table 7‐4.
Muscles of the Head and Trunk
Chapter 9
Table 9‐1.
Chain of Reactions That Supply Energy for Muscle Contraction and
...
Chapter 10
Table 10‐1.
Gray Versus White Matter Locations
Table 10‐2.
Lobes of the Brain
Table 10‐3.
Nerves of Brachial Plexus
Table 10‐4.
Nerves of Lumbosacral Plexus
Table 10‐5.
Synopsis of Cranial Nerves
Chapter 11
Table 11‐1.
Common Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors
Table 11‐2.
A Synopsis of Some Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic A
...
Table 11‐3.
Location of Muscarinic Receptors and the Effects of Stimulation
...
Table 11‐4.
Location of Adrenergic Receptors and the Effects of Stimulation
...
Chapter 13
Table 13‐1.
Major Endocrine Glands, the Hormones They Secrete, and Primary
...
Chapter 15
Table 15‐1.
Representative Values for Selected Constituents of Typical Mamm
...
Table 15‐2.
Representative Values for Blood Cell and Platelet Numbers per M
...
Table 15‐3.
International Nomenclature of Coagulation Factors with Synonyms
Chapter 16
Table 16‐1.
General Characteristics of Classes of Immunoglobulins
Table 16‐2.
Selected Lymph Nodes (Lymphocenters) of Cattle
Chapter 20
Table 20‐1.
Formulas and Eruption of Deciduous Teeth
Table 20‐2.
Formulas and Eruption of Permanent Teeth
Table 20‐3.
Species Variations in Pancreatic Ducts
Table 20‐4.
Species Variations in Liver Anatomy
Chapter 22
Table 22‐1.
Summary of Terms in Nutrition and Metabolism
Table 22‐2.
Summary of Mechanisms that Maintain Blood Glucose and Provide En
...
Chapter 24
Table 24‐1.
Common Terms for Male Animals
Table 24‐2.
Age of Puberty and Breeding
Table 24‐3.
Accessory Sex Glands of the Male
Chapter 26
Table 26‐1.
Comparative Anatomy of the Reproductive Organs in the Adult Nonp
...
Chapter 27
Table 27‐1.
Average Ages or Times of Reproductive Parameters for Selected Sp
...
Chapter 29
Table 29‐1.
Typical Values for Constituents of Milk in Grams per Liter
Chapter 30
Table 30‐1.
Terms Commonly Used for Domestic Fowl
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1‐1. Directional terms and planes of the animal body.
Figure 1‐2. A cell as seen with an electron microscope. The lightly colored ...
Figure 1‐3. Primary types of epithelial tissues. (A) Simple squamous. (B) Si...
Figure 1‐4. (A) Simple cuboidal epithelial cells lining the collecting tubul...
Figure 1‐5. (A) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium characteristic of respi...
Figure 1‐6. Types of exocrine glands and comparison of simple and compound g...
Figure 1‐7. (A) Dense, regular connective tissue in a longitudinal section o...
Figure 1‐8. (A) Adipose (fat) tissue. (B) Hyaline cartilage. (C) Bone in cro...
Figure 1‐9. (A) Canine red blood cells (erythrocytes). In the center of the ...
Figure 1‐10. Types of muscle tissue. (A) Cardiac muscle. (B) Smooth muscle. ...
Figure 1‐11. A typical neuron.
Figure 1‐12. Body regions.
Figure 1‐13. (A, B) A fist pushed into a balloon never enters the interior o...
Figure 1‐14. Diagram of transverse section through thorax. The thoracic cavi...
Figure 1‐15. Cross section of the body wall and digestive tract.
Chapter 2
Figure 2‐1. Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis.
Figure 2‐2. (A) A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds to form a pro...
Figure 2‐3. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The 4‐carbon saturate...
Figure 2‐4. Three fatty acids combined with glycerol to form a triglyceride....
Figure 2‐5. Cholesterol. Different biological steroids are formed by modifyi...
Figure 2‐6. Serial sections of horse triceps brachii muscle histochemically ...
Figure 2‐7. The general organization of a cell.
Figure 2‐8. Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and proteins associated ...
Figure 2‐9. Transmission electron micrograph of two desmosomes connecting th...
Figure 2‐10. Two cell membranes connected at a gap junction by proteins that...
Figure 2‐11. Electrically gated channel opens and closes with changes in the...
Figure 2‐12. Facilitated diffusion of solute (labeled M) across a cell membr...
Figure 2‐13. Osmosis and osmotic pressure. A membrane impermeable to solute ...
Figure 2‐14. A schematic representation of the hypothetical operation of the...
Figure 2‐15. Nerve action potential.
Figure 2‐16. Propagation of action potential. (A) Resting membrane potential...
Figure 2‐17. Ligands for G protein‐coupled receptors are typically hydrophil...
Figure 2‐18. After ligand binding, the G proteins associated with the membra...
Figure 2‐19. Lipophilic ligands, such as steroid hormones, interact with int...
Figure 2‐20. Microtubules in axons of neurosecretory neurons.
Figure 2‐21. General structure of a nucleotide (subunits of DNA and RNA).
Figure 2‐22. Replication of DNA. The nitrogen bases form complementary stran...
Figure 2‐23. Transcription. (A) Separation of a DNA double helix. (B) RNA po...
Figure 2‐24. Protein synthesis. (A) Transcription results in processed mRNA ...
Figure 2‐25. Overview of the phases of mitosis. (A) Interphase. (B) Prophase...
Chapter 3
Figure 3‐1. Development from zygote to blastula.
Figure 3‐2. Gastrulation. (A) and (B) Around the time of implantation, when ...
Figure 3‐3. Embryonic folding. (A) The sides of the embryonic disk grow in s...
Figure 3‐4. Neurulation. Shown in cross section, the ectoderm overlying the ...
Figure 3‐5. Differentiation of mesoderm. Somites form most medially. These w...
Figure 3‐6. (A) Lateral plate mesoderm splits early in development, creating...
Figure 3‐7. Lateral view of early embryo with limb buds.
Figure 3‐8. Some examples of developmental anomalies. (A). Polydactyly (extr...
Chapter 4
Figure 4‐1. Skeleton of the horse. b., bone.
Figure 4‐2. Skeleton of the ox. b., bone.
Figure 4‐3. Longitudinal section of the equine femur. Left, immature (growth...
Figure 4‐4. Lateral views of (A, B) porcine skull and (C) ovine skull. Notic...
Figure 4‐5. Equine (top) and bovine (bottom) skulls, lateral view.
Figure 4‐6. Equine (top) and bovine (bottom) skulls, dorsal view.
Figure 4‐7. Equine hyoid apparatus. The stylohyoid bones articulate with the...
Figure 4‐8. Representative vertebrae, viewed from the cranial aspect.
Figure 4‐9. Three lumbar vertebrae articulated. Notches on the arches of adj...
Figure 4‐10. (A) Equine axis (C2) from cranial (left) and lateral (right) as...
Figure 4‐11. Ventral view of the sacrum. Cranial is toward the top. (A) Bovi...
Figure 4‐12. Some bony landmarks palpable on the horse. a, scapular spine an...
Figure 4‐13. Comparative anatomy of the bones of the thoracic limb. a, scapu...
Figure 4‐14. Caudal view of bovine (left) and equine (right) humeri. The bon...
Figure 4‐15. Comparison of the ulna (highlighted in blue) in different speci...
Figure 4‐16. Schematic of the carpi in domestic species.
Figure 4‐17. Digits. Each weight‐bearing digit comprises three phalanges. Ye...
Figure 4‐18. Comparative anatomy of the bones of the pelvic limb. a, pelvis;...
Figure 4‐19. The pelvis of the horse. Lateral (left) and dorsal (right) view...
Figure 4‐20. Cranial view of bovine (left) and equine (right) femurs. The bo...
Figure 4‐21 Schematic of the tarsi in domestic species.
Chapter 5
Figure 5‐1. Types of nonsynovial joints. (A) Suture between flat bones of sk...
Figure 5‐2. Examples of synovial joints. In these figures, the heavy black l...
Figure 5‐3. Interior of the stifle joint viewed with an endoscope. The white...
Figure 5‐4. Tendon sheath. The tendon (t) is covered by a synovial membrane ...
Figure 5‐5. Joint movements. In the top figure, the shaded limbs are shown f...
Figure 5‐6. Types of joint based on shape and movement. a, saddle joint, not...
Figure 5‐7. Costovertebral articulations. Cranial is to the right; shown are...
Figure 5‐8. Carpus and distal joints of the ungulate thoracic limb. (A) Limb...
Figure 5‐9. Radiographs of equine carpus. (A) Dorsal–palmar projection. (B) ...
Figure 5‐10. Porcine carpus. R, radius; U, ulna; r, radial carpal bone; i, i...
Figure 5‐11. Dorsal view of equine manus. On left, blue arrows indicate a “s...
Figure 5‐12. Radiographs of equine digit (a lateral projection) (A) and fetl...
Figure 5‐13. Dorsal view of the bones of the equine forefoot. The digit on t...
Figure 5‐14. Ligaments of the pelvis, left lateral view. Sacrotuberous ligam...
Figure 5‐15. Equine stifle. (A) Cranial view of right stifle. Note the media...
Figure 5‐16. Lateral radiograph of equine stifle joint.
Figure 5‐17. Porcine tarsus. With three rows of tarsal bones, the tarsus fea...
Figure 5‐18. Hock. (A) Lateral view of left bovine tarsus. (B) Cranial view ...
Figure 5‐19. (A) Cranial–caudal projection of the equine tarsus. (B) Lateral...
Chapter 6
Figure 6‐1. Unstained ground bone. Osteocytes in lacunae (L) and fine canali...
Figure 6‐2. The trabeculae of cancellous bone, surrounded by cortical bone....
Figure 6‐3. The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon. An osteon is ...
Figure 6‐4. Remodeling that occurs as a long bone increases in size. Both re...
Figure 6‐5. Osteoclast (solid arrow) resorbs bone. Osteoblasts (open arrows)...
Figure 6‐6. The stages of endochondral ossification of a long bone. (A) The ...
Figure 6‐7. Epiphysis.
Figure 6‐8. Types of fractures. (A) Greenstick. (B) Complete. (C) Comminuted...
Figure 6‐9. Some stages in fracture healing in a long bone. (A) Early soft c...
Chapter 7
Figure 7‐1. Arrangements of muscle fibers.
Figure 7‐2. Some muscles can produce different movements, depending on the s...
Figure 7‐3. Functional grouping of muscles. Attachments of muscles are predi...
Figure 7‐4. The purple lines denote the long axes of the humerus in the brac...
Figure 7‐5. Synovial structures. Left, a synovial sheath surrounds a tendon ...
Figure 7‐6. Muscles (m.) of the thoracic limb. (A) Equine. (B) Bovine.
Figure 7‐7. Examples of muscles that draw the entire thoracic limb forward (...
Figure 7‐8. Muscular suspension of the thorax between the thoracic limbs. Th...
Figure 7‐9. Muscles that extend the carpus and phalangeal joints lie on the ...
Figure 7‐10. Tenosynovitis (bowed tendon). Note swelling on the palmar aspec...
Figure 7‐11. Muscles (m.) of the pelvic limb. (A) Equine. Left, medial view....
Figure 7‐12. Muscles on the cranial aspect of the pelvic limb that reach the...
Figure 7‐13. Superficial muscles (m.) of the equine head.
Figure 7‐14. Cross‐sectional schematic of epaxial muscle systems. By definit...
Figure 7‐15. Epaxial muscles. (A) Superficial muscles of the horse. (B) Deep...
Figure 7‐16. Superficial muscles of the horse. m, muscle(s); n, nerve; v, ve...
Figure 7‐17. Deeper muscles of the horse. b, bone; m, muscle.
Figure 7‐18. Superficial muscles of the cow. m, muscle; n, nerve; v, vein....
Figure 7‐19. Nuchal ligament of the horse. Red, funicular part; blue, lamina...
Figure 7‐20. Projection of the diaphragm into the thoracic region. Because o...
Chapter 8
Figure 8‐1. Sagittal section of the equine digit. a, metacarpal/metatarsal I...
Figure 8‐2. Anatomy of the equine hoof. This median section of the hoof illu...
Figure 8‐3. The feet of artiodactyls, solar view.
Figure 8‐4. Solar view of the feet of the ox (left) and the pig (right). The...
Figure 8‐5. (A) Lateral view of middle (red) and distal (green) phalanges. (...
Figure 8‐6. Lateral views of distal phalanges. Top, normal distal phalanx. B...
Figure 8‐7. Dissected view of the relation of the hoof to the underlying cor...
Figure 8‐8. Gross anatomy of the equine hoof. (A) Ground (solar) surface. (B...
Figure 8‐9. Relationship between the corium of the coronary region (coronet)...
Figure 8‐10. Photomicrographs of a cross section of equine fetal hoof in the...
Figure 8‐11. Chronic laminitis (founder) is characterized by loss of close a...
Figure 8‐12. Palmar view of the equine manus, illustrating the elements of t...
Figure 8‐13. Ligaments (l.) in the equine foot. (A) Palmar view of the digit...
Figure 8‐14. When the appendicular skeleton is loaded with weight (A), the j...
Figure 8‐15. Increasing severity of injury to the passive support of the dis...
Figure 8‐16. Summary of the stay apparatus in the thoracic (A) and pelvic (B...
Figure 8‐17. (A) Craniolateral view of the right stifle. a, lateral patellar...
Figure 8‐18. Reciprocal apparatus. Blue line, superficial digital flexor m. ...
Chapter 9
Figure 9‐1. The myofibrils of a skeletal muscle cell are surrounded by sarco...
Figure 9‐2. Light micrograph (A) and electron micrograph of longitudinal ske...
Figure 9‐3. Organization of skeletal muscle from the gross to the molecular ...
Figure 9‐4. Structural features of a neuromuscular junction. The terminal en...
Figure 9‐5. The sources and role of calcium during excitation–contraction co...
Figure 9‐6. The postulated “walk along” mechanism for muscular contraction. ...
Figure 9‐7. Temporal summation of muscle twitches. The first two contraction...
Figure 9‐8. Tetany. The interval between stimuli (action potentials) steadil...
Figure 9‐9. Sources and role of calcium ions in the initiation and regulatio...
Figure 9‐10. Slow‐wave electrical activity in smooth muscle with action pote...
Chapter 10
Figure 10‐1. Nervous system of the bull.
Figure 10‐2. Cellular anatomy of a multipolar neuron.
Figure 10‐3. Morphological types of neurons. Classification is based on the ...
Figure 10‐4. (A) Cross section of the development of a myelinated axon. In t...
Figure 10‐5. Formation of the neural tube. The thickened ectoderm of the neu...
Figure 10‐6. Cross‐sectional view of the development of the spinal cord.
Figure 10‐7. Dorsal view of the neural tube. The early brain divides into th...
Figure 10‐8. Subdivisions of the brain. (A) Left lateral view. (B) Dorsal vi...
Figure 10‐9. Median (midsagittal) section of the brain.
Figure 10‐10. Lobes of the bovine brain; other species will be similar. (A) ...
Figure 10‐11. Ventricular system of the brain. Arrows indicate the direction...
Figure 10‐12. Meninges. (A) Cranial meninges. (B) Spinal meninges, depicted ...
Figure 10‐13. Cross‐sectional anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves....
Figure 10‐14. Caudal end of the bovine spinal cord. Dorsal view with vertebr...
Figure 10‐15. Schematic of conscious sensory (blue) and voluntary motor (red...
Figure 10‐16. Cross section of cervical spinal cord with approximate locatio...
Figure 10‐17. (A) Nerve (n., nn.) supply of thoracic limb of the horse. a, s...
Figure 10‐18. Ventral view of the bovine brain. n., nerve.
Figure 10‐19. The autonomic nervous system. Left, the parasympathetic outflo...
Figure 10‐20. Comparison of somatic (voluntary) motor system to visceral mot...
Figure 10‐21. Patterns of sympathetic outflow. Cell bodies of preganglionic ...
Chapter 11
Figure 11‐1. The receptive zone of the neuron includes the cell body and den...
Figure 11‐2. The neuron’s cell membrane at rest is polarized by the separati...
Figure 11‐3. Change in sodium and potassium permeability during neuron actio...
Figure 11‐4. Propagation of the action potential in a myelinated axon by sal...
Figure 11‐5. Summary of events involved in synaptic transmission. Action pot...
Figure 11‐6. (A) Spatial summation. Each of the multiple synapses (a through...
Figure 11‐7. Convergence and divergence in neural networks.
Figure 11‐8. Schematic of a typical reflex arc.
Figure 11‐9. Example of a specific reflex arc. This is the corneal reflex. (...
Figure 11‐10. The patellar tendon tap reflex arc is a monosynaptic spinal re...
Figure 11‐11. The motor cortex is populated by UMNs, whose distribution crea...
Figure 11‐12. Neurotransmitters and receptors in the visceral motor system. ...
Chapter 12
Figure 12‐1. Encapsulated and nonencapsulated receptors. (A) Naked nerve end...
Figure 12‐2. Somatosensory neurons are pseudounipolar in nature, with the ce...
Figure 12‐3. Divergence in nociceptive pathways. The primary afferent neuron...
Figure 12‐4. Photomicrograph of lingual papillae. (A) 10×, box ind...
Figure 12‐5. Olfactory system. The view is of the equine head in sagittal se...
Figure 12‐6. Anatomy of the hearing and vestibular apparatus. Top inset show...
Figure 12‐7. Section of the cochlea (lower right). Expanded view shows: a, c...
Figure 12‐8. Schematic of the function of the cochlea. The scalae and cochle...
Figure 12‐9. Macula. (A) Photomicrograph of macula. Red arrow, otoliths. Blu...
Figure 12‐10. Crista ampullaris. (A) Photomicrograph of crista ampullaris wi...
Figure 12‐11. The lacrimal apparatus. Tears produced by the lacrimal gland a...
Figure 12‐12. Extraocular muscles of the left eye viewed from the lateral as...
Figure 12‐13. Sagittal section of an equine eye.
Figure 12‐14. The fundus of a horse (A) and an ox (B). The tapetum is the re...
Figure 12‐15. The goat’s pupil is a horizontal rectangle, characteristic of ...
Figure 12‐16. The margins of the pupil in herbivores are elaborated into nod...
Figure 12‐17. Visual fields of the ox as viewed from above. The region seen ...
Figure 12‐18. Projections of axons from the optic nerve. a, visual cortex (v...
Chapter 13
Figure 13‐1. Approximate location of classic endocrine glands. Note that in ...
Figure 13‐2. The structure of cholesterol.
Figure 13‐3. The relationship between the hypothalamus, neurohypophysis (pos...
Figure 13‐4. Potential feedback loops to regulate hypothalamic‐releasing hor...
Figure 13‐5. Adrenal gland with recognizable cortical zones (a, zona glomeru...
Figure 13‐6. Thyroid hormones.
Figure 13‐7. Thyroid follicles of varying sizes and shapes are filled with c...
Figure 13‐8. Biosynthesis of thyroglobulin (left) and its resorption, proteo...
Figure 13‐9. An equine parathyroid gland with two large oxyphil cells (arrow...
Figure 13‐10. Relationship of parathyroid hormone (PTH), the kidneys, and ca...
Figure 13‐11. Pancreatic islet (encircled) surrounded by cells of the exocri...
Chapter 14
Figure 14‐1. Epidermis from pig snout, 10×. a, stratum corneum...
Figure 14‐2. Skin anatomy.
Figure 14‐3. (A) Single hair follicle. Epidermal cells adjacent to the derma...
Figure 14‐4. Specialized sebaceous glands in sheep. (A) Interdigital pouch. ...
Figure 14‐5. Longitudinal section of a horn. The horn is supported by a bony...
Figure 14‐6. (A) Yellow arrowhead indicates chestnut on the medial aspect of...
Figure 14‐7. Top: Bay horse. Bottom: Chestnut.
Figure 14‐8. Dun markings. (A) The dorsal stripe is always present. (B) Shou...
Figure 14‐9. This paint horse exhibits a tobiano pattern of spots.
Chapter 15
Figure 15‐1. Summarized pathways to illustrate origin of blood cells and pla...
Figure 15‐2. Red blood cells as seen by scanning electron microscopy.
Figure 15‐3. Layering of blood components in an anticoagulated and centrifug...
Figure 15‐4. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways leading to the generation and ...
Chapter 16
Figure 16‐1. Development of major cell types contributing to specific immuni...
Figure 16‐2. The lymphatic system of the cow.
Figure 16‐3. Schematic drawing of the anatomy of a typical lymph node.
Figure 16‐4. Histologic image of an ovine hemal node. The general organizati...
Figure 16‐5. (A) Schematic drawing of the basic internal anatomy of a spleen...
Chapter 17
Figure 17‐1. Schematic of circulatory system. Oxygenated blood indicated by ...
Figure 17‐2. Orientation of the heart within the thorax. The right side of t...
Figure 17‐3. (A) Auricular face of the porcine heart. This is the side of th...
Figure 17‐4. Internal anatomy of the heart. Arrows depict the direction of b...
Figure 17‐5. Cardiac valves. (A) Function of A‐V valves. During relaxation o...
Figure 17‐6. Schematic of main arteries arising from the aorta and body regi...
Figure 17‐7. Blood supply to the head and brain. (A) The common carotid arte...
Figure 17‐8. Arterial supply to the equine thoracic limb, medial view. a, ar...
Figure 17‐9. Arterial supply to the equine pelvic limb, medial view. a, arte...
Figure 17‐10. Drawing blood from the tail vein of a dairy cow.
Figure 17‐11. Schematic of the hepatic portal system. Arterial blood deliver...
Figure 17‐12. In the fetus (A), the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale ...
Chapter 18
Figure 18‐1. General design of cardiovascular system illustrating the system...
Figure 18‐2. Overview of the cardiovascular system. The blue areas represent...
Figure 18‐3. The cardiac cycle for left ventricular function. Changes in aor...
Figure 18‐4. (A) Action potential of cardiac muscle contractile cell. Electr...
Figure 18‐5. Impulse generation and conduction system of the mammalian heart...
Figure 18‐6. Typical canine lead II electrocardiogram.
Figure 18‐7. Relation between end‐diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume (...
Figure 18‐8. Cross section of an aorta with blood visible in the lumen. The ...
Figure 18‐9. Cross section of a small artery (a) and vein (v) illustrating t...
Figure 18‐10. Section of small blood vessels showing the structure of their ...
Figure 18‐11. Microvascular fluid movements. Arrows indicate direction of ne...
Figure 18‐12. Simplified model of the circulatory system with pump supplying...
Figure 18‐13. Renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system response to hypovolemia a...
Chapter 19
Figure 19‐1. External nares of various domestic species. The ox (A) possesse...
Figure 19‐2. Median section of the caprine head with nasal septum removed. a...
Figure 19‐3. Transverse section through the equine muzzle. a, dorsal nasal c...
Figure 19‐4. Some of the large paranasal sinuses of horses and cattle. (A an...
Figure 19‐5. Larynx of the horse. (A) Lateral view of the assembled larynx, ...
Figure 19‐6. Equine larynx as viewed with an endoscope. Notice the width of ...
Figure 19‐7. Basic anatomy of trachea and principal bronchi.
Figure 19‐8. Lungs of (A) horse, (B) ruminant, and (C) pig, as viewed from d...
Figure 19‐9. General schematic of airway branching from trachea to alveoli....
Figure 19‐10. Disposition of the left lung in the ox (above) and horse (belo...
Figure 19‐11. Schematic of thoracic cross section. The mediastinum (blue) cr...
Figure 19‐12. Changes in lung volume, alveolar pressure, pleural pressure, a...
Figure 19‐13. Schematic representation of three adjacent alveoli. I, type I ...
Figure 19‐14. Direction of diffusion of oxygen (O
2
) and carbon dioxide (CO
2
)...
Figure 19‐15. (A) An oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve that illustrates t...
Figure 19‐16. Gas exchange in systemic tissues and transport of carbon dioxi...
Chapter 20
Figure 20‐1. Layers of a typical segment of gut.
Figure 20‐2. (A) The equine soft palate normally lies ventral to the epiglot...
Figure 20‐3. Left, anatomy of typical brachydont tooth (e.g., bovine incisor...
Figure 20‐4. The first premolar or “wolf tooth” of the horse.
Figure 20‐5. This young adult horse skull has bones cut away to reveal the u...
Figure 20‐6. Adult equine teeth identified via the modified triadan system. ...
Figure 20‐7. Tongue of the ox, dorsal view. The dorsal pharynx and soft pala...
Figure 20‐8. Relationship of pharynx and mouth to larynx and esophagus durin...
Figure 20‐9. Sagittal section of the (A) equine head and (B) porcine head. L...
Figure 20‐10. External anatomy of the equine simple stomach.
Figure 20‐11. Internal anatomy of the (A) equine and (B) porcine stomachs.
Figure 20‐12. Stomach regions as defined by glandular type in the horse, pig...
Figure 20‐13. Bovine stomach
in situ
. (A) View from left. (B) View from righ...
Figure 20‐14. Detailed anatomy of the bovine stomach. (A) External anatomy f...
Figure 20‐15. Gastrointestinal tract of the horse. a, stomach; b, duodenum; ...
Figure 20‐16. Gastrointestinal tract of the ox. a*, abomasum; b, duodenum; c...
Figure 20‐17. Gastrointestinal tract of the pig. a, stomach; b, duodenum; c,...
Figure 20‐18. Major salivary glands. (A) Superficial view. (B) Deep view, wi...
Figure 20‐19. Ducts of accessory digestive organs in the horse.
Figure 20‐20. Schematic of blood flow through the liver. Blue arrows, deoxyg...
Chapter 21
Figure 21‐1. Cross‐sections through various segments of the digestive tract....
Figure 21‐2. Intestinal peristalsis and movement of contents. (A) Original d...
Figure 21‐3. Gastric pit (gastric gland) in the lining of the stomach. Note ...
Figure 21‐4. Mechanism of hydrochloric acid secretion by parietal cells of t...
Figure 21‐5. Intestinal villi and crypts.
Figure 21‐6. Segmentation pattern of gastrointestinal motility. The same seg...
Figure 21‐7. Equine pancreas. Most of the pancreas is composed of exocrine a...
Figure 21‐8. Summary of the steps for hormonal control of digestion by gastr...
Figure 21‐9. Microscopic anatomy of the bovine liver. a, hepatocytes of live...
Figure 21‐10. Sodium‐linked cotransport of glucose. Similar mechanism found ...
Figure 21‐11. Absorption of lipids and cholesterol by intestinal cell and su...
Chapter 22
Figure 22‐1. Metabolic fate of glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides (in c...
Figure 22‐2. Summary of energy sources, metabolic activities, and hormonal r...
Chapter 23
Figure 23‐1. External and median section anatomy of kidneys. (A) Bovine. (B)...
Figure 23‐2. Arteries of the kidney.
Figure 23‐3. Microcirculation of the nephron.
Figure 23‐4. Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra in situ in the so...
Figure 23‐5. Transitional epithelium. (A) Bladder full, wall distended. (B) ...
Figure 23‐6. Urine formation. The glomerular filtrate enters the tubules, wh...
Figure 23‐7. The juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus. Extraglomerular mesangial c...
Figure 23‐8. The glomerular filtration barrier. e, fenestrated glomerular ca...
Figure 23‐9. Mechanisms of reabsorption of bicarbonate ions (HCO
3
−
) by...
Figure 23‐10. Transport of sodium chloride and water by nephron loop (of Hen...
Figure 23‐11. (A) Distal tubule and collecting duct when ADH is absent. Wate...
Figure 23‐12. Formation and secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions by in...
Figure 23‐13. Primary factors affecting extracellular fluid pH. The A
−
Chapter 24
Figure 24‐1. Schematic diagram comparing the reproductive anatomy of the boa...
Figure 24‐2. Internal anatomy of the testis.
Figure 24‐3. Seminiferous tubules surrounded by interstitial tissue.
Figure 24‐4. Cells of the seminiferous tubule. Sertoli cells surround and su...
Figure 24‐5. Stages of spermatogenesis visible in the seminiferous tubules o...
Figure 24‐6. Relation of testes to peritoneal investments. (A) Cross‐section...
Figure 24‐7. Descent of the testis (T) from the coelom (A) to formation of t...
Figure 24‐8. Testicle of a normal newborn goat, descended completely into th...
Figure 24‐9. Cross‐section of the spermatic cord.
Figure 24‐10. Accessory sex glands of the bull.
Figure 24‐11. Anatomy of the equine penis. (A) Lateral view, showing relatio...
Figure 24‐12. Free end of the penis. (1) Bull penis prior to intromission. (...
Chapter 25
Figure 25‐1. Location and microscopic anatomy of seminiferous tubules. Note ...
Figure 25‐2. Spermatogenesis: cell division and structural changes resulting...
Figure 25‐3. Meiosis. Two cell divisions resulting in four cells with a hapl...
Figure 25‐4. Comparison of the spermatozoa of farm animals and other vertebr...
Figure 25‐5. A sagittal section of a bovine sperm head showing the various a...
Figure 25‐6. Microscopic evaluation of bovine spermatozoa using light micros...
Chapter 26
Figure 26‐1. Anatomy of the female reproductive tract.
Figure 26‐2. Schematic drawings of ovaries from the mare, cow, and sow. Note...
Figure 26‐3. A bovine ovary (intact above, cut section below) demonstrating ...
Figure 26‐4. The uterine tube. (A) Bovine infundibulum suspended in water de...
Figure 26‐5. Comparative shapes of animal uteri. The female dog (bitch) is p...
Figure 26‐6. Comparative anatomy of the female reproductive tract. (A) Cow. ...
Figure 26‐7. Cut section of the bovine reproductive tract. The uterine body ...
Figure 26‐8. Bovine cervix. (A) Typical appearance of a cervix opened to rev...
Figure 26‐9. External genitalia of the cow and mare. The cervix (*) of the c...
Chapter 27
Figure 27‐1. Sagittal section of an ovary showing the origin, growth, and ov...
Figure 27‐2. Bovine oocyte shortly before ovulation. Oocyte is immediately s...
Figure 27‐3. A tertiary follicle from the ovary of a 1‐month‐old heifer. The...
Figure 27‐4. Ovarian, uterine, and hormonal changes during the estrous cycle...
Figure 27‐5. Growth and maturation of a primary, secondary, and tertiary fol...
Figure 27‐6. The mature corpus luteum of a sow. Both large luteal cells (a) ...
Figure 27‐7. Ovary of a mare (A) and a cow (B) with corpora lutea (cl). The ...
Figure 27‐8. A clear mucous discharge from the vulva of a cow in estrus (A)....
Chapter 28
Figure 28‐1. Summary of the main events involved in fertilization.
Figure 28‐2. Equine fetus in the placenta. The chorioallantois is the outer ...
Figure 28‐3. Epitheliochorial type of placenta.
Figure 28‐4. Placental types classified by distribution of sites of exchange...
Figure 28‐5. Placental attachments of cow, ewe, and mare. Villi from chorioa...
Figure 28‐6. Singleton bovine pregnancies at approximately 38 days (A) and 5...
Figure 28‐7. Cranial presentation of a calf in a dorsalsacral position with ...
Chapter 29
Figure 29‐1. Anatomy of the bovine udder.
Figure 29‐2. Suspensory apparatus of the cow. Udder is shown in transverse s...
Figure 29‐3. Arterial and venous blood supply to the bovine udder. Vessels o...
Figure 29‐4. Nonlactating mammary gland. A, gland lobules with inactive alve...
Figure 29‐5. Lactating mammary gland. Star indicates a single alveolus.
Figure 29‐6. (A) Caudal view of lactating dairy goat. The caprine mammary ud...
Figure 29‐7. Secretion of milk lipids, milk proteins, and lactose by epithel...
Chapter 30
Figure 30‐1. (A) Down feather. (B) Contour feather. (C) Anatomy of a typical...
Figure 30‐2. Feather tracts on a chicken.
Figure 30‐3. Male turkey. Notice the snood and caruncles, characteristic of ...
Figure 30‐4. The muscular system of the chicken. m, muscle.
Figure 30‐5. Dorsal view of the pelvic girdle of the goose. (a) ilium, (b) i...
Figure 30‐6. The skeleton of the chicken.
Figure 30‐7. The gastrointestinal tract of the chicken.
Figure 30‐8. Schematic of one side of the avian respiratory system. The trac...
Figure 30‐9. A model system illustrating direction of airflow and gas flow r...
Figure 30‐10. The genitourinary organs and associated structures of a male c...
Figure 30‐11. Location of mammalian and reptilian type nephrons within a lob...
Figure 30‐12. The female avian genitourinary tract.
Figure 30‐13. Basic internal structure of a typical egg.
Chapter 31
Figure 31‐1. Llama skeleton.
Figure 31‐2. Left camelid carpus; dorsal view on left; lateral view on right...
Figure 31‐3. Left camelid tarsus; dorsal view on left; lateral view on right...
Figure 31‐4. Llama dentition.
Figure 31‐5. Camelid stomach. (A) left side; (B) right side. e, esophagus; d...
Figure 31‐6. Alpaca red blood cells.
Figure 31‐7. A huarizo before (A) and after (B) shearing.
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
About the Companion Website
Begin Reading
Bibliography
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF Farm Animals
NINTH EDITION
Anna Dee Fails, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Christianne Magee, DVM, PhD, Dip ACT
Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences
Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Fails, Anna Dee, author. | Magee, Christianne, author.Title: Anatomy and physiology of farm animals / Anna Dee Fails, Christianne Magee.Description: Ninth edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2025] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2024043628 (print) | LCCN 2024043629 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394187904 (hardback) | ISBN 9781394187911 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394187928 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Anatomy, Veterinary | Animals, Domestic–physiologyClassification: LCC SF761 (print) | LCC SF761 (ebook) | NLM SF 761 | DDC 636.089/1–dc23/eng/20241204LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024043628LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024043629
Cover Design: WileyCover Images: Courtesy of Anna Dee Fails, © Abrar Shadid/Shutterstock, © Tina Terras & Michael Walter/Getty Images, © cbenapres/500px/Getty Images, © lesliejmorris/Getty Images, © R‐J‐Seymour/Getty Images, © Getty Images/EyeEm/NIKON D800
Dedication
Since its first edition in 1964, Rowan Frandson’s textbook has been a mainstay of animal and veterinary science courses throughout the world. Rowan Frandson earned Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degrees from Colorado State University. He practiced veterinary medicine for a short time before joining the faculty of Colorado State University where he taught both human and veterinary anatomy. Dr. Frandson’s original goal for his textbook was to provide a thorough grounding in the principles of anatomy and physiology and to apply these to the species of particular importance in agricultural practice. Now entering its ninth edition, Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals seeks to continue the tradition of accessible information for students in the fields of agriculture and animal science while simultaneously updating the text with new understanding in physiology, biomedicine, and applied anatomy.
Preface
Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals has just reached its 60th anniversary since the text was first created to support studies in agricultural sciences. This latest edition continues the tradition of responding to evolving educational needs by adding a chapter on new‐world camelids along with the inclusion of “Study Prompts.” These Prompts encourage the reader to think about how the anatomy and physiology presented in the text applies to living animals in the field. Students are encouraged to think about the Prompts and attempt to answer them through more study. Answers to Study Prompts can be found on the companion website along with other valuable learning resources.
About the Companion Website
This book is accompanied by a companion website:www.wiley.com/go/fails/anatomy9e
The website includes:
Helpful word roots
Quizzes with practice questions for self‐assessment
Answers and discussions of Study Prompts
Numerous additional images and videos to supplement learning as part of the Quizzes and Study Prompts
Figures from Chapters
Chapter 1INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomical Nomenclature, Directional Terms, and Planes of Section
Microscopic Anatomy: Animal Cells and Tissues
Epithelial Tissues
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
The General Plan of the Animal Body
Learning Objectives
Define and explain the significance of the
bold italic
terms in this chapter.
Use anatomical directional terms correctly when describing anatomy.
Describe the planes of section that can be used to divide body regions.
Describe how to classify structures as part of a body system, organ, tissue, or cell type.
Briefly outline the four basic tissue types and their primary subcategories. What are the distinguishing features of each of the primary subcategory tissue types? Where might these tissue types or their primary subcategories be found?
Describe the primary components of blood and how serum differs from plasma.
Explain the difference between
secretion
and
excretion
.
Explain the difference between an
endocrine
gland and an
exocrine
gland. Provide examples for each, and name one tissue that has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
Describe the concept of “potential” spaces as applies to body cavities.
Describe how the mammalian embryonic coelom is divided in the adult and name the serous membrane associated with those cavities.
The term anatomy literally translates as “to cut apart,” as it acknowledges the central role of dissection in the study of body structure. In contemporary usage, though, it has come to refer more generally to the science that deals with the form and structure of all organisms.
In contrast to anatomy, which deals primarily with structure, physiology is the study of the integrated functions of the body and the functions of all its parts (systems, organs, tissues, cells, and cell components), including biophysical and biochemical processes.
Study in a typical gross (macroscopic) anatomy laboratory is often based primarily on the dissection of animal cadavers. While virtual reality anatomy tools exist to provide learners with access to models or 3D images outside of the laboratory space, dissection coupled with handling and direct observation of grossly visible structures provides a concept of the shape, texture, location, and relations of structures visible to the unaided eye that can be gained in no other way. Similarly, the use of the microscope with properly prepared tissue sections on slides through which the student can navigate fosters a comprehensive understanding of structures that are so small they cannot be seen without microscopic assistance (microscopic anatomy).
Although anatomy and physiology are commonly pursued as more or less independent disciplines, they are both facets of the study of the animal body. A thorough knowledge of structure imparts much information about its function; it is impossible to gain a thorough understanding of function without a basic knowledge of structure. Conversely, a mere description of structure without describing function would be of little practical value.
This text chiefly describes gross anatomy, the study of the form and relationships (relative positions) of the structures of the body that can be seen with the unaided eye. The science of anatomy is so extensive that it is divided into many specialized branches. Comparative anatomy is the study of the structures of various species of animals, with particular emphasis on those characteristics that aid in classification. Embryology (Chapter 3) is the study of developmental anatomy, covering the period from conception (fertilization of the egg) to birth. Another large branch of anatomy consists of the study of tissues and cells that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. This is known as microscopic anatomy.
Our approach to the study of anatomy will be chiefly by systems, an approach which can be described as systematic anatomy. To name a particular subdivision of systematic anatomy (Table 1-1), the suffix ‐ology, which means branch of knowledge or science, is added to the root word referring to the system.
Physiology has also become so extensive in scope that many areas of specialization are recognized. Like anatomy, these may be based on body systems (e.g., neurophysiology, gastrointestinal physiology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, endocrine physiology, and reproductive physiology) or the level of biological organization (cell physiology and organismal physiology). All these subdivisions become parts of such overall areas of study as applied physiology, comparative physiology, pathophysiology, medical physiology, and mammalian physiology. We will be concerned with these systems and studies as they relate specifically to farm animals.
Anatomical Nomenclature, Directional Terms, and Planes of Section
Anatomy is a very old scientific discipline, and anatomists have been giving names to body parts for a very long time, sometimes naming the structure after themselves, or more usually by using Greek (Gr.) or Latin (L.) terms to describe a structure. In the online version of this text, helpful word roots have been provided for each chapter to help the reader understand the terminology used for anatomical nomenclature. It should also not be surprising that many anatomical constructs have been referred to by a variety of names over the centuries, and veterinary anatomy is further burdened by nonuniform attempts to adopt names of homologous human structures. Consequently, there are sometimes multiple names for anatomical structures. A committee of The World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (WAVA) debates and decides the single, most appropriate term for structures in veterinary anatomy. In 1963, the first “Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria” (literally, “Veterinary Anatomical Names”) or NAV came into widespread use. This guide has since undergone a series of revisions, and the latest version (6th edition, revised) is available on the WAVA website. Our textbook endeavors to abide by the NAV guidelines for naming structures, deviating only when common usage overwhelmingly argues for an alternative term.
Table 1‐1.Nomenclature for Systematic Anatomy
System
Name of Study
Chief Structures
Skeletal system
Osteology
Bones
Articular system
Arthrology (Syndesmology)
Joints
Muscular system
Myology
Muscles
Digestive system
Splanchnology
Stomach and intestines
Respiratory system
Lungs and airways
Urinary system
Kidneys and urinary bladder
Reproductive system
Ovaries and testes
Endocrine system
Endocrinology
Ductless glands
Nervous system
Neurology
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Circulatory system
Cardiology
Heart and vessels
In order to communicate with others about the physical location and relationships of anatomical structures, a specialized lexicon that describes locations and directions within the body has been developed. Since the body is mobile, the frames of reference must apply regardless of the position or direction of the animal (Fig. 1-1). Directional terminology in animal anatomy differs from that in human anatomy because of the orientation of bipedal versus quadrupedal stance. The student of animal anatomy will see that the terms anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior are not used except in two specific body regions: the eyes and teeth (see Chapters 12 and 20).
Cranial is a directional term meaning toward the head. The shoulder is cranial to the hip; it is closer to the head than the hip.
Caudal means toward the tail. The rump is caudal to the shoulder.
Rostral and caudal are directional terms used in reference to features of the head, where “rostral” (toward the nose) replaces cranial (since, technically, ALL the structures in the head are “cranial”).
The median plane is an imaginary plane passing through the body so as to divide the body into equal right and left halves. A beef carcass is split into two halves on the median plane.
A sagittal plane is any plane parallel to the median plane. The terms median and sagittal are sufficient to describe any of the planes that divide the body into right and left portions, but the median plane is also sometimes called the midsagittal plane, and sagittal planes other than the median are also referred to as paramedian planes.
A transverse plane is at right angles to the median plane and divides the body into cranial and caudal segments. The cinch of a saddle defines a transverse plane through the thorax of a horse.
Figure 1‐1. Directional terms and planes of the animal body.
A horizontal plane divides the body into dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) segments. If a cow walks into a lake until the water comes up to the chest, the surface of the water is in a horizontal plane in relation to the cow.
In addition to the planes of reference, other descriptive terms are valuable in defining anatomical relationships.
Medial
