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Applied Research Methods in Public and Nonprofit Organizations E-Book

Mitchell Brown

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Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

A complete guide to applied research, featuring original data and detailed case studies Applied Research Methods in Public and Nonprofit Organizations takes an integrative approach to applied research, emphasizing design, data collection, and analysis. Common case studies across chapters illustrate the everyday nature of research, and practical exercises reinforce concepts across all sections of the text. The book includes forms and formats for data collection and analysis, plus writing excerpts that demonstrate results reporting and presentation. The accompanying instructor's guide features assignments, discussion questions, and exercises referenced in the book, and the authors' own data sets are available for use online. Conducting research, analyzing results, and synthesizing the findings for key stakeholders is fundamental to the study and practice of public and nonprofit management. Aligned with management curriculum for both sectors, the book focuses on the common ground these organizations share when it comes to planning, conducting, and using research in day-to-day professional activities. The original research examples presented are in the context of this shared commonality, including resource acquisition, evaluative processes, and future planning through the lens of common social policy issues facing leaders today. Topics include: * The research process and applied research designs * Applied research questions and literature * Data collection in the field and survey research * Data analysis, writing, and presentation The examples highlight intergovernmental institutions in which public service occurs, and provide expanded reach to nonprofit organizations and the networked collaborations that make up a significant portion of today's public service. For students and practitioners of public administration, public policy, and nonprofit management, Applied Research Methods in Public and Nonprofit Organizations provides a comprehensive reference to this critical skillset.

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Seitenzahl: 532

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

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Leseprobe

List of Figures and Tables

Acknowledgments

The Authors

Introduction

Part One: Research Basics: What Do We Want to Know and Why?

Chapter One: Overview and Context of the Research Process

The Research Process

Values, Beliefs, and Certainty in Applied Disciplines

Ethics and Institutional Review Boards

Decision Trees

Conclusion

Overview of the Book

Chapter Support Materials

Chapter Two: Applied Research Questions, Literature, and Theory

Asking Good Research Questions

Using Literature and Building Theory

Theories of Change and Logic Models

Decision Tree

Conclusion

Chapter Support Materials

Chapter Three: Applied Research Designs

General Parameters of Design

Major Design Types

Sampling

Decision Trees

Conclusion

Chapter Support Materials

Part Two: Data Collection: Where and How Can We Gather Information?

Chapter Four: Qualitative Data Collection in the Field

Validity, Reliability, and Error in Qualitative Research

The Process of Conducting Field Research

Interviews

Focus Groups

Direct Observation

Content Analysis

Case Studies

Case Illustrations of Data Collection

Decision Tree

Conclusion

Chapter Support Materials

Chapter Five: Survey Research

The Survey Research Process

Survey Design

Problems and Controversies in Survey Research

Case Illustrations of Survey Use

Decision Tree

Conclusion

Chapter Support Materials

Part Three: Analyzing Data and Communicating About Them: What Do They Mean? How Can They Be Used?

Chapter Six: Data Analysis

Context and Descriptive Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

Quantitative Analysis

Case Applications of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Decision Tree

Conclusion

Chapter Support Materials

Chapter Seven: Writing and Presentations

General Tips for Writing

Types of Writing

Presentations

Case Illustrations of Writing and Presentation

Decision Tree

Conclusion

Chapter Support Materials

Glossary

Bibliography and Works Cited

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1 The Research Process

Figure 1.2 Inside the Steps of the Research Process

Figure 1.3 Top Ten Information Sources from Google Search for “Homeless Women”

Figure 1.4 Typical Research Roles Covered by IRB Requirements

Figure 1.5 Decision Tree for Planning a Research Process

Figure 1.6 Decision Tree for Typical IRB Review Process

Figure 1.7 Research Process Outline Worksheet

Figure 2.1 List of Selected Scholarly Journals for Applied Research in Public Service

Figure 2.2 Examples of Scholarly Sources Used in Case Studies

Figure 2.3 Journal Article Worksheet

Figure 2.4 Deductive and Inductive Approaches to Theory

Figure 2.5 Theory-Fact Relationships in Deduction and Induction

Figure 2.6 Time Horizons and Outcomes in the Theory of Change Model for the Community Garden Case

Figure 2.7 Logic Model/Theory of Change to Increase Democratic Functioning Through Voting

Figure 2.8 Program Evaluation Logic Model for Study of Community Organizations

Figure 2.9 Decision Tree for Using a Theory of Change Model

Figure 2.10 Annotated Bibliography Entry Worksheet

Figure 2.11 Logic Model Worksheet

Figure 3.1 Common Sources of Secondary Data

Figure 3.2 Decision Tree for Selecting Research Design Type

Figure 3.3 Decision Tree for Choosing a Sampling Strategy

Figure 4.1 The Field Data Collection Process

Figure 4.2 Decision Tree for Data Collection Strategy

Figure 5.1 Approaches to Question Wording

Figure 5.2 The Influence of Word Order and Response Set Choices

Figure 5.3 Illustration of Ordered Scales

Figure 5.4 Illustration of Likert Scale

Figure 5.5 Decision Tree for Choosing Paper or Web-Based Survey Approach

Figure 6.1 Qualitative Data Display Illustration: Discussion of Partners in Statewide Needs Assessment

Figure 6.2 Illustration of Coding for Quantitative Analysis

Figure 6.3 Graphic Display of Descriptive Statistics

Figure 6.4 Codebook Example for Election Administration and Technology Project

Figure 6.5 Proposed Theory of Change Model Developed from Statewide Needs Assessment Case

Figure 6.6 Decision Tree for Approaching Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses

Figure 7.1 SWOT Analysis Display for the Community Garden Case

Figure 7.2 Gantt Chart Example for Statewide Needs Assessment

Figure 7.3 Planning Process Example for National Replication of the Statewide Assessment

Figure 7.4 Budget Summary and Budget Narrative

Figure 7.7 Decision Tree for Approaching a Presentation

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Association of College and Research Libraries Information Literacy Standards and Benchmarks

Table 1.2 Top News Sources by Media Type

Table 1.3 Case Comparison of Research Question, Theory, Reasoning, and Tools

Table 2.1 Case Comparison of Approaches to Theory, Literature, and Hypotheses or Research Expectations

Table 2.2 Case Comparison of Concepts and Operationalization

Table 3.1 Measurement and Intervention Sequence for Major Forms of Experimental Design

Table 3.2 Major Forms of Quasi-Experimental Design

Table 3.3 Approaches to Nonexperimental Data Collection

Table 3.4 Case Comparison of Research Designs

Table 3.5 Case Comparison of Sampling Strategies

Table 4.1 Case Comparison of Case Selection Methods

Table 4.2 Illustration of Content Analysis Strategy for Examining Innovations in Voter Guides

Table 5.1 Index of Engaged Healthy Living Activities

Table 6.1 Frequency Distribution Example: State Requirements for Certification of Election Equipment

Table 6.2 Illustration of Calculation Matrix

Table 6.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion by Level of Measurement

Table 6.4 Bivariate Tests by Level of Measurement

Table 6.5 Illustration of Bivariate Crosstab Table for Soft Skills Class

Table 6.6 Multivariate Tests Based on Dependent Variable Measurement

Table 6.7 Relationship Between Soft Skills Course Participant Background and Course Attendance to Posttest Performance

Table 6.8 Case Comparison of Use of Qualitative Analysis

Table 6.9 Case Comparison of Use of Quantitative Analysis

Table 6.10 Codebook for Soft Skills Class

Table 7.1 Illustration of Table Format and Style

Table 7.2 Case Comparison of Types of Writing and Presentations

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

The Instructor’s Guide to accompany Applied Research Methods in Public and Nonprofit Organizations is available for free at www.wiley.com/college/brownhale.

Applied Research Methods in Public and Nonprofit Organizations

Mitchell BrownandKathleen Hale

Cover design by Wiley

Published by Jossey-Bass

A Wiley Brand

One Montgomery Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94104-4594—www.josseybass.com

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Readers should be aware that Internet Web sites offered as citations and/or sources for further information may have changed or disappeared between the time this was written and when it is read.

Jossey-Bass books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Jossey-Bass directly call our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-956-7739, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3986, or fax 317-572-4002.

Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for and is on file with the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-1-118-73736-1 (pbk.); ISBN 978-1-118-90443-5 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-90450-3 (ebk)

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

FIGURES

1.1

The Research Process

1.2

Inside the Steps of the Research Process

1.3

Top Ten Information Sources from Google Search for “Homeless Women”

1.4

Typical Research Roles Covered by IRB Requirements

1.5

Decision Tree for Planning a Research Process

1.6

Decision Tree for Typical IRB Review Process

1.7

Research Process Outline Worksheet

2.1

List of Selected Scholarly Journals for Applied Research in Public Service

2.2

Examples of Scholarly Sources Used in Case Studies

2.3

Journal Article Worksheet

2.4

Deductive and Inductive Approaches to Theory

2.5

Theory-Fact Relationships in Deduction and Induction

2.6

Time Horizons and Outcomes in the Theory of Change Model for the Community Garden Case

2.7

Logic Model/Theory of Change to Increase Democratic Functioning Through Voting

2.8

Program Evaluation Logic Model for Study of Community Organizations

2.9

Decision Tree for Using a Theory of Change Model

2.10

Annotated Bibliography Entry Worksheet

2.11

Logic Model Worksheet

3.1

Common Sources of Secondary Data

3.2

Decision Tree for Selecting Research Design Type

3.3

Decision Tree for Choosing a Sampling Strategy

4.1

The Field Data Collection Process

4.2

Decision Tree for Data Collection Strategy

5.1

Approaches to Question Wording

5.2

The Influence of Word Order and Response Set Choices

5.3

Illustration of Ordered Scales

5.4

Illustration of Likert Scale

5.5

Decision Tree for Choosing Paper or Web-Based Survey Approach

6.1

Qualitative Data Display Illustration: Discussion of Partners in Statewide Needs Assessment

6.2

Illustration of Coding for Quantitative Analysis

6.3

Graphic Display of Descriptive Statistics

6.4

Codebook Example for Election Administration and Technology Project

6.5

Proposed Theory of Change Model Developed from Statewide Needs Assessment Case

6.6

Decision Tree for Approaching Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses

7.1

SWOT Analysis Display for the Community Garden Case

7.2

Gantt Chart Example for Statewide Needs Assessment

7.3

Planning Process Example for National Replication of the Statewide Assessment

7.4

Budget Summary and Budget Narrative

7.7

Decision Tree for Approaching a Presentation

TABLES

1.1

Association of College and Research Libraries Information Literacy Standards and Benchmarks

1.2

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, we thank our students in various undergraduate and graduate research methods courses over the past several years. Their feedback on exercises, instructions, and general understanding of the text was essential in shaping this book. Graduate research assistant Andrew Sullivan and undergraduate research assistant Shelbie Keel assisted with the glossary. Graduate research assistant Tameka Davis helped us with a careful reading and final edit of the text. Most important, John Powell Hall piloted earlier versions of book chapters in several undergraduate research methods courses and solicited and collated feedback from students. We thank him for his thoughtful commentary throughout the process. We also owe a special thanks to Gerry Gryski, who during his tenure as department chair provided critical administrative support in the form of summer resources that allowed us to pilot and coteach a new field research seminar to graduate students and a few very hardy upper-division undergraduates.

We are indebted especially to our own teachers over the years who taught us how to be engaged and quality researchers. We count faculty who taught us in formal classroom settings and faculty and practitioners who taught us by example. The critical feedback and collegial support they provided helped positively shape our understanding and practice. Along the way, we also learned the power and limitations of applied research and hope to pass our understanding along through this book.

The book would not be possible without the unflagging energy and support of our editor, Alison Hankey, and her belief in our concept. We also extend our sincere appreciation to Rob Brandt, Nina Kreiden, Michele Jones, Diane Turso, and the entire team at Jossey-Bass/Wiley. Anonymous reviewers provided critical commentary and guidance that shaped the final manuscript, and we thank them for their thorough and thoughtful feedback and suggestions.

We also thank our colleagues with whom we have dissected various strategies for teaching students how to become engaged in the communities around them through research and analysis. We hope that this book makes a contribution to that conversation.

Not least, we thank our families for their forbearance during the project; they know how much we love this work, which they make all the more enjoyable through their patience and support.

THE AUTHORS

Mitchell Brown, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Auburn University, and teaches in Auburn’s MPA program and PhD program in public administration and public policy. Brown’s broader research agenda focuses on the empowerment efforts of marginalized communities, which she pursues particularly through applied research. With Dr. Kathleen Hale, she is codirector of the Community Governance Research Project, an initiative designed to investigate the politics and policies surrounding critical contemporary governance issues using a lens that looks at the intersection of the government, nonprofit, and private sectors. She is the author of numerous articles in the fields of political science, public policy, public administration, and pedagogy. She is the recipient of the 2013 SGA Outstanding Faculty Award for the College of Liberal Arts at Auburn University, the 2009 Distinguished Diversity Researcher Award through the Research Initiative for the Study of Diversity and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Auburn University, and an Outstanding Service Award in 1998 from the Center for Mental Health Services, among others. She currently serves on the boards of the Alabama Department of Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention, Auburn University Women’s Resource Center, and the Journal of Political Science Education, among others.

Kathleen Hale, JD, PhD, is an associate professor and MPA program director at Auburn University, where she teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in public administration, nonprofit studies, and public policy. Her work focuses on applied research about the capacity and outcomes of intergovernmental and nonprofit organizational arrangements. She is the author of How Information Matters: Networks and Public Policy Innovation (Georgetown University Press, 2011), winner of the Best Book Award from the Academy of Management Public and Nonprofit Section, and honored by the National Media Award from the National Association of Drug Court Professionals. She is the coauthor and coeditor of Scholarship in Action: Communities, Citizens, and Change (Common Ground/World University Press, 2013), and the recipient of the 2012 Award for Community and Civic Engagement from Auburn University and the 2012 Award for Excellence in Teaching from the American Political Science Association. Her research has appeared in numerous public administration, public policy, and nonprofit journals. She is currently a member of the board of directors of the Alabama Association of Nonprofit Organizations and of the Election Center, a national professional association devoted to the improvement of the public administration of elections. Together with Dr. Mitchell Brown, she directs the Community Governance Research Project, devoted to applied research questions.

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