Army of Metalloids E-Book

Deepak Singh

• Herausgeber: Pencil
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Seitenzahl: 66

Beschreibung

About the book:
Who will win the race? Humans or Artificial Intelligence? Memory, problem-solving, learning, planning, language, reasoning, and perception are all cognitive functions that artificial intelligence (AI) and human intelligence investigate. Both of these have played significant roles in advancing cultures. In terms of their distinctions, AI is a human-created innovation that is designed to perform specific activities considerably faster and with less effort. Human intelligence, on the other hand, is better at multitasking and may include emotional aspects, human contact, and self-awareness in the cognitive process. Machine intelligence is another name for AI, which was established as an academic discipline in 1956, the same year that John McCarthy invented the term "artificial intelligence."

Leseprobe

ArmyofMetalloids

AtOurDoorstep

BY

DeepakSingh

ISBN123456789012345©DeepakSingh2021PublishedinIndia2021byPencilContributors:Editor:DeepakSinghAbrandofOnePointSixTechnologiesPvt.Ltd.123,BuildingJ2,ShramSevaPremises,WadalaTruckTerminal,Wadala(E)Mumbai400037,Maharashtra,[e-mail]dwideNopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyform,orbyanymeans(electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise),withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher.Anypersonwhocommitsanunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublicationcanbeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages.

DISCLAIMER:TheopinionsexpressedinthisbookarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotpurporttoreflecttheviewsofthePublisher.

Authorbiography

ArmyOfMetalloidsAuthorDeepakSingh

DeepakSinghwasbornintheIndiancityofKharagpurintheyear1994.Hewascaptivatedbycricket,football,theuniverse,mankind,research,andtechnologyasachild,andthisfascinationledtosomeearlyexposuretoreadingbecausehewasdrawntostoriesabouttechnologyandstudy.MrDeepak,whonowworksasaResearchAnalyst,developedaninterestinconceptslateron.Deepakexaminesthesubjectofhowpasteventsareirrevocablein"ArmyofMetalloids"byofferingthecapacitytomodifypreviousevents.MrDeepak'sdebutnoveliscalledPi(π),TimeandNikolaTesla369:Pi(π)IsTime.LetsDoTimeTravel.

Contents

WhoareWe

EvolutionOfModernHumanBeings

WhatisMetalloid

WhatisArtificialIntelligenceTechnology

RoboticProcessAutomation

WhatIsEdgeComputingAndWhyIsItImportant

WhatisHumanIntelligence

WhowillwintheraceHumansorArtificialIntelligence

WhydoIcallthemthe“ArmyofMetalloids“

Conclusion

WhoareWe

TheonlyexistingHomospeciesisWe,modernhumans.Wehaven'talwaysbeenalone,though.AlllivehumansarereferredtobeHomo sapiens,aspeciesofhighlyintellectualprimate.TherewerepreviouslyseveralspeciesinthegenusHomo,butallspeciesandsubspecieshavebecomeextinctsavemodernhumans.ThemonikerHomo sapienswasfirstgiventohumansbySwedishscientistCarlLinnaeusin1758.Thename"homosapiens"comesfromLatinandmeans"intelligentman,"accordingtotheEncyclopediaBritannica.

Whatwasthetotalnumberofearlyhumanspeciesontheplanet?

Weusedtonotbealoneashumans.Therewasalotmorehumandiversityalongtimeago;roughly300,000yearsago,Homosapienscoexistedwithanestimatedeightnow-extincthumanspecies.WesharedcavernswithanotherhumanspeciescalledtheDenisovansasrecentlyas15,000yearsago.Andfossilisedevidencesuggeststhatthereweremanymoreearlyhumanspeciesontheplanetbeforeourspeciesarrived.

"Rightnow,weonlyhaveonehumanspecies,"saidNickLongrich,anevolutionaryscientistattheUniversityofBathintheUnitedKingdom."Weweren'tallthatspecialnotlongago,butnowwe'retheonlyonesleft."

Whatwasthetotalnumberofearlyhumanspecies?

Whenitcomestodetermininghowmanydifferentspeciesofhumansexisted,thingsbecomedifficultfast,especiallybecauseresearcherscontinuetouncovernewfossilsthatturnouttobecompletelydifferentandpreviouslyunknownspecies.

"Thenumberisgrowing,anditdependsonwhoyouask,"saidJohnStewart,anevolutionarypaleoecologistatBournemouthUniversityintheUnitedKingdom.Accordingtosomeexperts,Homoerectusisacompositeofmanyspecies,includingHomogeorgicusandHomoergaster. "Itallcomesdowntohowyoudefineaspeciesandhowmuchvarietyyouacceptwithinit,"Stewarttold."Becauseeveryonewantsananswer,itmightturnintoaratherunpleasantandpedanticdebate.But,inreality,itisdependent."

Whatisthedifferencebetweenaspeciesandagroupofspecies?

Theconceptofaspeciesusedtobestraightforward:twoindividualsbelongingtothesamespeciescouldproducefruitfuloffspring.Ahorseandadonkey,forexample,canmatetoproduceamule,butmulesareunabletoreproduce.Horsesanddonkeysarenotthesamespecies,despitetheirbiologicalresemblance.However,inrecentdecades,thesimplicityofthedefinitionofaspecieshasgivenplacetoamorecomplicatedscientificdispute.Somecriticsoftheinterbreedingconceptarguethatnotalllifereproducessexually;forexample,someplantsandmicrobescanreproduceasexually.Othershaveproposedthatweshouldputanimalswithcomparableanatomicaltraitstogethertodeterminespecies,althoughthismethodhasflawsaswell.It'saverysubjectiveapproachtodefininglifebecausetherecanbesignificantmorphologicaldiversitybetweensexesandevenindividualsofthesamespeciesinvariouslocationsoftheplanet.

BiologistsprefertodistinguishbetweenspeciesusingDNA,andwithadvancesintechnology,theycandoitwithgreaterprecision.However,wedon'thavetheDNAofeveryancienthuman-theHomoErectusgenome,forexample,hasneverbeensequenced.Whenyouconsiderthatupto2%oftheDNAofthetypicalEuropeanoriginatesfromNeanderthals,andupto6%oftheDNAofsomeMelanesians(IndigenouspeoplefromtheislandsjustnortheastofAustraliainOceania)comesfromDenisovans,thingsgetmuchmurkier.So,areweadistinctspeciesfromourforefathers?

"ManypeoplewilltellyouthatNeanderthalsandhumansarethesamespecies,"Stewartexplained."They'remerelyaslightlydifferentformofmodernhuman,asevidencedbyinterbreeding,butthedefinitionofspecieshasmovedonfrominterbreedingaswell." Afterconsideringallofthis,somescientistshaveconcludedthattheconceptofaspeciesdoesnotexist.Others,however,arguethat,whileaprecisedefinitionofaspeciesisverydifficulttoestablish,itisneverthelessworthwhiletomaketheattemptsothatwemaytalkaboutevolution—includingourownspecies'evolution—inasensibleway.

Wefumbleon,knowingthataspeciesmightmeanvariousthingstodifferentpeople,whichmeansthatopinionsonthenumberofhumanspeciesthathaveeverexistedwilldiffer.It'salsoamatterofdefiningwhatitmeanstobehuman.Toanswerthisquestion,youmustfirstcomprehendthetermhominin,whichreferstoabiggroupthatincludeshumansandchimpswhohaveacommonancestor.

"Thechimpanzeeandweshareacommonancestor,"Stewartexplained.It'slikelytobeadiversebunchifweconcludethathumansareeverythingthatarrivedafterourseparationfromancientchimpssome6millionto7millionyearsago.Mostscientistsacknowledgeatleast21humanspecies,accordingtotheSmithsonianNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory.Granted,it'snotanexhaustivelist;theDenisovans,forexample,areabsent.

Homosapiens,Neanderthals,Indonesianhobbits,Homoerectus,andHomoNalediareamongthespeciesonthelist.Otheranimalsthatlivedclosertothecommonancestorofhumansandchimps,andhenceresemblechimpsmorethanmodernhumans,arealsoincludedonthelist.Thesespeciesarestillreferredtoasearlyhumans,despitetheirappearance."Youcan'texpectthemtolooklikeus5millionyearsago,"Stewartexplained.

AccordingtoStewart,IftheSmithsonianclaimsthattherearetwenty-one,youcanbetthediversityisfarhigher.Becausethelisterrsonthesideofcaution,itonlyincludesspeciesthatarealmostwidelyrecognised.TheSmithsonian'slist,forexample,doesnotincludetherecentlydiscoveredtinyhumanspeciesHomoluzonensis,whichisknownonlyfromafewbonesfoundinacaveinthePhilippines.

Researchersalsobelievethatmanymorepetrifiedspecieshaveyettobediscovered."Thelisthasjustgottenlongerandlonger,andIdon'tseewhythatwillchange,"Stewartadded.

Whatmakesyouthinkthatnotallprimateshaveevolvedintohumans?

Chimpanzees,ourclosestlivingrelatives,stayedinthetrees,eatingfruitandhuntingmonkeys,whilehumansweretravellingaroundtheworld,developingagriculture,andvisitingthemoon.

Contemporarychimpshavebeenaroundformorethanamillionyearslongerthanmodernhumanscomparedto300,000yearsforHomosapiens,