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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
This best-selling text explains the basic principles of psychological assessment and measurement and guides students and practitioners in the appropriate selection, interpretation, and communication of test results. Danica Hays introduces more than 150 assessment instruments used to evaluate mental health, intelligence, career development, wellness, personality, and interpersonal relationships. This latest edition covers new or expanded content on assessment use in schools, colleges/universities, and telehealth platforms; interprofessional collaboration to support assessment practices and procedures; qualitative assessment approaches and how they can be infused throughout counseling and assessment; cultural and social justice considerations and practices; and crisis and trauma assessment.
Numerous in-text features facilitate teaching and learning, including chapter pretests, trainee-centered reflective and field activities, practitioner perspectives, tip sheets on major concepts and practices, sample assessment items and tools, and case examples. A supplemental Instructor’s Guide is available by request that consists of a test bank, PowerPoint slides, and a sample syllabus.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs: 2024 Standards and Corresponding Chapters
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Section I: Foundations of ASSESSMENT in Counseling
Chapter 1: Use of Assessment in Counseling
Introduction to Assessment
Key Assessment Terms
Purpose of Assessment in Counseling
History of Assessment
Key Questions for Selecting Assessments
Assessment Usage in Counseling Settings
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 2: The Assessment Process
Assessment Methods
Types of Assessments
An Overview of the Assessment Process
Monitoring Client Progress and Evaluating Counseling Outcomes
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 3: Ethical, Legal, and Professional Considerations in Assessment
Core Values for Effective Assessment
Standards and Guidelines for Evaluating Assessments and Usage
Key Ethical and Legal Considerations in Assessment
Key Professional Issues in Assessment
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 4: Multicultural and Social Justice Considerations in Assessment
Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competency and Assessment
Fairness and Cultural Bias in Assessment
Cultural Factors in Assessment
Multicultural and Social Justice Assessment
Culture-Fair Tests
Dynamic Assessment
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Section II: Key Measurement, Statistical, and QUALITATIVE Concepts
Chapter 5: Understanding and Transforming Raw Scores
Scales of Measurement
Raw Scores
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability
Characteristics of Data Distributions
Norms and Ranks
Standard Scores
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 6: Measurement and Qualitative Assessment Concepts
The Correlation Coefficient
Reliability
Validity
Trustworthiness
Assessment Development
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Section III: Initial Psychological ASSESSMENT
Chapter 7: Initial Assessment in Counseling
Crisis and Trauma Counseling
Intake Interview
Mental Status Examination
Quantitative Screening Inventories
Qualitative Tools for Initial Assessment
Suicide Risk Assessment
Trauma Assessment
The Mental Health Ecosystem
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 8: Mental Health and Addictions Assessment
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Mental Health Disorders and Assessment
Assessment of Depression
Assessment of Bipolar Disorders
Assessment of Anxiety and Fear
Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Assessment of Anger
Assessment of Self-Injury
Assessment of Eating Disorders
Assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Assessment of Addictions
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Section IV: Types of ASSESSMENT
Chapter 9: Assessment of Intelligence
Introduction to Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
Individual Intelligence Assessments
Group Intelligence Assessments
Intelligence Assessment and Special Education
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 10: Assessment of Aptitude and Achievement
Introduction to Aptitude and Achievement Assessment
Aptitude Assessments for Higher Education
Graduate and Professional School Admissions Tests
Academic Achievement Assessments
High-Stakes Testing
Study Habits Inventories
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 11: Assessment of Career Development and Wellness
Introduction to Career Assessment
Career Assessment Across the Life Span
Qualitative Career Assessment
Quantitative Career Assessment Programs
Wellness Assessment
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 12: Career Assessment Tools
Career Readiness Assessments
Interest Assessments
Values Assessments
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 13: Assessment of Personality
Introduction to Personality Assessment
Structured Personality Assessments
Unstructured Personality Assessments
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 14: Assessment of Interpersonal Relationships
Interpersonal Relationship Assessment
Genograms
Network Mapping Techniques
Assessment of Couples and Families
Assessment of Intimate Partner Violence
Assessment of Child Abuse
Assessment of Elder Abuse
Additional Interpersonal Assessment Inventories
Community Asset Mapping
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Section V: The Assessment Report and FUTURE Trends
Chapter 15: Communication of Assessment Findings
Introduction to Communicating Assessment Findings
The Assessment Interpretation Interview
The Case Conference
The Assessment Report
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Chapter 16: Future Trends in Counseling Assessment
The Assessment Process: Looking Back to Look Ahead
Changing Client Demographics and Assessment Practice
Globalization and Problematizing Counseling and Assessment
Greater Attention to Client, Counselor, and Community Wellness
Technological Advances
Increased Sophistication of Assessment Practice
The Continuation and Adaptability of Educational Accountability
Assessment and Managed Care
Building Assessment Systems
Building Partnerships With Health Professions
Assessment as Relevant and Actionable
The Next Frontier in Assessment Research and Training
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Resources for Further Learning
Appendix A: Statistical Formulas
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
Spearman-Brown
Coefficient Alpha
Kuder-Richardson
Standard Deviation
Appendix B: Sample Assessment Report
Reason for Referral
Background and History
Evaluation Procedures
Behavioral Observations
Assessment Results
Recommendations
Summary
Appendix C: Test Your Knowledge Answer Key
References
Subject Index
Name Index
Technical Support
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Assessment and Problem-Solving Steps
Table 1.2 Key Historical Events in Assessment
Table 1.3 Frequency of Assessment Use Among Counselors
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Reflection Questions for Monitoring and Evaluating Client Outcomes
Table 2.2 Assessment Tools for Monitoring Progress and Counseling Outcomes
Chapter 3
Table 3.1
ACA Code of Ethics
and Assessment Practices
Table 3.2 Key Laws, Regulations, and Court Decisions Affecting Assessment in C...
Table 3.3 Fostering an Optimal Telehealth Environment for Assessment Practices
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Types of Assessment Bias
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Scales of Measurement
Table 5.2 Assessment Exam Scores for 15 Students
Table 5.3 Frequency Distribution of Assessment Exam Scores
Table 5.4 Interpretation (Assuming Appropriate Norms) for Given
T
Scores and P...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Types of Reliability
Table 6.2 Types of Validity
Table 6.3 Calculating Sensitivity and Specificity
Table 6.4 Maximizing Trustworthiness in Qualitative Assessment Procedures
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Mental Status Examination Categories
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Mental Disorder Prevalence
Table 8.2 Selected Addictions and Mental Health Assessments in the Public Doma...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Classifications
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 A Modern History of High-Stakes Testing
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Card Sort Sample Questions
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Quantitative Measures of Career Readiness
Table 12.2 A Foundational History of Career Interest Inventories
Table 12.3 Strong Interest Inventory Scores for Michael, a College Student
Table 12.4 Measures of Work and Personal Values
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Sample Interpretive Descriptions for the California Psychological I...
Table 13.2 Selected House-Tree-Person Interpretations
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Interpersonal Violence Assessments Used in Public and Mental Health...
Table 14.2 Child Abuse Assessment Tools
Table 14.3 Potential Community Asset Mapping Domains
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Knox Administering Performance Tests to Ellis Island Immigrants, 19...
Figure 1.2 Sample Army Alpha and Army Beta Items
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 The Assessment Process
Figure 2.2 Client Monitoring of Depression Symptoms and Work Performance Acros...
Figure 2.3 Themes Discussed Across 10 Sessions
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Mini-Mental State Examination Sample Items
Figure 4.2 Similar Items to the Cattell Culture-Fair Intelligence Test
Figure 4.3 Raven’s Progressive Matrices–Standard Progressive Matrices Sample I...
Figure 4.4 Sample AnimaLogica Matrix
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Histogram
Figure 5.2 Frequency Polygon
Figure 5.3 Bar Graph
Figure 5.4 Relationships Between Different Types of Standard Scores and Percen...
Figure 5.5 Examples of Skewed Distributions
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Sample Scatterplots
Figure 6.2 Test-Retest Reliability
Figure 6.3 Alternate-Forms Reliability
Figure 6.4 Split-Half Reliability
Figure 6.5 Interitem Reliability
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Inventory of Common Problems
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Items and Scoring Weights (Shown in Parentheses) for the Michigan A...
Figure 8.2 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Questionnaire Version)
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Spearman’s g Factor Theory
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Holland’s Classification of Personality Types
Figure 12.2 Campbell Interest and Skill Survey Report Summary for Tess, a 31-Y...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 California Psychological Inventory Report
Figure 13.2 Rorschach Test Image
Figure 13.3 Kinetic Family Drawing
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Common Genogram Symbols
Figure 14.2 Genogram of Joseph and Paula
Figure 14.3 Hierarchical Mapping Technique
Figure 14.4 Interpersonal Adjective Scales Profile of Extreme Depression in a ...
Guide
ASSESSMENT in Counseling
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Appendix A: Statistical Formulas
Appendix B: Sample Assessment Report
Appendix C: Test Your Knowledge Answer Key
References
Subject Index
Name Index
Counselor Education in the 21st Century
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Seventh Edition
ASSESSMENT in Counseling
Procedures and Practices
Danica G. Hays
Copyright © 2024 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
American Counseling Association
2461 Eisenhower Avenue, Suite 300 | Alexandria, VA 22314
Publisher | Carolyn C. Baker
Digital and Print Development Editor | Nancy Driver
Senior Production Manager | Bonny E. Gaston
Copy Editor | Elaine G. Dunn
Cover and text design by Bonny E. Gaston
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hays, Danica G., author.
Title: Assessment in counseling : procedures and practices / Danica G. Hays.
Description: Seventh edition. | Alexandria, VA : American Counseling Association, [2023] | Revised edition of Assessment in counseling, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023009272 | ISBN 9781556204159 (paperback)
Subjects: LCSH: Psychological tests. | Counseling.
Classification: LCC BF176 .H66 2023 | DDC 150.28/7—dc23/eng/20230227
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023009272
For Grace Caroline and Charlotte Harper, always.
Preface
Welcome to the seventh edition of Assessment in Counseling: Procedures and Practices! The purpose of this book is to provide information about the various assessment procedures that are specifically relevant for practicing counselors across a variety of settings. The book showcases how these assessment procedures can be applied throughout the counseling process; emphasizes the selection, interpretation, and communication of assessment findings; and highlights the basic principles of ability, intelligence, career, and personality assessment. It stresses the importance of integrating assessment findings with other information about the client. One primary assumption undergirds this text: Counselors engage in assessment practices every day, and these practices affect relationships, treatment decisions, and culturally responsive counseling. Furthermore, assessment involves both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
This book is not designed to be a comprehensive textbook or desk manual on the various assessment tools themselves. A number of excellent books describe specific assessments and assessment procedures in detail. It is expected that counselors will make use of such publications along with other resources as they evaluate assessment tools.
The seventh edition continues some key features from the previous two editions:
Bolded key terms to facilitate comprehension of major concepts
Chapter pretests (“Test Your Knowledge”) to gauge previous learning
Self-development activities, such as reflective exercises and class and field activities
“Tip Sheets,” or practical, user-friendly information about major assessment concepts, issues, and practices
The inclusion of practitioner voices on various assessment topics (“Assessment in Action”)
Case examples of fictional clients that highlight assessment issues and considerations
Sample assessment items with an expanded list of common assessment tools
Review questions and chapter summaries
Resources for further learning
A sample assessment report (
Appendix B
)
Common statistical formulas used in assessment
Supplemental instructor materials available from the American Counseling Association (e.g., chapter outlines, chapter PowerPoints, a test bank of multiple-choice and true/false items, a sample syllabus)
Furthermore, this edition includes the following additions and updates:
Greater focus on assessment and assessment use in multiple counseling settings, including schools, colleges/universities, and telehealth platforms
Increased attention to interprofessional collaboration to support assessment practices and procedures
Addition of new qualitative assessment approaches and how they can be infused throughout counseling and assessment
Greater infusion of culture and social justice considerations and assessment practices
Updated assessment research trends related to gender, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, disability, and age
Attention to wellness assessment, counseling, and advocacy
Increased discussion of crisis and trauma assessment
Updated references for assessment tools and scholarship in assessment-related procedures and practices
Updated assessment information to reflect recent versions of popular intelligence, ability, career, and personality assessments
In the remainder of this preface, I highlight more specific additions and changes for the seventh edition.
The book is organized into five sections. Section I, “Foundations of Assessment in Counseling,” includes introductory concepts of assessment that are useful for conceptualizing measurement and statistical concepts and working with various types of assessment. The four chapters in this section include a discussion of basic assessment terms; the history of assessment; the purpose and use of assessment; wellness assessment and counseling; the assessment process related to selection, administration, interpretation, and communication; ethical, legal, and professional issues in assessment and related assessment standards; and multicultural and social justice assessment practices. Some of the new and/or expanded material in Section I is as follows:
Multicultural and social justice counseling competency and assessment
Wellness counseling, assessment, and advocacy
Assessment in telehealth, school, and college settings
Qualitative assessment methods, including story circles, graphic methods, body mapping, lifelines, self-characterizations, and ethnographic interviewing in clinical assessment
Core ethical values for effective assessment
Ethical standards and guidelines for career, mental health, group, and telehealth settings
Client cultural and explanatory models, and how these models help to explain client self-assessment of symptomatology, diagnosis, and prognosis; help-seeking behaviors; and mobilization and uses of social networks
Counselor implicit bias and discrimination in assessment
Section II, “Key Measurement, Statistical, and Qualitative Concepts,” includes two chapters that address foundational knowledge in statistics and qualitative measurement. In this edition, concepts of scales of measurement, measures of central tendency and variability, and norms are presented before technical concepts of reliability, validity, trustworthiness, and assessment development. Some of the new and/or expanded material in Section II is as follows:
Norms and normed samples
Steps in the norming process
Trustworthiness and evaluating qualitative assessment data
Evaluating reliability estimates in the context of sample size and alpha levels
Measurement invariance
Section III, “Initial Psychological Assessment,” includes two chapters related to common assessment tasks typically used at the beginning of the counseling relationship to gauge mental health and substance abuse symptoms. This section addresses the use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the intake interview; mental status examination; quantitative screening inventories; qualitative tools for initial assessment; specialized assessment of suicide risk, crisis and trauma, depression, anxiety, anger, self-injury, eating disorders, attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder; and substance abuse. For this edition, the discussion of the DSM is presented earlier in Section III. Some of the new and/or expanded material in Section III is as follows:
Crisis and trauma counseling, with attention to the mental health ecosystem for crisis intervention
Qualitative tools for initial assessment
Trauma assessment tools
Counselor vicarious trauma and self-care
Updated information on the
DSM Fifth Edition–Text Revision
Mental health disorders and assessment, with updated prevalence data for major mental health disorders, including gender, age, and race/ethnicity data when available
Longitudinal assessment of mental health disorders as well as mental health service usage statistics
Updated prevalence data on depression, anxiety or fear, posttraumatic stress disorder, anger, self-injury, eating disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and addictions
Bipolar disorder assessment
Process addictions assessment and additional screening tools for addictions
Biological changes due to trauma that present during posttraumatic stress disorder assessment
Section IV, “Types of Assessment,” is the largest section and includes six chapters. The section is devoted to specific classes of assessment, including intelligence, ability, career development, and personality. In this edition, you will find expanded coverage in areas such as high-stakes testing, projective assessments, and interpersonal assessment involving intimate partner violence and child abuse. Furthermore, recent revisions in intelligence and ability assessment are discussed. In this edition, specific career assessment tools are presented later in Section IV to allow space for an expanded discussion of career assessment history and wellness assessment earlier in the section. Some of the new and/or expanded material in Section IV is as follows:
Inclusion of assessment to evaluate Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences
Intelligence assessment and special education, with specific attention to intellectual disability and giftedness
The school counselor’s role in intelligence assessment data and college and career readiness
Cultural and social justice considerations in special education assessment and high-stakes testing
History of career assessment, including attention to three waves of career assessment
Career assessment across the life span
Qualitative career and interpersonal relationship assessments
Wellness assessment tools and counseling processes
New projective assessments and case examples of fictional clients
Elder abuse and assessment
Community asset mapping
Section V, “The Assessment Report and Future Trends,” first provides a chapter that outlines general guidelines for communicating assessment findings to a client and other stakeholders as well as developing a research report. The second chapter in this section focuses on future trends in assessment, including ways that counselors can expect to respond to issues such as a changing cultural landscape, globalization, and technology. Some of the new and/or expanded material in Section V is as follows:
Communicating qualitative assessment findings
Self-monitoring after the assessment findings are reported
Positive assessment trends expected for telehealth and qualitative assessment
Future trends regarding wellness assessment and advocacy
Attention to Indigenous and global assessment trends
Future trends in assessment training
The book also includes several appendixes: common statistical formulas (Appendix A), a sample assessment report (Appendix B), and an answer key for “Test Your Knowledge” items (Appendix C).
I hope you enjoy this journey into the world of assessment—an integral part of the work we do every day as counselors.
—DGH
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs: 2024 Standards and Corresponding Chapters
Section 3: Foundational Counseling Curriculum
Standard G. Assessment and Diagnostic Practices
Chapter
1.
Historical perspectives concerning the nature and meaning of assessment and testing in counseling
1, 16
2.
Basic concepts of standardized and nonstandardized testing, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced assessments, and group and individual assessments
2, 5
3.
Statistical concepts, including scales of measurement, measures of central tendency, indices of variability, shapes and types of distributions, and correlations
5
4.
Reliability and validity in the use of assessments
6
5.
Culturally sustaining and developmental considerations for selecting, administering, and interpreting assessments, including individual accommodations and environmental modifications
4
6.
Ethical and legal considerations for selecting, administering, and interpreting assessments
3
7.
Use of culturally sustaining and developmentally appropriate assessments for diagnostic and intervention planning purposes
4, 8
8.
Use of assessments in academic/educational, career, personal, and social development
9–14
9.
Use of environmental assessments and systematic behavioral observations
2, 4, 16
10.
Use of structured interviewing, symptom checklists, and personality and psychological testing
2, 7, 13
11.
Diagnostic processes, including differential diagnosis and the use of current diagnostic classification systems
8
12.
Procedures to identify substance use, addictions, and co-occurring conditions
8
13.
Procedures for assessing and responding to risk of aggression or danger to others, self-inflicted harm, and suicide
7, 8
14.
Procedures for assessing clients’ experience of trauma
7, 8, 14
15.
Procedures for identifying and reporting signs of abuse and neglect
7, 8, 14
16.
Procedures to identify client characteristics, protective factors, risk factors, and warning signs of mental health and behavioral disorders
7, 8, 9
17.
Procedures for using assessment results for referral and consultation
7
Note. The parts of the CACREP Standards that are reproducted in this publication represent only selected parts of the 2024 CACREP Standards. This inclusion of the CACREP Standards reproduced is in no way intended to imply CACREP endorsement or approval of this work and that use of the seventh edition of Assessment in Counseling as a teaching tool does not establish or connote compliance with CACREP Standards for purposes of determining CACREP accreditation of any education program.
Acknowledgments
I thank Carolyn Baker, American Counseling Association (ACA) publisher, for her support and responsiveness throughout the writing and production process. I am also grateful for the work of Bonny Gaston, senior production manager, and the other ACA staff members who made this edition possible.
I appreciate the contributions of Albert B. Hood and Richard W. Johnson to the practice of psychological assessment in general and as authors of the first four editions of this text. The counseling profession has certainly been influenced by their countless achievements in research and practice, and I have been humbled to build on their work in the last three editions.
Finally, I am thankful for my students and mentors in the assessment world who remind me every day of the important role of assessment.
About the Author
Danica G. Hays, PhD, is a professor and dean in the College of Education at the University of Nevada–Las Vegas. She earned a PhD in counselor education and supervision, with an emphasis in multicultural research, from Georgia State University. She has published more than 130 journal articles and book chapters in her areas of research expertise, which include assessment and diagnosis, research methodology and program evaluation, leadership development, domestic violence prevention, and multicultural and social justice issues in community mental health and counselor preparation.
In addition to authoring the last three editions of this book, Dr. Hays coauthored Qualitative Research in Education and Social Sciences (2nd ed.; Cognella), Counseling Theory and Practice (3rd ed.; Cognella), and Mastering the NCE and CPCE (3rd ed.; Pearson). In addition, she is coeditor of Developing Multicultural Counseling Competency: A Systems Approach (4th ed.; Pearson) and is associate and content editor of the ACA Encyclopedia of Counseling (1st ed.; American Counseling Association [ACA]), A Counselor’s Guide to Career Assessment Instruments (6th ed.; National Career Development Association), and Corona Chronicles (two volumes; Dio Press).
Dr. Hays has extensive leadership history in the Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC) and the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES), including serving as AARC president, AARC founding journal editor for Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, ACES journal editor for Counselor Education and Supervision, and president of an ACES region. She is an ACA fellow and the recipient of numerous awards, including the ACES Legacy Award; the AARC Patricia B. Elmore Excellence in Measurement and Evaluation and President’s Special Merit awards; and the ACA Outstanding Research, Outstanding Counselor Educator Advocacy, Extended Research, and Glen E. Hubele National Graduate Student awards.
