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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Embrace neurodiversity and foster understanding
Autism For Dummies is a comprehensive guide exploring the full spectrum of autism experiences. This essential resource deepens understanding for self-advocates, parents, educators, and professionals, fostering respect and acceptance for all individuals on the autism spectrum. Covering the basics of autism, including the latest research and diagnostic criteria, the book offers insights into neurological diversity. It acknowledges the vastly different abilities and support needs among autistic individuals, portraying these experiences with depth and empathy.
The book addresses families' and caregivers' experiences, offering candid testimonials and practical advice on advocating for resources, fostering supportive communities, and ensuring the best outcomes for their children. Autism For Dummies bridges polarized views within the autism community, highlighting self-advocates' calls for independence and parents' need for comprehensive support.
Through respectful dialogue and shared stories, the book encourages an enlightened approach to support and acceptance and provides practical strategies for inclusion, covering tools for communities, schools, and workplaces to become more accommodating and empowering.
The book:
- Explains the varied support needs of autistic individuals, from extensive daily support to minimal assistance
- Offers strategies for caregivers supporting children and adults with autism
- Includes candid testimonials and practical advice from real families on how to advocate for appropriate resources and foster supportive environments
- Provides tools for inclusive communities, schools, and workplaces
With its compassionate and inclusive approach, Autism For Dummies educates and inspires broader understanding and acceptance, calling on readers to help create a society where every autistic individual can thrive.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025
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Autism For Dummies®
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: Understanding Autism
Chapter 1: What Is Autism?
Understanding Neurodiversity
Expanding Our Understanding of Autism
Being an Autistic Person
Understanding How Autism Develops
Clarifying What Doesn’t Cause Autism
Exploring the Autistic Brain
Understanding Related Conditions
Talking about Autism
Chapter 2: Someone You Know Is Autistic
Recognizing Autism’s History
Appreciating Autism’s Benefits
Chapter 3: Diagnosing Autism
Understanding the Diagnostic Process
Understanding Diagnostic Criteria
Understanding Assessment Methods
Benefiting from Early Diagnosis
Addressing Diagnostic Barriers
When a Diagnosis Isn’t Possible
Chapter 4: Understanding Autistic Traits
Understanding Spectrum Conditions
Appreciating Autistic Traits
How the Autistic Brain Thinks
How the Autistic Brain Uses Focus
How the Autistic Brain Organizes Thoughts
How the Autistic Brain Uses Senses
How the Autistic Brain Feels Emotions
How the Autistic Brain Communicates
How the Autistic Brain Socializes
How Autistic Bodies Respond
Part 2: Raising Autistic Kids
Chapter 5: Understanding and Being Understood
Exploring Autistic Communication
Recognizing Early Signs of Differences
Supporting Autistic Communication
Helping Your Child Communicate
Exploring Strategies for Growth
Chapter 6: Understanding Sensory Experiences
Understanding Sensory Differences
Supporting Sensory Differences
Practicing Effective Strategies
Building Sensory Awareness
Chapter 7: Responding to Behavior and Stress
Understanding Behavior and Stress
Coping with Meltdowns
Coping with Shutdowns
Addressing Wandering
Dealing with Social Isolation
Chapter 8: Raising Kids with Complex Needs
Embracing the Journey
Developing Daily Living Skills
Navigating the School System
Ensuring Health and Medical Care
Self-Care for Parents and Caregivers
Planning for the Future
Part 3: Supporting the Growth of Autistic Kids
Chapter 9: Growing Cognitive Skills
Supporting How Autistic Kids Think
Improving Executive Functioning
Enhancing Problem-Solving Skills
Fostering Creative and Abstract Thinking
Using Technology and Multimedia
Chapter 10: Navigating the School System
Understanding How Your Child Learns
Navigating Educational Approaches
Navigating Educational Services
Seeking Support
Chapter 11: Helping Autistic Children Socialize
Supporting Autistic Socialization
Facilitating Social Interaction
Encouraging Self-Advocacy
Chapter 12: Empowering Autistic Teens
Understanding Your Teenager
Nurturing Emotional Growth
Fostering Social Growth
Guiding Your Teen into Adulthood
Teaching Life Skills
Part 4: Thriving as an Autistic Adult
Chapter 13: Empowering Yourself
Developing Self-Awareness
Exploring Your Autistic Identity
Embracing Your Total Identity
Understanding Yourself as Normal
Developing Self-Acceptance
Exercising Self-Advocacy
Nurturing Your Health and Wellness
Chapter 14: Navigating Higher Education
Understanding Your Options
Choosing the Right Path
Accessing Support
Chapter 15: Finding Work and Growing Your Career
Landing a Good Job
Thriving in Your Job
Securing Supported Employment
Advancing Your Career
Chapter 16: Nurturing Relationships
Key Things for Healthy Relationships
Navigating Family Dynamics
Building Friendships
Navigating Romantic Relationships
Navigating Sexual Relationships
Participating In Community Life
Part 5: Empowering Autistic Individuals
Chapter 17: Universal Principles for Empowerment
Shifting Our Perspective
Adopting an Empowering Mindset
A Civic and Spiritual Calling
Encouraging Autistic Inclusion
Chapter 18: How Service Providers Can Empower Autistic People
Adopting Core Service Principles
Providing Effective Services
Empowering as Medical Professionals
Empowering as Therapists
Chapter 19: How Educators Can Empower Autistic People
Creating an Inclusive Classroom
Working with Parents and Caregivers
Using Strategies by Educational Level
Becoming a Better Educator
Chapter 20: How the Workplace Can Empower Autistic Individuals
Understanding Autistic Employees
Understanding Accommodations
Creating an Inclusive Workplace
Part 6: Building an Autism-Inclusive Future
Chapter 21: Working Together for a Better Future
Moving Forward Together in Unity
Bridging Perspectives and Experiences
Collaborating Effectively
Building Alliances
Chapter 22: Turning Vision into Reality
Shaping Public Policy
Ensuring Accurate News Reporting
Portraying Autism in Creative Media
Modernizing Autism Research
Building Effective Accommodations
Chapter 23: Voices from the Spectrum
Centering Autistic Voices
Respecting Complex Needs
Listening to Nonspeaking Voices
Amplifying Voices of Color
Parenting Autistic Kids
Living as an Autistic Adult
Part 7: The Part of Tens
Chapter 24: Ten Key Concepts About Autism
Autism Is a Natural Part of Life
Every Autistic Person Is Unique
Acceptance Is Better Than “Fitting In”
Communication Can Happen Through Various Means
Socialization May Look Different
Autistic People Think in Unique Ways
Sensory Experiences Can Be Vivid
Intense Interests Are Strengths
Stimming Is Normal and Important
Routine and Predictability Are Comforting
Chapter 25: Ten Ways to Help Autistic People Thrive
Embrace Neurodiversity
Understand Autistic People as Normal
Center Autistic Voices
Practice Compassionate Curiosity
Provide Clear and Consistent Support
Foster Independence
Reduce Barriers That People Face
Include Autistic People in Activities
Respect Boundaries
Provide Tools for Self-Advocacy
Index
About the Authors
Connect with Dummies
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Begin Reading
Index
About the Authors
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Autism For Dummies®
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com
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Published simultaneously in Canada
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Foreword: Unique Journeys, Common Ground
Autism isn’t a single experience. While a common thread connects each autistic journey, it shapes each person differently. We are both autistic, but our lives have been very different.
One of us grew up at a time when almost no one understood autism. There were no books, no online communities, and few resources for families. Figuring things out meant trial and error — learning firsthand what worked and what didn’t. The other grew up in a world shaped by those who came before — where autism was better understood, families had more information, and autistic voices were finally being heard, thanks to those who pushed for awareness, acceptance, and support.
Our experiences may differ, but we both know what it’s like to navigate a world that isn’t always built for us. We’ve both faced challenges, found strengths, and learned the importance of support. It’s why we share the same goal: a world that values and includes autistic people.
Dr. Temple Grandin
Today, I am a distinguished professor at Colorado State University, but as a child, I had no speech until the age of four. Loud sounds — like school bells — felt like a dentist’s drill hitting a nerve. Fortunately, I had an excellent early education program that started at two and a half, focusing on speech, patience, and daily living skills like brushing teeth and using utensils. No one forced eye contact — that would have been overwhelming. Therapy should help a child progress, not cause distress. There are plenty of debates about the best approaches, but starting early makes a difference.
Autism specialists agree that early support is important for all autistic children. For those like me who don’t speak at the typical age, it can be an early sign that leads to support. But it’s just as important to pay attention to the needs of kids who do speak on time because early understanding and accommodations help all autistic kids grow and succeed.
When I grew up in the 1950s, my family had structured routines, with three sit-down meals a day. If I forgot to say thank you, my mother reminded me. After lunch, I was allowed to stim, twirling objects in my room for an hour. My mother also encouraged my artistic ability, which later shaped my career. I spent hours drawing, tinkering, and building kites, figuring out through trial and error how to make them fly better. Being allowed to experiment — and make mistakes — helped me learn.
Adolescence was much harder. I was bullied, called names, and had no motivation to study. Eventually, I was expelled for throwing a book at a girl who bullied me. That turned out to be a pivotal moment: I was sent to a special school where I cleaned horse stalls and cared for horses. The work gave me structure and purpose, but I was still an unmotivated student until a science teacher finally got through to me. A good teacher makes all the difference. The best ones are gently insistent and know how to engage a child, and he did exactly that. He made learning exciting, showing me that studying was the key to becoming a scientist. That gave me a reason to care, and my motivation changed overnight.
By the time I graduated college, I had strong work experience. I interned in a research lab, worked as an aide for an autistic child, and spent summers on my aunt’s ranch, building gates and leading trail rides. Hands-on learning shaped the skills that defined my career. In designing cattle handling facilities, I’ve collaborated with talented metalworkers — two almost certainly autistic. Their inventions are still in use today.
Having an interesting career has made my life fulfilling. I am what I do. I’ve replaced emotional complexity with intellectual complexity — I find it fascinating to figure out how to build things. I’ve always been more drawn to solving mechanical problems than navigating social ones. I’ve also seen how much autistic people vary in their social priorities. Some focus on relationships, while others, like me, are more invested in their work.
The most successful careers come from building on an autistic person’s natural strengths. The autistic brain is often great at one type of skill while struggling with another, and that’s okay. The key is to focus on strengths.
As I point out in my book Visual Thinking, some autistic people, like me, think in photo-realistic images, which makes them great at art, design, and mechanical problem-solving but not so much at abstract math. Others think in patterns and excel in math and music. Meanwhile, other autistic thinkers are great at memorizing facts about their favorite subjects and can thrive in jobs that require deep knowledge, like specialized retail.
I emphasize these differences because developing strengths made my life fulfilling, and I want other autistics to have the same chance to build meaningful, satisfying lives.
Hari Srinivasan
I’m awestruck to coauthor this foreword with Dr. Temple Grandin, a trailblazer who shattered expectations and paved the way for many, including myself. Now, on my PhD journey in neuroscience, I’m walking a path that once felt unimaginable. It still feels surreal.
I am autistic with limited spoken communication (though improving — proof that learning isn’t just for childhood), ADHD, sensorimotor processing issues, OCD, social anxiety, and co-occurring health challenges. Navigating my body feels like driving with a loose steering wheel — a constant battle between intention and execution. This unease fuels anxiety, avoidance, and social isolation.
Autism brings unique ways of thinking, perceiving, and innovating but also real obstacles. That’s why I believe in a dual opportunities-solutions approach: creating opportunities that build on strengths while also addressing challenges. This means providing individualized support (therapy, education, and addressing needs) alongside external changes (accommodations, environmental modifications, and shifts in attitudes).
Education became my door to opportunity. UC Berkeley and Vanderbilt gave me structure, meaning, and growth, allowing me to stay curious and engaged. Now, as an autistic neuroscientist researching sensorimotor systems, I get to contribute to both knowledge and solutions.
The solutions side of the approach is just as critical. Much of my childhood was spent in grueling 40-hour therapy weeks with little meaningful return for the effort involved. Instead of forcing autistics into standardized programs, support must fit the individual. A wider range of approaches is needed to address communication barriers, sensory distress, and health challenges. Without real solutions, many autistics with higher support needs will remain stuck at the threshold of opportunity.
Dr. Grandin and I were shaped by different worlds: She grew up when autism was little known, while I grew up in a time when it became an everyday word. Yet despite growing awareness, our understanding is still incomplete. When I was diagnosed at three, only six children were identified as autistic in my school district; within a few years, that number grew to hundreds.
Just as Dr. Grandin highlights the power of early support and structured opportunities in unlocking autistic potential, it’s equally important to recognize that not every autistic person benefits from the same approach. Too often, systems assume early struggles mean lifelong limitations, reducing the future to basic care instead of meaningful development. But people learn in different ways, and growth is possible at any age — which is why support must be flexible, informed by the full range of autistic experiences, and available throughout life.
I don’t have to love every part of my autism to appreciate how it shapes me — and that’s okay. Autism is both an ability and a disability, a strength and a challenge. This book understands that autism isn’t a singular experience and offers practical tools to support people in ways that truly meet their individual needs. Because within the vast range of autistic experiences, there lies endless possibility.
Why This Book Matters
As our own lives demonstrate, there’s no single way to be autistic, just as there is no single way to support autistic people. But one thing is clear: With understanding, acceptance, and the right support, autistic people can thrive. That’s why this book is an essential resource for anyone looking to better understand autism. It offers tools, insights, and practical advice — whether you’re autistic, a parent, a teacher, or an ally.
This book isn’t about labels or fitting autism into a box. It’s about real understanding and strategies that make a difference in daily life. Whether you’re supporting an autistic person or simply trying to learn, you’ll find useful tools, new perspectives, and maybe even some surprises. Keep reading, stay curious, and get ready to see autism in a broader light.
Introduction
If you’re here, you likely have big questions. Maybe you’re wondering what autism really is or whether it applies to you or someone you know. If you’re a parent, you might be searching for ways to best support your autistic child. If you’re a friend, spouse, teacher, or coworker of an autistic person, you may be hoping to understand their perspective more deeply.
Curiosity, uncertainty, and even apprehension are natural when trying to understand something as vast as the human mind. After all, we’re explorers of our own consciousness, yet no one hands us a map at birth. That’s why this book exists.
This is your guide to autism — its wonders, its challenges, and the vast spectrum of human thought. In this book, we cut through jargon and outdated ideas, offering clear explanations, practical insights, and perspectives from autistic people, experts, and families.
Autistic people have always been part of the human story. But for much of history, the assumption has been that every mind worked in the same way. Only recently have we begun to grasp the complexity of the human brain — and with it, the many ways people think, feel, and engage with the universe.
So, let’s begin. Find a comfortable place, take a deep breath, and get ready to explore the vast and fascinating landscape of the autistic experience.
About This Book
You are here because you are curious — because you want to understand autism — for yourself or someone you love or simply to see the world more clearly. That curiosity is a remarkable thing. It is the foundation of discovery, empathy, and connection. And that is exactly what this book is about.
Autism is not a distant concept. It’s woven into the human experience. It shapes how people think, communicate, and interact with the world. It’s not something to fix or fear but something to understand. And when we understand, we see more. We see the brilliance in different ways of thinking, the challenges imposed by a world not built for every mind, and the importance of acceptance.
This isn’t a textbook. It’s not a lecture. It’s a conversation. We will cut through unnecessary complexity, set aside outdated ideas, and focus on what really matters: the experiences of autistic people, the science that explains them, and the practical insights that make a difference in daily life.
Whether you’re autistic, a parent, a friend, or someone simply seeking knowledge, you’re not alone. The search for clarity, for understanding, for connection — it has brought you here. And that’s a wonderful place to begin.
Foolish Assumptions
None of us are dummies. You’re here because you want a clear, honest understanding of autism — free from stereotypes and misconceptions. We won’t talk down to you, and we ask you to approach this book with curiosity and an open mind. Be ready to rethink what you’ve been told, question long-held beliefs, and consider how you can help build a world that better includes and supports autistic people and their families.
That brings us to assumptions. We all make them, often without realizing it. Some are harmless, but others get in the way of real understanding. Maybe you’ve heard that autism is only about social struggles or that autistic people don’t feel emotions deeply. Perhaps you’ve been told that all autistic people are either brilliant or incapable, or that autism is something to “overcome.” These ideas are common, but they do not reflect reality.
If you’re autistic, your brain isn’t broken. It’s not less than, and it’s not more than. It simply is. The same is true for every brain. Autism is not a flaw to fix, nor is it a mysterious superpower. It’s a natural way of experiencing the world. Different doesn’t mean better or worse; it just means different.
Autistic people exist in every walk of life — thinking, creating, and contributing in ways that shape the world. Their experiences are as vast and varied as the universe itself. They’re not puzzles to solve. They’re human — fully, wonderfully human.
In this book, we help you understand the beautiful complexity of the autistic experience, recognize the strengths that come with autism, and see autistic people and their families as ordinary, valued, and deserving of support — just like everyone else. But it would be foolish to assume that this means dismissing the difficulties that often come with navigating a world that isn’t built for autistic people.
At the same time, no single book can capture every autistic experience. Autism is different and unique for each person, and the information here won’t apply to everyone in the same way. What works well for one autistic person or family may not work for another. Keep that in mind as you read and remember that the best way to understand autism is to listen to autistic people themselves.
Being autistic in our world today presents many challenges. For many, this can be incredibly tough. But if you’re not autistic, ask yourself what makes life difficult for you? Whatever it is, those struggles don’t make you any less worthy of respect.
Being alive means facing difficulties, but also having strengths, perspectives, and experiences that matter. We are more than our challenges; we are our ideas, passions, and the connections we build. We are human. And so are autistic people.
Autism does not make a person less capable, less worthy, or less human. Just as your challenges don’t define your worth, neither do theirs. By understanding autism — not as something to fix, but as a natural and meaningful part of life — we move closer to seeing one another with the clarity and respect we all deserve.
Icons Used in This Book
Throughout the book, we have used a set of icons in the margins to highlight the most critical things we want you to take away.
When you see this icon, you know that the information that follows is important enough to read twice! Information in these paragraphs is often conceptual.
This icon indicates practical information that often translates key concepts into actionable advice.
This icon highlights information that could be detrimental to your understanding and actions if you ignore it. We don’t use this one much, so pay attention when we do.
Beyond the Book
One of the biggest things we hear from autistic people and their families is the need for more resources. That’s exactly why this book exists — it’s your foundation for understanding autism, supporting autistic people, and finding the tools that work best for you. It gives you the core knowledge and strategies you need, but there’s always more to explore.
For quick tips and key takeaways, check out the Cheat Sheet, which you can find by searching for Autism For Dummies Cheat Sheet atwww.dummies.com. To help you go even further, we’ve put together Neurodiversity Resources, a carefully curated collection of resources, tools, information, and community connections designed to help you navigate challenges, access support, and find what works best for you. You can find it online at www.pivotdiversity.com/resources.
Where to Go from Here
You don’t have to read this book cover to cover like a novel. Think of it as a buffet: pick and choose what interests you most. Start by skimming the table of contents and jumping to the chapters that catch your eye.
Short on time? Head to any chapter that interests you — or to Part 7, where we’ve rounded up key takeaways and tips for quick reference. New to the topic of autism? Start at the beginning for a solid foundation before diving into the rest.
However you choose to read, we hope this book helps you see that the world — and the people in it — is even more varied, complex, and fascinating than you might have imagined.
Part 1
Understanding Autism
IN THIS PART …
Understand autism as a lifelong journey and embrace the diversity of autistic experiences through a neurodiversity-affirming lens.
Reflect on autism as a neurotype and consider how cultural and social contexts shape perceptions of disability.
Familiarize yourself with the autism diagnosis process, including criteria, regional differences, and how to navigate barriers to access.
Explore the unique ways autistic individuals think, communicate, and experience the world to deepen your understanding and empathy.
Chapter 1
What Is Autism?
IN THIS CHAPTER
Exploring current understanding
Getting to know the autistic person
Examining how autism develops
Changing how we talk about autism
Autism is a natural way of thinking, experiencing the world, and connecting with others. It’s not a disease or a flaw — it’s just one of the many ways brains work. Autistic people often think, communicate, socialize, and respond to their surroundings in unique and meaningful ways.
Autism lasts a lifetime — you’re born with it and live with it through every stage of life. While an autistic person may face challenges, they also have amazing strengths, fresh ideas, and talents. No two autistic people are the same — just like no two other people are — but there are common experiences many autistic people share. Understanding what makes autistic people unique and what connects their experiences helps us support them better.
Science has taught us that autism isn’t something to “fix” or “cure.” It’s part of who a person is — and that’s a good thing! We’ve moved away from harmful approaches that tried to change autistic people into someone they’re not. Now, the focus is on understanding, accepting, and supporting autistic people with tools and resources that help them live happy, meaningful lives.
In this chapter, we explore the modern understanding of autism, the science behind it, and how autism shapes an individual. To fully understand autism, you need to know about neurodiversity — how variations in the human brain like autism, ADHD, and dyslexia are natural parts of human life.
Understanding Neurodiversity
For much of history, people assumed all brains worked the same way, and differences were seen as defects. This mindset led to harmful practices like forced institutionalization, discrimination, and attempts to “fix” those who didn’t conform. Entire groups were misunderstood and excluded, causing significant harm.
Thankfully, we’ve come a long way. We now understand that every brain is unique, like fingerprints, and that diverse ways of thinking are essential for a thriving society (see Chapter 2). These differences help us innovate and find solutions for problems — solutions not possible if everyone thought the same way.
“The world needs a neurodiverse workforce to help solve some of the big problems of our time,” wrote Virgin Group founder Richard Branson in a 2024 LinkedIn post. Branson, an advocate for neurodiversity, highlights how his dyslexic brain processes information uniquely, benefiting his ventures and society. He makes it clear: “neurodiversity should be embraced.”
Branson’s insight underscores that recognizing neurodiversity doesn’t just help individuals who think differently. It helps all of us.
Neurodiversity acknowledges both the challenges and strengths of different brain types. Both are normal parts of being human.
Organizing brains into neurotypes
Each of our brains is unique; we all process information and interact with the world differently. To make sense of this diversity, we categorize brains into groups, known as neurotypes.
Neurotypes are labels for clusters of brains that typically process information or respond to stimuli in similar ways. Examples include autism, ADHD, and dyslexia. These categories help us better understand the incredible variety of human brains.
Everyone has a neurotype — including you! People with brains that function like most others have a neurotypical neurotype, whereas those with different thinking styles — such as autism, ADHD, or dyslexia — have neurodivergent neurotypes. At least 20 percent of people are neurodivergent, which means these differences aren’t uncommon.
Neither neurotypical nor neurodivergent neurotypes are “broken”; they simply reflect different ways of experiencing and understanding the world.
Understanding autism as a neurotype
Autism is one of many neurotypes. Although every autistic person is different, they share many commonalities in their ways of thinking and experiencing the world, which shapes many aspects of their lives, including sensory processing, communication, socialization, and problem-solving. (See Chapter 4 for more.)
Autistic people have a neurotype that can’t — and shouldn’t — be “fixed.” Embracing this fact shifts the focus from trying to change autistic people to understanding what everyone — including autistic people — needs to thrive.
Expanding Our Understanding of Autism
Autism has been recognized for decades, but our understanding has grown significantly in recent years. Let’s explore the ways scientific perspectives have shifted, the latest statistics, and the positive sign of progress indicated by the rising number of autism diagnoses.
Our evolving knowledge
Not long ago, autism was deeply misunderstood. It was thought to be rare and defined by rigid, stereotypical behaviors, often described in terms of “deficits” rather than acknowledging strengths and individuality. Early researchers focused on a narrow demographic, recognizing only a limited set of traits, which excluded many autistic people from being identified.
Families faced harmful blame, with myths like the “refrigerator mother” theory accusing parents of causing autism by being cold or unloving. These beliefs fueled stigma, isolation, and prejudice for autistic individuals and their families.
“Autism became a source of shame and stigma,” author Steve Silberman said at a 2015 TED conference. “And two generations were shipped off to institutions ‘for their own good.’”
Actor Daryl Hannah was nearly one of them. When she was diagnosed with autism as a child, doctors recommended institutionalizing her, but her mother refused and supported her at home. That decision allowed Hannah to grow up and star in iconic films like Blade Runner, Splash, Steel Magnolias, and Kill Bill.
Today, we know better. Autism isn’t rare and doesn’t fit a single mold. (No human does.) Every autistic person’s experiences, challenges, and strengths are unique.
Shifts in perspective and diagnosis
The way autism is diagnosed today reflects significant progress. Diagnoses now account for the wide variety of ways autism can present, recognizing a broader spectrum of traits and experiences. This shift allows more individuals to be identified and supported. (To discover more about the diagnostic process, turn to Chapter 3.)
Our current understanding of statistics
Worldwide, studies suggest that at least 1 percent to 2 percent of people are autistic, with U.S. statistics estimating about 1 in 36 individuals. But what truly matters isn’t the exact number; it’s how we use our understanding of autism to create a world where everyone can thrive.
These figures represent real people: neighbors, coworkers, family members, and friends. Recognizing autism’s diversity helps us build a society that supports and values autistic individuals.
Increasing diagnostic rates?
If you’ve heard that autism diagnoses are rising, you might wonder what that means. Is autism becoming more common? The short answer is no. The rise in diagnoses reflects improved diagnostic tools, expanded criteria, and greater awareness.
In the past, many autistic people — especially women and people of color — were overlooked due to outdated stereotypes. Today’s rising diagnostic rates signal progress, helping us recognize and support those who were previously excluded.
“I feel Black autistic women are just now being embraced because more Black women are starting to be diagnosed,” said children’s author Ayanna Davis in a 2024 interview with Learn from Autistic People. “For so long, Black women were being misdiagnosed, late diagnosed, or not diagnosed at all. As diagnoses become more common, I feel society will become more accepting.”
Autism isn’t “increasing”; our understanding is simply catching up. Rising diagnostic rates are a sign of progress, showing that more people — especially those once overlooked — are finally getting the recognition and support they need.
Being an Autistic Person
Every autistic person is, first and foremost, an individual. Autism is a part of who they are, but it is not all they are. Like anyone else, autistic people have preferences, talents, and experiences. Recognizing their individuality is crucial for making meaningful connections and providing the right support.
A lifelong experience
Autism isn’t something people outgrow — it’s a lifelong experience that shapes development, identity, and opportunities. From childhood to older adulthood, autistic individuals face unique challenges and triumphs at every stage of life.
Shortly after John, from our author team, turned 40, he joined a meditation session with a dozen other autistic people. After sitting quietly together, the group shared lunch and discussed life’s challenges. John, who was grappling with his milestone birthday, said, “I just turned 40, and I’m having a hard time processing it,” and looked to the group — most of whom were in their 60s — for advice.
“How did you deal with turning 40?” he asked. The room went quiet for a moment until one person laughed and said, “That was so long ago, I don’t remember!” The others nodded in agreement. It was a funny moment and a powerful reminder: Autistic people navigate challenges throughout their lives — not just in childhood.
“It’s no surprise that autistic kids grow up to be autistic adults,” says occupational therapist Meg Ferrell. “As professionals, educators, caregivers, and anyone supporting autistic individuals, we need to do a better job ensuring a smooth transition into adulthood — even if you primarily work with autistic kids.”
Autism is a lifelong journey. Supporting autistic individuals means recognizing their evolving needs and celebrating their growth at every stage of life.
Being autistic in a nonautistic world
Picture yourself landing on a planet designed for beings who think, communicate, and process the world in ways completely different from your own. The lights are too bright, the air smells strange, and everyone expects you to just “get it” without any instructions. That’s how autistic people often describe living in a society built around nonautistic norms.
Many aspects of daily life — like communication, social expectations, and sensory experiences — are designed around nonautistic people. This leaves autistic individuals navigating systems that often fail to meet their needs, which can lead to frustration, confusion, pain, lost opportunities, isolation, anxiety, and more.
Researchers are starting to catch up, too. Dr. Kyle Jasmin, writing in Psychology Today, described it this way: “Imagine living in a world where your natural way of being is constantly at odds with societal norms. This is a daily reality for many autistic individuals.”
Autistic individuals aren’t “wrong” for experiencing the world differently. It’s the world that wasn’t built with them in mind. The real challenge isn’t autism; it’s creating a society that embraces all ways of thinking and being.
Diversity of the autistic experience
Autism is incredibly diverse, with each autistic person experiencing it in their own way. From communication styles to support needs, no two autistic individuals are exactly alike. However, there is a common thread that connects these experiences — a unique way of seeing and interacting with the world.
Support needs vary (and that’s ok)
Some autistic individuals require significant assistance in daily life, whereas others may need very little. Support can take many forms, such as help with daily tasks, navigating social situations, managing sensory processing differences, or simply offering acceptance and understanding. These varying needs don’t make someone “less” autistic or less capable — they simply highlight that autism affects everyone differently.
Different ways of communicating
Communication is another key aspect of the autistic experience. Some autistic people communicate with spoken words (often referred to as “speaking”), while others may not use spoken words at all (“nonspeaking”).
Around 30 percent to 40 percent of autistic individuals are nonspeaking, but that doesn’t mean they have less to say. Many use alternative methods, such as communication devices or written communication, to express themselves. It’s also important to remember that an autistic person’s ability to speak can fluctuate. Stress, sensory overload, or emotional states can affect their ability to communicate with spoken words.
All forms of communication are valid, and every person’s voice — whether spoken or not — deserves to be heard.
The common autistic thread
Though autistic individuals may appear vastly different from each other, there’s a common thread running through their experiences. Autistic people perceive and interact with the world in ways uniquely their own, yet instantly recognizable to each other.
It’s helpful to think of France when reflecting on the autistic experience. With nearly 70 million French citizens, no two are exactly alike. A rural farmer in the heart of Bordeaux might have a life that seems worlds apart from an avant-garde fashion designer living in central Paris. Their lives, perspectives, and traits could be radically different. Yet, if they met, they’d instantly and unmistakenly understand and recognize each other as “French.”
Autistic people connect in remarkable ways to share information, support each other, and celebrate their shared experiences. Through online forums, in-person meetups, or creative expression like art and writing, these connections form the foundation of a vibrant autistic culture.
These connections also benefit families. By engaging with autistic adults, parents and caregivers can gain insights into their children’s experiences, find answers to their questions, and learn practical strategies for providing support.
Understanding autism as a disability
Autism is a disability, but it’s important to understand what that really means. A disability doesn’t make someone broken or less valuable. It means a person faces barriers because of how they experience and interact with the world. For autistic individuals, these barriers often impact their natural differences in communication, sensory processing, and social interactions.
“Prior to this year, I’ve never identified as autistic, let alone disabled,” wrote Rachel Burns in a 2024 piece for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “I now see that I have always faced and will always face challenges incomprehensible to most.”
Disability is about barriers, not limitations
People often misunderstand disability. The issue isn’t that a person is less capable. It’s that society is set up to exclude people who think or experience the world differently. Those differences become a disability when environments, systems, or attitudes don’t accommodate them.
When people think about disability, they often focus on impairments — specific limitations in how someone manages daily tasks, like poor eyesight, difficulty hearing, or a heart condition that limits physical activity. But the truth is, we all experience impairments at some point. If you’ve ever been sick, had a broken bone, felt too depressed to see friends, or been too grieved to focus on work, you’ve dealt with impairments that made everyday tasks harder.
What disables someone?
Disability isn’t about the impairment itself; it’s about how the world responds to it. For example, a person missing a leg who uses a wheelchair isn’t disabled unless they face barriers, like buildings without ramps or inaccessible public transportation, that prevent full participation in daily life.
For autistic individuals, differences in communication or sensory processing become disabilities when they aren’t accommodated. An autistic person who doesn’t communicate with spoken words but who has access to a communication device isn’t inherently disabled because they can express themselves fully. Similarly, sensory processing differences can often be accommodated with adjustments like noise-canceling headphones or access to quiet spaces.
When accommodations are in place, impairments and differences don’t have to become disabilities. Autism is experienced as a disability when society fails to accommodate its differences.
Fortunately, things are changing. Schools, workplaces, and communities are expanding communication supports, creating sensory-friendly spaces, and offering tools to assist autistic ways of thinking and processing information.
The most powerful accommodations of all are acceptance and understanding. These aren’t just necessary for autistic people — their families need it too. Parents and caregivers often face the same stigma and lack of support and benefit from inclusive changes as much as autistic individuals do.
Understanding autism as a developmental disability
A developmental disability is an experience that begins in childhood and affects how someone grows, learns, or navigates daily life. These differences become disabilities when our world does not accommodate them. Autism, Down syndrome, and intellectual disabilities are examples of developmental disabilities.
Although autism is a developmental disability, it isn’t an intellectual disability. Intellectual disabilities affect how a person thinks, reasons, or learns compared to others their age. Autism, on the other hand, primarily shapes communication, social interaction, sensory experiences, and how information is processed.
Many autistic people have average or above-average intelligence and may excel in areas like memory or pattern recognition. However, because autism affects how the brain processes information, tasks like problem-solving, understanding social cues, or organizing thoughts can be challenging. These difficulties are related to how the brain handles information rather than a lack of intelligence.
It’s estimated that around 30 percent of autistic individuals also have an intellectual disability. This rate was once thought to be as high as 70 percent, but it has declined over time as more autistic people without intellectual disabilities are diagnosed. This doesn’t make them any less deserving of respect or less normal. Autistic people, including those with intellectual disabilities, should be recognized for their full selves — not just their challenges.
Many autistic individuals with intellectual disabilities find meaningful ways to work, volunteer, socialize, and even take leadership roles in their communities. However, it’s equally important to value those who may not work. Every person deserves respect, dignity, and opportunities to live a fulfilling life.
Understanding How Autism Develops
If you were to ask what causes autism, the honest answer would be, “We don’t know.” The truth is, we may never know — and that’s okay! Autism is a natural variation in how the brain develops and functions, shaped by genetics and other factors.
There are many things we don’t fully understand but still value and appreciate. For instance, we don’t know all the details of how the pyramids were built, the cultural motivations behind why Stonehenge aligns as it does, or why left-handed people exist. Even the sun’s full complexities in sustaining life are not fully known. Yet these unknowns don’t diminish their significance. Similarly, not fully understanding autism doesn’t lessen the value of autistic people.
Trying to understand autism solely by studying genes or biology is like experiencing the Eiffel Tower solely through blueprints, admiring a beautiful car only by studying engineering schematics, or appreciating a symphony just by learning about which model of printer and brand of ink is used to produce its sheet music. Fascinating details — but autism and autistic people are so much more than that!
How genes shape autism
Genes play a major role in shaping traits related to autism. These segments of DNA act as the body’s instruction manual, guiding how cells grow, develop, and function. While genes don’t determine everything about a person, they heavily influence how the brain and body develop, shaping traits and the ways we interact with the world.
Each gene has a specific role. Some influence how we process sensory information, others guide brain development, and some help cells communicate. However, not all genes act the same way — some are always active, whereas others switch on and off depending on the body’s needs. Tools within the body control when genes activate, how strongly they act, and how they interact with one another.
No two people have genes that function exactly the same way, creating the genetic diversity among humans that makes each of us unique. Some of these differences shape how the autistic brain develops and functions, contributing to the wide range of traits and experiences seen among autistic individuals. (Read more on that in Chapter 4.)
Because we inherit half our genetic material from each parent, family members often share traits that may influence autism. Parents discovering their own neurodivergence after their child’s diagnosis is not uncommon.
Khushboo, from our author team, shares, “When we train companies on neurodiversity, people often pull me aside afterward and share how their child’s autism diagnosis made them realize they might be autistic too. Many seek their own assessment and finally gain the understanding and support they’ve needed.”
Journalist Nina Hossain shared a similar experience in 2024 in an interview with The Times of London. Diagnosed with autism at 50, she realized her neurodivergence while her 16-year-old daughter was being assessed. “Sitting there answering questions about her, my husband and I just kept looking at each other,” she said. “As soon as we had a break, we both said at the same time that all those things seem to apply to me as well.”
Genetic complexity
Autism is an example of genetic complexity, where many genes interact in complex and sometimes unpredictable ways to shape traits. Scientists have identified hundreds of genes associated with autism, each playing a small role in shaping autistic traits.
Dr. Sue Fletcher-Watson explains it this way during an episode of the Stories of Autism podcast: “The genetic contribution to autism is much more like the genetic contribution to height. It’s not like you have a tall gene or a short gene. You have many interacting genes that combine to make you taller or shorter.”
This complexity is why autism presents differently in each person. While all humans share the same set of genes, tiny variations in DNA sequences account for the wide diversity among people — and the uniqueness of every autistic individual.
These differences arise from genetic variations (inherited differences), genetic mechanisms (how genes work), genetic mutations (random changes), as well as biological influences and other factors. Each plays a role in shaping how autism is expressed in different people.
The way genes shape traits in autism is an ongoing area of study. It’s known that hundreds of genes are associated with autism, though each may contribute a small part to the overall traits and experiences. The complex interactions between these genes lead to the variability seen in autistic traits.
Genetic variations
Autism is also influenced by genetic variations, natural differences in DNA we inherit from our parents that contribute to individual traits — including autistic traits. These variations explain traits like eye color, hair texture, and blood type. They also account for quirks like why some people have dimples, can roll their tongues, tolerate spicy foods easily, think cilantro tastes like soap, and are early birds or night owls.
Because we inherit half of our genetic material from each parent, these variations help explain why family members share certain traits while remaining distinct from one another. Each parent passes down half of their DNA to each child, but those halves are shuffled uniquely. For example, even within the same family, siblings may look or act differently despite sharing many genetic traits. This happens because siblings inherit different combinations of genetic variations from their parents.
To better understand how genetic variations play a role in autism, here are the main types to consider:
Common variants:
These genetic differences are shared by many people and usually have small, subtle effects on traits. However, when many common variations combine and interact (a process called polygenic interaction), they can subtly shape autistic traits.
Rare variants:
These less common variations often have a stronger influence on specific traits. For instance, rare differences in genes like CHD8 or SCN2A may affect neural connections and sensory processing, contributing to autistic traits like sensory sensitivities or social differences.
Copy number variations (CNVs):
These involve sections of DNA being duplicated or missing. Common CNVs are typically not strongly linked to autism, but rare CNVs in genes like NRXN1 and SHANK3 — which are tied to brain development and information processing — are more strongly associated. These rare CNVs can shape autistic traits in communication, sensory experiences, and social interactions.
Every human inherits genetic variations, which are passed down through generations. Because genetic variations associated with autism are found in populations across the globe, this lets us know that autistic traits have been a naturally occurring part of the human experience for tens of thousands of years.
Genetic mechanisms
To understand the genetic contributions to autism, you need some understanding of genetic mechanisms — the tools that control how, when, and where genes influence human traits. Think of genes as instruction manuals in your cells, with genetic mechanisms acting like editors that modify the code (gene mutations), on/off switches (gene expression), volume dials (gene regulation), and coordinators (gene interactions). These mechanisms shape how people grow, develop, and adapt to change — and they play an important role in autism.
Gene mutation: modifying the code
Unlike genetic variations, which are traits passed down through generations, genetic mutations are new changes in DNA. Some happen randomly in a person, while others can be inherited if they first appear in a parent's reproductive cells. These mutations occur naturally during cell division, DNA replication, or, in some cases, from exposures like radiation or chemicals.
Now, before you imagine yourself joining the X-Men, know this: everyone experiences genetic mutations. Most are minor and harmless, with no noticeable effect on how the body works. These changes are a normal part of genetic diversity.
While some mutations are inherited from parents, de novo mutations occur for the first time in an individual. Certain de novo mutations have been strongly linked to autism, particularly in genes like DYRK1A, CHD8, and SCN2A, which are involved in brain development and communication.
Although de novo mutations are unique to each individual, similar mutations can occur in the same genes across unrelated people, leading to shared autistic traits. This happens because certain genes involved in brain development have higher mutation rates, partly due to their complexity and frequent activity during cell division. These mutations are a natural part of genetic diversity and don’t “cause” autism but contribute to how a particular autistic person’s autistic traits are expressed.
These mutations aren’t inherently “good” or “bad.” They’re simply variations in the genetic code that shape each person’s unique traits. Autism isn’t caused by a single mutation but by a mix of genetic influences that contribute to how each autistic person experiences the world.
Gene expression: switching genes on or off
Genes don’t work automatically; they rely on signals to activate. Human DNA contains thousands of genes, but you don’t use all of them all the time. Some genes are evolutionary leftovers, like the one for making vitamin C, which you no longer need because you get enough from food. Others lie dormant, ready to activate when needed — for example, to repair damaged DNA, heal injuries, or help the body adapt to extreme conditions.
When a dormant gene is “switched on,” it undergoes gene expression and produces the proteins needed for specific tasks. Through a process called alternative splicing, RNA (which carries genetic instructions) is edited and rearranged to create exactly the right protein for the job. This flexibility allows one gene to produce multiple proteins, adapting to the body’s needs.
In autistic individuals, researchers have found unique patterns of gene expression. Some genes are overexpressed (more active), whereas others are underexpressed (less active), particularly in brain regions linked to social interaction, communication, and sensory processing. These differences aren’t harmful but reflect how the autistic brain works.
Here are a few examples:
NRXN1:
A gene that helps brain cells send signals to each other. Some research suggests it’s less active in some autistic people, which may influence brain networks involved in social interaction.
CNTNAP2:
A gene supporting language networks. Reduced activity might shape communication differences.
SHANK3:
A gene supporting synapse function. Overexpression may contribute to sensory sensitivities.
Overexpressed or underexpressed genes aren’t inherently bad. It’s like when you adjust a faucet and turn it up or down depending on what you need. While science hasn’t yet fully determined why these patterns occur, it has uncovered that they play a key role in shaping how the autistic brain develops and functions.
Gene regulation: turning the volume up or down
Once a gene is activated, gene regulation controls how much activity occurs. Think of gene expression as a light switch (on or off) and gene regulation as the dimmer switch that determines brightness. This ensures the right amount of protein is produced, based on what the body needs.
Gene regulation helps explain why seemingly unrelated traits often appear together. This “volume control” keeps things efficient, allowing multiple traits to share the same regulatory pathway. It’s like using one remote to control several devices, so the body doesn’t need separate systems for every detail. These byproducts happen because shared pathways regulate multiple traits, and the overall adaptability this brings is usually worth it.
For instance, in humans, red hair and freckles frequently co-occur because they are influenced by the same regulatory pathway. When the activity of the MC1R gene, which controls pigment production, is “dialed down,” both traits tend to appear — even if there is no reason for them to.
Another example is in dogs. Genetically, all dogs (even pugs and chihuahuas) share a nearly identical set of genes as wolves, but differences in gene regulation cause traits to diverge and appear differently.
As wolves adapted to living near humans, certain genes in some wolves were “dialed” toward traits like tameness. Because unrelated traits like floppy ears and waggy tails shared the same regulatory pathways, they began to appear together. There’s no inherent reason for floppy ears and tameness to be linked (just like red hair and freckles), but sharing the same “dial” means they often show up together. Similarly, in autistic people, certain traits may frequently appear together because they are influenced by shared gene regulation.
This “volume control” is powerful. It lets our DNA direct stem cells to become skin or brain cells, depending on the needs of the body. In autism, gene regulation plays a crucial role. For instance, genes like SHANK3 and FOXP2, involved in brain development and communication, may be “dialed” differently in autistic people.
This is still an active area of research, and while gene regulation provides insights, researchers are still uncovering the full picture.
Gene mediation: coordinating it all
If gene expression is a switch and gene regulation a dimmer, gene mediation is like the project manager, coordinating how genes and traits interact. Gene mediation also integrates environmental factors like diet, social experiences, and stress with genetic activity to shape unique traits.
In autism, mediation might explain how traits cluster. Here are some examples:
Pleiotropy:
One gene influences multiple traits, such as a gene that affects both neuron connections and sensory processing.
Epistasis:
