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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Ratgeber
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
Balance in Healthcare is an easy to understand guide to maintaining a balanced medium of activities for healthy living. The book points out key aspects of balance in living a healthy life, and gives information on toxic lifestyle elements that can cause imbalance. These aspects include lifestyle, diet, family relationships, spirituality, the immune system, the endocannabinoid system, the antioxidant system and the concept of energy balance in the human body. The contents are expressed in a simple way, while delving into the relevant scientific explanations and also place an emphasis on the positive aspects of relationships and spirituality. Balance in Healthcare therefore, serves as a simple detoxification reference to readers from all walks of life, enabling anyone to understand and relearn the traditional concept of balance from a scientific angle so that they can achieve their highest potential when making choices for their mental and physical well-being.
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PREFACE
Due to the importance of oxygen to conserve and maintain the life of organisms on earth, it is imperative to be conscious of the need for knowledge about this element, its physical, chemical and physicochemical properties, metabolism, and everything related to its behavior and its relationship with living organisms in different ecosystems and environments. Similarly, it is vital to know the causes and serious consequences caused by the incorrect management of natural resources on the levels and quality of this element in the biosphere.
This book presents and analyses evidence of the high enzymatic reactivity of reactive oxygen species, their production sources, chemical formation mechanisms, enzymatic oxidation, reaction centers, mechanisms involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, cell respiration chemistry, enzymatic kinetics, electron transport chain mitochondrial and chloroplast, oxidation-reduction potential, reaction constants, reaction velocity and reaction mechanisms involved, cellular cytotoxicity, antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants and animals, the response of plants to conditions of environmental stress, xenobiotics, heavy metals, paraquat, the thermodynamics inherent to oxygen metabolism. Chapter 5 presents evidence and analyzes the action of flavonoids as promoters of reactive oxygen species. It is written as a paradoxical example of the high reactive affinity of reactive oxygen species for enzymes since during the whole metabolic process that presents flavonoids as trapping agents of reactive oxygen species or oxidants, in the end, and due to this high affinity and reaction rates, they become promoting agents of the same reactive oxygen species.
Dioxide O2 is not stored in the body. However ambient air (or water) if it is the immediate reservoir of dioxide. The ability to extract oxygen from the environment and carry it to each cell in complex multicellular organisms through just-in-time metabolism was one of the main developments of organisms during evolution. In human cells, there is an increase in reactive oxygen species under conditions of low levels of available oxygen-hypoxia.
The unfortunate experience in which we human beings currently live has alerted all of humanity to the need to take care of nature and the need to have an environment that is as unpolluted as possible since there is sufficient scientific evidence to show the decrease in oxygen levels in the terrestrial and aquatic environments and the devastating effects this has on the survival of organisms. Therefore, there is a need to form citizen conscience about the care of nature and the presence of this essential element for life on earth.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Declared none.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
Balance and Lifestyle
James David AdamsAbstract
The world is facing a crisis of overpopulation that is confounded by the toxic lifestyles that people choose. The healthcare community must treat the diseases these toxic lifestyles cause, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and cancer. Living in balance can prevent and cure these diseases. The public should know more about balance and how to keep the body healthy.
1. Introduction
Balance is a traditional concept that is central to healthcare. Living in balance involves staying thin and strong, being of service to others, having loving relationships with family members, being kind and respectful to other people, and being spiritual [1, 2]. Traditional healers teach that when the body is in balance, it heals itself. It is easy for a doctor to decide if a patient is in balance. The blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood cholesterol are normal.
The modern world is centered around the need to make money. Education focuses on helping people learn how to have lucrative careers. Many people assume they must be aggressive to succeed in their careers. This may add to the stress. Stress is responsible for decreasing balance.
Diet is critical to balance [1, 2]. Many people in the modern world eat diets that emphasize meat and processed foods. Fruit, vegetables, and traditional foods are being ignored. The body needs a balanced diet to keep the guts and the immune system healthy since the immune system has a large component in and near the guts. Insoluble fibers from fruits and vegetables are necessary for gut health and for the health of the immune system.
Toxic lifestyles have become normal in the modern world that leads to obesity [3, 4]. Toxic lifestyles can include alcohol abuse, drug abuse, sexual abuse, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise and other possibilities. In some parts of the world,
obesity is a sign of wealth and success, whereas being thin is a sign of poverty. Regular daily exercise is considered nonessential. Exercise is critical to health because muscles need exercise in order to make myokines that maintain the health of the heart, brain, kidneys and other organs. Obesity has become normal in the modern world. Visceral adipocytes secrete inflammatory proteins called adipokines that cause heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, and promote cancer.
2. Lifestyle and Longevity
The Framingham studies and several other studies have shown the effects of toxic lifestyles on health and longevity [5, 6]. These are studies of several thousand people followed over many years.
Smoking, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure and obesity increase heart disease and decrease life expectancy.Smoking cessation can increase life expectancy.Exercise and elevated HDL levels decrease the risk of heart disease and increase life expectancy.High blood pressure increases the risk of stroke. An enlarged left ventricle, as seen in congestive heart failure, increases the risk of stroke. These factors decrease life expectancy.Never smoking, eating a healthy diet, vigorous daily exercise, maintaining low body weight, and limiting alcohol consumption increase longevity and decrease the risk of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer.90% of diabetes, 80% of heart disease, 70% of mortality from heart disease, and 50% of mortality from cancer have been attributed to living with toxic lifestyles [6].Processed foods, especially processed meats, increase the risk of developing cancer, according to the World Health Organization.Red meat consumption greatly increases the risk of several intestinal cancers [7].Alcohol consumption increases hypertension [8]. Women have a lower risk of developing alcohol induced hypertension than men. Black people have a higher risk of developing alcohol induced hypertension than whites and Asians. Alcohol consumption damages the guts and can dose dependently increase the risk of cancer [6].The addition of any aspect of a toxic lifestyle decreases life span and increases the risk of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer. These toxic lifestyle aspects include smoking, eating an unhealthy diet, avoiding exercise, obesity and drinking more than 2 alcoholic drinks daily [6]. These toxic aspects are additive in terms of decreasing longevity and increasing disease.
3. Healthy Diet
A healthy diet, as defined in the studies discussed here, is described by the alternate healthy eating index [8]. The current recommendations are to eat vegetables, fruit, nuts, soy protein, more white meat than red meat, cereal grain, more polyunsaturated fats than unsaturated fats, multivitamins, and no more than 2 alcoholic drinks daily. Eating a healthy diet is associated with less disease [9].
However, eating too much of a healthy diet can cause obesity. Obesity decreases longevity and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, arthritis and cancer [6]. On the other hand, being too thin also decreases longevity by about 20 – 25 years [6]. Anorexia causes hypoglycemia, damages the heart and is associated with depression, bipolar disorder, and suicide [10].
For many people, weight loss involves eating less and exercising more [1, 4]. Weight control should become a lifestyle change and should be incorporated into normal life. Dieting without exercise tends to cause loss of muscle tissue. Fad diets are used by many people, usually with limited success. One such diet is the ketogenic diet, which emphasizes eating fat and protein while eliminating carbohydrates. This diet may be useful in the treatment of cancer [11]. However, fibroblast growth factor levels increase during a keto diet [12], which stimulates cell growth, perhaps even cancer growth.
The modern diet is partly the result of wartime rations from World War 2. Some types of processed meat, processed cheese and nonwhole grain flour were promoted for wartime use. Cigarettes were also given in rations to soldiers. Now, these wartime foods are being weaponized against the population as a whole and are greatly decreasing general health. High fructose corn syrup and other flavor enhancers are being added to foods to increase sales. Fat contents of foods are kept high to increase sales. High sugar and high-fat contents cause the release of endorphins and enkephalins in the brain resulting in food addiction [4]. In addition, endocannabinoids are released in the body after high fat and high sugar meals resulting in pleasure and increased appetite [4]. People are choosing to eat more food than is needed for optimal health, resulting in obesity.
The modern diet contains obesogens, which are compounds that stimulate appetite. Many of these compounds stimulate sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). Stimulation of SREBP induces several lipogenic genes responsible for the accumulation of fat and stimulation of appetite. Examples of obesogens include alcohol, phthalates from plastics and bisphenol A from packaging materials [1, 4].
4. Smoking
Smoking tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, increases the risk of lung, throat, mouth and other cancers [13]. It also increases lung damage such as emphysema and is a leading cause of heart disease [14]. Tobacco contains nicotine that is highly addictive [15]. This makes smoking cessation very difficult.
Nicotine damages arteries and the heart by interacting with non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors [16]. The stimulation of these receptors by nicotine results in oxygen radical generation and damage to endothelial cells. Nicotine decreases endothelial progenitor cells that help regenerate damaged arteries [17]. Nicotine damages endothelial cells increases blood triglycerides and decreases HDL [18]. Nicotine upregulates early growth response factor-1 that increases vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal damage. Nicotine upregulates inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin-2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule -1 (ICAM-1), and growth factor receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor (TGFβ) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). These factors result in more damage to arteries and the heart. Lipid soluble factors in smoke upregulate endothelin receptors and thromboxane A2 receptors that are involved in increased blood pressure and clotting in the arteries [19]. This is why smoking is a major cause of heart disease.
Many species of Nicotiana plants are native to South, Central and North America. American Indians have cultivated and used these plants in sacred ceremonies for thousands of years [20]. The sacred ceremony includes the right of passage and other sacred uses. A tea of Nicotiana plants has also been used to decrease appetite. When Europeans came to the Americas, they did not learn the sacred uses of Nicotiana plants. Instead, they learned to smoke Nicotiana plants socially. Europeans did not learn to respect tobacco.
5. Exercise
Human beings have existed for about 500,000 years. During most of this time, we were hunters and gatherers. Running and other strenuous physical exertions are required in order to survive as a hunter gatherer. This has influenced our genetic makeup such that our genes are adapted to running and other strenuous physical
activities. For this reason, human beings need physical activity in order to be healthy.
Physical activity is safer and cheaper than drug therapy for healthcare. Physical activity has ameliorative effects on at least 40 diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis [21]. In fact, it has been claimed that the best treatment for depression and anxiety is physical activity [22]. Inadequate physical activity causes 9% of premature mortality in the world, or 5.3 million deaths [21]. Smoking causes 5.1 million deaths. At least 80% of American adults do not get adequate physical activity [21].
The health of the vasculature depends on physical activity [21]. Physical activity improves high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, reduces body mass index, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces blood pressure. Vascular endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability increase. Endurance exercise can increase the size of the heart, athletic heart syndrome. This is required for regular endurance exercise and is a sign of good health.
In a study of 82,465 people over 10 years, the weekly exercise of about 75 min increased life expectancy by 1.8 years [23]. Increasing exercise to 450 min per week increased life expectancy by 4.5 years. Exercise was found to be beneficial for life expectancy, even in obese people. It is critical that exercise must be moderate and enjoyable. People should look forward to daily exercise and not seek excuses to avoid exercise.
Does running cause arthritis? There is a major concern in our society that running damages the knees and causes arthritis. In fact, running slows down the progression of arthritis [24-30]. All of the evidence from clinical trials shows that running slows down the progression or prevents arthritis. The Framingham and similar studies have all shown that running and other forms of exercise prevent arthritis or slow down the progression of arthritis [5, 21, 23]. Common sense implies that hunters and gatherers who ran daily could not have survived if they were afflicted with arthritis.
Of course, exercise can cause injuries. Excessive use injuries can result from running and other forms of exercise. These injuries usually involve damage to the ligaments, tendons and bones such as plantar fasciitis, shin splints and anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
Another common misconception is that exercise causes myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. This disease is characterized by
excessive, constant fatigue that does not improve with rest and worsens with exertion. The cause of this disease is not known.
Lack of exercise causes muscle loss and fat accumulation. On the other hand, the exercise burns fat and helps build muscle. Trained muscle is required for insulin clearance and healthy glucose tolerance [31]. About 15% of blood insulin is cleared by muscle. Loss of muscle causes blood insulin to increase, resulting in insulin resistance, also known as type 2 diabetes.
Why is muscle important? Muscle secretes myokines that help maintain the health of the heart, kidneys, brain and other organs (Table 1). Adiponectin is released by muscle and increases glucose transporter 4, glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation by muscle and other organs [32]. Interleukins are myokines secreted by exercised muscle, including IL6, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonists. IL-6 stimulates stem cell production, stimulates glucose production, increases muscle energy [33]. IL-15 decreases fat accumulation [34]. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is released by muscle in exercise and stimulates fat oxidation [35]. BDNF is released by the brain during exercise and stimulates neurogenesis in the brain [36]
Myonectin production is induced by exercise, stimulates fatty acid oxidation and uptake by fat and liver cells [37]. Decorin is released during exercise and increases muscle hypertrophy [38]. Irisin is released during exercise, decreases white fat development and increases brown fat production [39]. Osteonectin is released during exercise and stimulates bone mineralization [40]. This may be why exercise is an effective therapy against postmenopausal osteoporosis. Leukemia inhibitory factor is released during exercise and stimulates muscle growth and regeneration, perhaps by stem cell renewal [41]. Exercise causes the release of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) that stimulates tissue repair [42].
Lack of exercise has negative effects on the body. Myostatin released by unused muscles decreases muscle size [43], which will decrease insulin clearance. This may lead to fat accumulation.
6. Obesity
Obesity in adults leads to visceral fat and perivascular fat accumulation [3]. Visceral fat and perivascular fat differ from subdermal fat because visceral and perivascular fat cells secrete adipokines that are inflammatory proteins and toxic lipids [3].
Adipotoxicity occurs during obesity which involves the release of ceramide and toxic amounts of endocannabinoids. Ceramide release into the blood causes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) dysfunction, damages the kidney and increases blood pressure [44]. Ceramide is critically important since 50% of US adults have heart disease, according to the American Heart Association.
Endocannabinoids such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol are arachidonic acid-derived lipids that mediate the endogenous cannabinoid system in the body by binding to cannabinoid and other receptors. They are normally made in small amounts as needed and in the locations where they are needed. However, the synthesis of endocannabinoids increases inappropriately in obesity. Endocannabinoids increase inflammatory adipokine synthesis [45], stimulate appetite, cause pleasurable feelings and decrease pain. Pain relief is mediated through transient receptor potential cation channels of the vanilloid type (TRPV).
The adipokines leptin and resistin are released into the blood in obesity and increase sympathetic outflow from the brain, causing an autonomic imbalance that increases blood pressure [46]. These blood-born proteins interact with brain regions that are not entirely protected by a blood-brain barrier. High blood pressure can damage the heart leading to congestive heart failure.
6.1. Cancer is promoted by obesity [47, 48], which may involve toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation by toxic lipids [49] and adipokines [50]. Obesity itself may not cause cancer. But a toxic diet can cause cancer.
6.2. Atherosclerosis is caused by adipokines [3, 51-54]. In summary, leptin and visfatin damage arterial walls and cause defects (Table 2). This stimulates the adhesion of platelets, neutrophils and monocytes due to TNFα, resistin and C-reactive protein that stimulate adhesion protein synthesis. Neutrophils induce inflammation by releasing leukotrienes and other inflammatory compounds. Leukotrienes activate TRP channels in endothelial cells, which may cause inflammation. Activation of monocytes and neutrophils causes radical oxygen formation due to the effects of visfatin and leptin. These oxygen radicals oxidize LDL-C, which is taken up by macrophages making foam cells and plaque.
Smooth muscle cell proliferation occurs due to PDGF, angiotensin II and heparin-binding epidermal growth factors like growth factor (HB-EGF), which are all adipokines. Eventually, plaque instability results due to C-reactive protein and visfatin-induced matrix metalloproteinase activity in macrophages. This may lead to emboli, heart attacks, and strokes.
6.3. Type 2 diabetes is caused by adipokines and toxic lipids (Table 3). Fat accumulates in every organ, including muscle, decreasing insulin clearance and sensitivity. Insulin resistance is the basis of type 2 diabetes. The US population is currently suffering from diabetes in epic proportions. According to the Centers for Disease Control, at least 10% of US adults have type 2 diabetes as of 2017.
A mechanism has been proposed for how obesity causes type 2 diabetes [52, 53, 54]. Endocannabinoids are abundant in visceral fat and are released into the blood. They decrease adiponectin, increase visfatin, TNFα and other inflammatory adipokine releases. Ceramide levels are high in visceral fat and is released into the blood. It inhibits insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylation causing dysfunction. Ceramide also induces iNOS that dysfunctions making oxygen radicals that destroy pancreatic β cells. Resistance of the insulin receptor involves the inflammatory adipokines resistin, resistin-like molecules (RELMs) and ceramide lipotoxicity. Long-term dysfunction of insulin receptors involves the adipokines visfatin, IL-6 and TNFα.
