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Praise for Becoming a Therapist "This resource is filled with practical and personal advice, relevant stories, and examples, and reads more like help from a friend than a typical textbook." --Roberta L. Nutt, PhD, ABPP, Visiting Professor and Training Director, Counseling Psychology Program, University of Houston "Ah, now this is the book I wish had been available when I entered the field. Tom Skovholt has defined the initial experiences and followed the process through to the culmination of the therapeutic experience in a truly great book. Becoming a Therapist is a major contribution to our field." --Arthur (Andy) M. Horne, Dean and Distinguished Research Professor, College of Education, The University of Georgia; President-Elect, Society of Counseling Psychology "Becoming a Therapist's informal style is accessible and engaging and yet soundly grounded in evidence and in the wisdom Skovholt has developed through his career-long research on psychotherapists and their development." --Rodney K. Goodyear, PhD, Professor, School of Education, University of Redlands; Emeritus Professor of Education (Counseling Psychology), University of Southern California Essential guidance for mental health professionals navigating the start of their helping careers Written for those entering a career in the helping professions, Becoming a Therapist: On the Path to Mastery explores the therapeutic career path for new practitioners, painting a vivid portrait of the novice therapist's journey. This practical book guides you in using the helping relationship to improve the lives of others, whether your chosen profession is in counseling, clinical psychology, social work, school counseling, addictions counseling, family therapy, medicine, community counseling, pastoral counseling, or academic advising. Destined to become the resource every new practitioner turns to again and again, Becoming a Therapist prepares you for the reality of what it means to be a beginning therapist, with relevant discussion of: * The fifteen indispensable qualities of every mental health professional * The unfolding practitioner self * Self-care for burnout prevention and resiliency development * The importance of culturally competent practice to practitioner expertise * Practice, research/theory, and personal life: the practitioner's learning triangle * The significance of peer relationships in the novice experience Steeped in author Thomas Skovholt's years of experience, Becoming a Therapist thoroughly and clearly illustrates the excitement, intensity, anxiety--and, ultimately, the satisfaction--you can expect as a helping professional.
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Seitenzahl: 655
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012
Contents
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Opening Up Your Life to the Excitement of the Therapy and Counseling Professions
15 QUALITIES FOR THE THERAPIST/COUNSELOR
CENTRAL EXCITEMENT OF THE WORK
TO THE NOVICE PRACTITIONER—WELCOME!
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 2: Novice Advantages
NOVICE ADVANTAGE 1: INTENSITY AND ENTHUSIASM
NOVICE ADVANTAGE 2: DEMOGRAPHIC EDGE
NOVICE ADVANTAGE 3: NEWER KNOWLEDGE
NOVICE ADVANTAGE 4: CLOSENESS TO ONE’s OWN PERSONAL SUFFERING
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 3: The Curse of Ambiguity and Other Ills and What to Do About Them
THE CURSE OF AMBIGUITY
ABOUT MYSTERY
ANTIDOTES FOR THE CURSE OF AMBIGUITY
EMOTIONAL ROLLER COASTER
ONE SESSION
ONE MONTH OF PRACTICUM
ANTIDOTES FOR THE EMOTIONAL ROLLER COASTER
TREKKING WITH A DEFECTIVE MAP
EROSION OF THE AUTOPILOT IN COUNSELING AND THERAPY
THE NOVICE’S DEFECTIVE MAP WHEN INTERACTING WITH CLIENTS: NO MACRO THEORY GIVES MICRO INSTRUCTIONS
ANTIDOTES FOR TREKKING WITH A CRUDE MAP
WHERE IS THE FAULT?
REFLECTIVE EXPERIENCE IS THE LONG-TERM ANSWER
UNTIL THEN, REDUCE THE TASK
OTHER F-STOP SOLUTIONS
GLAMORIZED EXPECTATION
WHAT IS IDEALISTIC? WHAT IS REALISTIC?
ANTIDOTES TO GLAMORIZED EXPECTATIONS
BOUNDARIED GENEROSITY
TOO LITTLE OR TOO MUCH EMPATHY?
ANTIDOTES TO INSUFFICIENT BOUNDARIED GENEROSITY
IMPORTANCE OF COLLEAGUES
ACUTE NEED FOR POSITIVE MENTORING AND SUPERVISION
IMPACT OF NEGATIVE MENTOR AND SUPERVISOR EXPERIENCES
ANTIDOTES FOR THE NOVICE MENTOR SEARCH
MATURE ADULT AS NOVICE
ANTIDOTES FOR THE ILLS OF THE MATURE ADULT AS STUDENT
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 4: Who Am I Becoming
IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT: WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
COMPLICATIONS AND RICHNESS OF BICULTURAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT AS A PARALLEL PROCESS TO THERAPIST/COUNSELOR IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS OF INTERNAL SCULPTURING
PERSONAL IDENTITY AS A FOUNDATION FOR PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY
OVERLAP BETWEEN PERSONAL IDENTITY AND PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY IN THERAPY AND COUNSELING CAREERS
TRY-OUT EXPERIENCES HELP DEVELOP PRACTITIONER IDENTITY
TALKING IT OUT HELPS DEVELOP OUR PRACTITIONER IDENTITY
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 5: Developing Habits of Culturally Competent Practice
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURALLY COMPETENT PRACTICE
THREE STUDIES
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRAINING PROGRAMS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NOVICE PRACTITIONERS
SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES
Chapter 6: Issues, Concerns, and Tips as Antidotes to Novice Stress
WHEN THE CLIENT DOES NOT COME BACK
ALL THIS INTROSPECTION IS STIRRING UP MY INNER WORLD
FEELING INCOMPETENT
OPTIMAL SUPPORT–CHALLENGE BALANCE PROPELS POSITIVE CHANGE
DEFINING SUCCESS IN THERAPY AND COUNSELING SEEMS LIKE CHASING A MIRAGE
EXPERIENCING THE CLIENT’S PAIN AND SUFFERING
HIGH-SPEED MOVIE
THIS IS NOT A ROLE-PLAY—THIS IS REAL! THIS IS EXCITING! THIS IS A SESSION!
NOT GETTING HELP
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 7: Becoming a Resilient Practitioner
INTRODUCTION
CARING FOR OURSELVES
ESSENTIAL RESILIENT PRACTITIONER TASKS
SUMMARY
SKOVHOLT PRACTITIONER PROFESSIONAL RESILIENCY AND SELF-CARE INVENTORY
REFERENCES
Chapter 8: The Cycle of Caring
CARING AS CENTRAL IN THERAPY AND COUNSELING CAREERS
EMPATHETIC ATTACHMENT PHASE
ATTACHING WITH OUR “UNDERSIDE OF THE TURTLE” SIDE
OPTIMAL ATTACHMENT
DIFFICULTY IN ATTACHING
ACTIVE INVOLVEMENT PHASE
SEPARATING WELL PHASE
RE-CREATION PHASE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 9: The Practitioner’s Learning Triangle
PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER
INTENSE SEARCH FOR ANSWERS
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL WISDOM
LEARNING TRIANGLE AS EPISTEMOLOGY
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AS ONE SIDE OF THE LEARNING TRIANGLE
ACADEMIC RESEARCH AS ONE SIDE OF THE LEARNING TRIANGLE
PERSONAL LIFE AS ONE SIDE OF THE LEARNING TRIANGLE
THREE SIDES OF THE TRIANGLE MAKE A WHOLE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 10: Path Toward Mastery
INTRODUCTION TO THE PRACTITIONER’S PATH
PHASES OF THERAPIST/COUNSELOR DEVELOPMENT
THEMES IN PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 11: Practitioner Mastery and Expertise
PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERTS
STAGES OF EXPERTISE
NOVICE VERSUS EXPERT DIFFERENCES
CARL SAGAN AS EXAMPLE OF AN EXPERT
MASTER THERAPIST STUDIES
PORTRAIT OF THE MASTER THERAPIST
SOME IMPORTANT CENTRAL CHARACTERISTICS
IMPLICATIONS OF THE MASTER THERAPIST PORTRAIT
OTHER STUDIES OF MASTER THERAPISTS
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MINNESOTA AND SINGAPORE MASTER THERAPISTS
INGREDIENTS FOR MASTERY IN COUNSELING AND THERAPY
THE STUDY OF MASTERY AND EXPERTISE IS COMPLICATED
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 12: Vertical and Horizontal Nurturance for the Novice
VALUE OF VERTICAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH CLINICAL SUPERVISORS
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CLINICAL SUPERVISION
SUMMARY OF THIS SECTION
VALUE OF HORIZONTAL RELATIONSHIPS: PEERS, CLASSMATES, COLLEAGUES, AND FRIENDS
PROBLEMS IN HORIZONTAL RELATIONSHIPS
A LAST COMMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 13: Worlds Apart
PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER
MORE ON THE CULTURAL DIVIDE
MY OWN BICULTURAL PROFESSIONAL LIFE
ACADEMIC RESEARCH WORLD AS THE FIRST CULTURE FOR THE NEW THERAPY OR COUNSELING STUDENT
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE DIFFERENCES USING HOLLAND’S VOCATIONAL TYPOLOGY
CONTRIBUTIONS, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND REWARD STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH CULTURE
LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH CULTURE FOR PRACTICE KNOWLEDGE
CONTRIBUTIONS, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND REWARD STRUCTURE OF THE PRACTICE CULTURE
LIMITATIONS OF THE PRACTICE CULTURE FOR PRACTICE KNOWLEDGE
CONVERGENCE BETWEEN THE CULTURES OF SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 14: Epilogue
NOVICE CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
BIGGER PICTURE OF HOPE, MEANING, AND EXCITEMENT
CYCLE OF CARING AS THE PRACTICE ESSENTIAL
WORDS THAT AFFIRM OUR WORK
REFERENCES
Index
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Skovholt, Thomas M. Becoming a therapist : on the path to mastery/Thomas M. Skovholt. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-40374-7 (pbk. : alk. paper); ISBN 978-1-118-17818-8 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-17819-5 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-17817-1 (ebk) I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Psychotherapy. 2. Counseling. 3. Mental Disorders—therapy. 4. Professional Role. 5. Vocational Guidance. WM 420] 616.89′14—dc23 2011029296
For Lisa
Preface
The therapy and counseling professions offer hope and promise for those who enter through their educational gates toward professional development. To learn a lot and then use that knowledge to help people translates into rewarding and meaningful work. Welcome to this world!
This book describes the world of the therapy and counseling professions and specifically the landscape of the novice journey. I aim to paint a portrait of key features of the world of the beginner and what is called the universality of experience effect. More specifically, my intention is to provide a positive trinity of validity, clarity, and hope for novices, their teachers, and their supervisors.
I aim to create a map of sorts—one that highlights the peaks as well as the valleys, one that outlines the routes that lead to higher ground. I am hopeful that some readers will have a recognition reflex to terrain descriptions, such as the valleys and hills, the rocks and soil, and the watering holes. I hope that the map of terrain descriptors will help in navigating the journey all of us, as novices, must take. The goal is to lay out the future regarding the work life of therapists and counselors. It is a here-is-what-to-expect approach, especially regarding the inner landscape of the world of the therapist and counselor.
The different therapy and counseling professions are a loose grouping of career fields that are both distinct and similar. These distinct fields include counseling and clinical psychology, social work, school counseling, addictions counseling, marriage and family therapy, medicine, community counseling, pastoral counseling, nursing, academic advising, health and life coaching, family law, and other related fields where the professional helping relationship—the working alliance—is a central curative factor. The helping relationship is central to teaching, too. Many books focus on the unique features of each of these fields and how they deserve a place in the occupational sunshine of the helping professions.
This book is different and focuses much more on the similar aspects of the various fields. Decades ago, Henry, Sims, and Spray (1971) examined four of these fields and concluded that they were so alike they should merge and become the fifth profession of psychotherapist. Although that never happened, the Henry book made a big impression on me. In this book, I bridge the microdifferences between specific therapy and counseling career fields as part of a bigger view. The key similarity is that all of these fields focus on using the helping relationship to improve the life of the other. We are fellow travelers with those who are in the client-patient-student role as we seek and explore and try out solutions to enrich human life, often one life at a time.
Ethics are the bedrock of the work. The other’s well-being is illuminated and at center stage. Novices are often frightened by ethics because they worry that they will easily make a major ethical blunder. I think it is better not to be so anxious about making mistakes but rather to take a positive view and dedicate oneself to being highly ethical in one’s work life as a therapist or counselor. Knapp and VanderCreek (2012) have contributed a wonderful book on positive ethics.
Another point relates to the importance of questions versus answers. When each of us enters a career field, we naturally search for answers. If we know the answers, then we do not feel so lost, so stupid, so incompetent. That makes sense. But I have come to the conclusion that good questions are just as important as answers. Why is that? you may ask. The reason is because the answers change as the field evolves. So much in this field—in terms of specific answers—has changed over the last decades. Humans are so complex that answers, while attempting to reduce the complexity, often end up becoming disappointments. Clear, concise ways of seeing and doing things (e.g., three steps to this, a quick method for that, one theoretical approach as best for everything) get replaced. Over the past decades, this has happened over and over again in the therapy and counseling fields. So, when the person no longer can trust the former clear answers, it is so valuable to have good, solid questions to rely on. Really good questions keep us in the search—the exciting career long search—for ways to understand people and help them live positive and meaningful lives.
With a balance between answers and questions and a focus on the inner world of the therapist and counselor, we go forward with this book. Now, on to Chapter 1 and our exploration of this career area of therapy and counseling.
REFERENCES
Henry, W. E., Sims, J. H., & Spray, S. L. (1971). The fifth profession. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Knapp, S. J., & VanderCreek, L. (2012). Practical ethics for psychologists: A positive view, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Acknowledgments
I would first like to acknowledge my editor at John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Marquita Flemming. Job of the Old Testament is famous, very famous for his patience. Marquita has shown Job-like patience with me and the writing of this book. It has taken a long time to try to say what I think is important for novice therapists and counselors. Marquita has been wonderful with her vision, leadership, and support of my efforts over a number of years with this book. Thanks to her.
My thanks also to editor Lisa Gebo. Like many other authors in the human services, I benefited from her editorial generosity and her passion for the work in this field and its potential to reduce human suffering and increase human happiness.
Sherry Wasserman at John Wiley & Sons gave encouraging direction as I searched through the world of permissions hell. Without her, I would still be there and this book would be like an airplane waiting in line for takeoff.
I was fortunate that professor and counselor educator Sherri Cormier agreed to carefully read the whole manuscript. She provided expertise in counseling and therapy, high-level editing skill, and feedback—that great avenue for improvement. Of course, the roads not taken with his book and its deficiencies are mine alone to claim.
Appreciation to these people for graciously offering their opinions on various parts of these chapters: Yvonne Beech, Carolyn Burke, Sally Hage, Julie Heidemann, Moshe Israelashvili, Lisa Langenhahn, Mary Mullenbach, Rosie O’Brien, L. P. Smith, Alexandra Stillman, and Rhonda Wood.
Sandie Wick, Fran LaFave, Ed Hughes, and John and Marie Braun provided professional environments in Minnesota where I have been able to work as a practitioner. It has made all the difference.
The many, many counseling and therapy students at the University of Florida, the University of Minnesota, and Hacetteppe University in Turkey who have taught me so much about our field—thanks to you. A special note of appreciation to my doctoral advisees—such treasured working relationships for me and so much pleasure too as I watched them enter the professional world. The University of Minnesota has been a wonderful academic home for over 30 years. I have been lucky to have a position there—and in my home state too!
There were the fortunate years of graduate study at the University of Missouri and the formative years of working at the University of Chicago Hospital and studying in Chicago too.
I have been a fellow traveler with many, many clients in therapy and counseling. They have taught me so much during those courageous times when they have sought to find a way to feel less distress and be more joyful, often when no solution seemed apparent. How could I know about the complex ambiguity of counseling without all the clinical hours? Clients have taught me about the great hope and promise of therapy and counseling. It is gratifying to be the practitioner when the client finds a way to an emotionally richer, happier, more meaningful life; to a life of contribution and positive attachments. During those times I feel fortunate to be in this field.
Appreciation is also expressed to my advisor at Missouri, Joe Johnston, and mentors Phyllis Epley, George Meyer, Norman Moen, Helen Roehlke, Paul King, Harry Grater, and Sam Scher.
Gratitude for my parents, Joe and Elvera, and my family of Glen, Anna, Jane, Annie, Rachel, David, Iztchel, Lisa, and Rachel. And Danny, Hanna, Julius, and Abby. And a special note of welcome to niece Karla who has joined the counseling field.
A special thanks to five friends who have given the gift of friendship over many years: Dan Detzner, Mike Pearson, John Romano, Helge Rønnestad, and John Sullivan.
In 1990, I heard Rollo May speak at a conference. Later I asked him to autograph his book, The Courage to Create. Ever since, I have had that book where I write, hoping for inspiration and direction. Looking at the book title has given me encouragement—the oxygen that keeps us humans hopeful as we keep trying to express our ideas and make a contribution.
1
Opening Up Your Life to the Excitement of the Therapy and Counseling Professions
15 QUALITIES FOR THE THERAPIST/COUNSELOR
All career fields have key qualities, attitudes, and skills that are needed for success. For the architect, it includes proper spatial calculations; for the tree trimmer, obsession with safety is valuable; the psychometric psychologist hates measurement error; the chef seeks a well-timed mix of ingredients; for the baseball player, it is seeing the ball and its secrets when coming out of the pitcher’s hand. In order to excel at the work, each of these occupations calls for the mastery of specific attitudes and skills. What are therapists’ difficult-to-master attitudes and skills? What key qualities do we need? These are important questions for emerging practitioners.
Key Quality 1: Enthusiasm Within Insecurity
Helge Rønnestad and I wrote years ago about the emotional reactions of the beginner in our field. These emotions seem to be timeless and are part of the rite of passage into the work whether one begins in the early decades of the 21st century or decades earlier.
Enthusiasm and insecurity are predominant affective expressions. The beginning graduate student feels very excited about learning how to help others yet very insecure about her/his knowledge of therapy/counseling procedures and one’s own ability to succeed.
—Skovholt & Rønnestad, 1995, p. 24
The excitement and the fear, the known and the unknown, the certain and the uncertain. These are the conditions for novices entering the therapy and counseling professions. Like other explorers, such as Lewis and Clark in North America and Jane Goodall in Africa, novices enter a personally unexplored wilderness.
A bounty of unknown sensations, stretching experiences, new perspectives, and skills await them. Our profession, wherein we commit ourselves to being helpful to others, is at the center of this world. There is a thrill about the novice practitioner voyage into this world, about the steps taken to be a practitioner of helping and human development. To get there, novices must enter the vast unknown. Explorers are to be applauded for their risk taking. The joy when entering the helping professions is the anticipation of an effective professional career of service to others. Professional development is about cultivating a style and skill level that optimizes the human development of those clients who invite us into their lives. If done right—with respect, caution, and skill—the counseling process can be of benefit to others.
Key Quality 2: Courage
If you pay attention to the world you see a lot of pain. . . . Francesca was in therapy after a brutal date rape. Sue Anne came because her husband had just killed himself.
—Pipher, 2003, p. 53
Therapists/counselors must possess immense courage. Our enemies are the distress trilogy of anger, anxiety, and depression that invade the lives of our clients. We must stand up to these crippling emotions and not be afraid. How can we help our clients if we are afraid of their distress?
We must wade into the anxiety and fear, despair and hopelessness, anger and rage, and stand in the pool of the client’s distress with fortitude, patience, and serenity. We must show the client that we are not afraid; if they see that we are not afraid, they need not be afraid. We stand up to fear, we do not give in to despair, and we are relentless in understanding the sources of rage while helping the other to heal. Courage must envelop us as we attack the limits that these emotions put on our clients as they try to live, grow, and extend themselves into full lives. It is easy to back down from life, from the existential realities that are in front of us as human beings, to shrivel into the routines that give us comfort and security. Just as muscles become less flexible when not stretched, the human will is more susceptible to ongoing emotional distress when it is not engaged.
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!