Biosurfaces E-Book

Kantesh Balani

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 605

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Ideal as a graduate textbook, this title is aimed at helping design effective biomaterials, taking into account the complex interactions that occur at the interface when a synthetic material is inserted into a living system. Surface reactivity, biochemistry, substrates, cleaning, preparation, and coatings are presented, with numerous case studies and applications throughout. Highlights include: * Starts with concepts and works up to real-life applications such as implantable devices, medical devices, prosthetics, and drug delivery technology * Addresses surface reactivity, requirements for surface coating, cleaning and preparation techniques, and characterization * Discusses the biological response to coatings * Addresses biomaterial-tissue interaction * Incorporates nanomechanical properties and processing strategies

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

Chapter 1: Introduction to Biomaterials

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Classification of Biomaterials

1.3 Summary

QUESTIONS

References

Chapter 2: Tissue Interaction with Biomaterials

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Protein Adsorption and Cell Adhesion

2.3 Cell Migration

2.4 Controlled Cell Deposition

2.5 Extracellular Matrix

2.6 Biomineralization

QUESTIONS

References

Chapter 3: Host Response of Implanted Biomaterials

3.1 Immune Response to Implanted Biomaterials

3.2 Transplant Immunology

3.3 Biocompatibility

Exercises

References

Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Surface Modification

4.1 Preamble

4.2 Introduction

4.3 Surface Properties of Biomaterials

4.4 Surface Modifications

4.5 Applications

Questions

References

Chapter 5: Multi-Length Scale Hierarchy in Natural Materials

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Multi-Length-Scale Hierarchy

5.3 Human Bone

5.4 Turtle Shell

5.5 Wood

5.6 Silk

5.7 Nacre

5.8 Gecko-Feet

5.9 Lotus Leaf

Questions

References

Chapter 6: Superhydrophobic Surfaces

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Surfaces and Superhydrophobicity in Nature

6.3 Classification of Surfaces

6.4 Mechanics and Nature of Wetting

6.5 Fabrication of Artificial Superhydrophobic Surfaces

6.6 Preparation of Metallic Superhydrophobic Surfaces

6.7 Controlled Wettability Surfaces (CWS)

6.8 Conclusions

Questions

References

Chapter 7: Surface Engineering and Modification for Biomedical Applications

7.1 Corrosion of Biomaterials and Need for Surface Coating for Biomedical Applications

7.2 Surface Reactivity and Body Cell Response

7.3 Key Requirements of Surface Coating

7.4 Key Biomaterial Substrates

7.5 Surface Preparation and Cleaning Techniques

7.6 Surface Engineering and Coating Techniques

7.7 Coatings for Biomedical Applications

7.8 Biosurface Characterization

Questions for Self-Analysis

References

Chapter 8: Laser Engineering of Surface Structures

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Laser Processing of Biomaterials

8.3 Laser-Based Prototyping Methods

8.4 Ultrafast Laser Pulses

8.5 Neural Implants

8.6 Ophthalmic Implants

8.7 Laser Fabrication of Cardiovascular Devices

8.8 Laser-Fabricated Nanoscale Materials

8.9 Two-Photon Polymerization

8.10 Microneedle Fabrication

8.11 Conclusions

QUESTIONS

References

Chapter 9: Processing and Nanomechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Nanotube Biocomposite

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Processing of HA-Carbon Nanotube Composites

9.3 Fracture Toughness and Tribological Properties of HA-Carbon Nanotube Composites

9.4 Adhesion of Bone-Forming Cells on HA-CNT Surface

9.5 Biomechanical Compatibility at Bone/Coated Implant Interface

9.6 HA-Boron Nitride Nanotube (BNNT) Composites

9.7 HA-TiO

2

Nanotube Composites

Summary

Questions

References

Chapter 10: Applications of Biomaterials

10.1 Multi-Scale Hierarchy in Natural Bone

10.2 Coronary Stents

10.3 Medical Devices

10.4 Drug Delivery

QUESTIONS

References

Chapter 11: Nanosafety, Nanosocietal, and Nanoethical Issues

11.1 Governmental Environment and Health Safety Organisation Protocols

11.2 Related Safety Hazards

11.3 Approach to Developing Safety Protocol for Laboratory Environment

11.4 Tendency of Nanoparticles

11.5 Current Capability of Nanoparticle Filters

References

A1 Physical, Thermal, And Mechanical Properties Of Polymers

A1.1 Physical Properties

A1.2 Thermal Properties of Polymers

A2 Corrosion Behavior of Metals

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction to Biomaterials

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.14

Figure 1.15

Figure 1.16

Figure 1.17

Figure 1.18

Figure 1.19

Figure 1.20

Figure 1.21

Figure 1.22

Figure 1.23

Figure 1.24

Figure 1.25

Figure 1.26

Figure 1.27

Figure 1.28

Figure 1.29

Figure 1.30

Figure 1.31

Figure 1.32

Figure 1.33

Figure 1.34

Figure 1.35

Figure 1.36

Figure 1.37

Figure 1.38

Figure 1.39

Figure 1.40

Figure 1.41

Figure 1.42

Figure 1.43

Figure 1.44

Figure 1.45

Figure 1.46

Figure 1.47

Figure 1.48

Figure 1.49

Figure 1.50

Figure 1.51

Figure 1.52

Figure 1.53

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21

Figure 2.22

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.24

Figure 2.25

Figure 2.26

Figure 2.27

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13

Figure 5.14

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.16

Figure 5.17

Figure 5.18

Figure 5.19

Figure 5.20

Figure 5.21

Figure 5.22

Figure 5.23

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 6.14

Figure 6.15

Figure 6.16

Figure 6.17

Figure 6.18

Figure 6.19

Figure 6.20

Figure 6.21

Figure 6.22

Figure 6.23

Figure 6.24

Figure 6.25

Figure 6.26

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Figure 7.12

Figure 7.13

Figure 7.14

Figure 7.15

Figure 7.16

Figure 7.17

Figure 7.18

Figure 7.19

Figure 7.20

Figure 7.21

Figure 7.22

Figure 7.23

Figure 7.24

Figure 7.25

Figure 7.26

Figure 7.27

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Figure 9.16

Figure 9.17

Figure 9.18

Figure 9.19

Figure 9.20

Figure 9.21

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Figure 10.12

Figure 10.14

Figure 10.15

Figure 10.16

Figure 10.17

Figure 10.18

Figure 10.19

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure A1.1

Figure A1.2

Figure A1.3

Figure A1.4

Figure A1.5

Figure A1.6

Figure A1.7

Figure A1.8

Figure A1.9

Figure A1.16

Figure A1.17

Figure A1.10

Figure A1.11

Figure A1.12

Figure A1.13

Figure A1.14

Figure A1.15

Figure A1.18

Figure A1.19

Figure A1.20

Figure A1.21

Figure A1.22

Figure A1.23

Figure A2.1

Figure A2.2

Figure A2.3

Figure A2.4

Figure A2.5

Figure A2.6

Figure A2.7

Figure A2.8

Figure A2.9

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Table 1.6

Table 1.7

Table 1.8

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 10.1

Table 11.1

Table A1.1

Table A2.1

Biosurfaces

A Materials Science and Engineering Perspective

Edited by

Kantesh Balani

Vivek Verma

Arvind Agarwal

Roger Narayan

Copyright © 2015 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN: 978-1-118-29997-5

Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

K.B. dedicates this book

to his mother (Rajni P. Balani),

brother (Lohit P. Balani),

newly joined daughter (Tripti Balani),

and wife (Vandana K. Balani).

Foreword

It gives me pleasure to write the foreword of the book, Biosurfaces: A Materials Science and Engineering Perspective, edited by Profs. Kantesh Balani, Vivek Verma, Arvind Agarwal, and Roger Narayan.

The interdisciplinary nature of the biomaterials field requires a synergistic interaction of materials science, biomedical engineering and surgical medicine that brings together the requisite physical, chemical and biological paradigms of an implant surface. Since the biomaterials surface is the site of interaction with the host, the interactions are governed by tailoring the specific surface properties to the desired application. The ability to engineer successful implants will depend intimately on a thorough understanding of biosurfaces.

Biosurfaces details the types and classes of biomaterials and how they are used for specific applications (such as use of metals as structural materials, say as bone implants, use of ceramic, such as hydroxyapatite coating for rendering requisite bioactivity and polymer for degradable drug delivery systems).

This book describes in detail the interactions between biomaterials and tissues, the immune response to biomaterials and several other topics that are the basic building blocks of any biomaterial. The multi-length scale complexity that occurs in natural materials (such as bone, nacre, lotus leaf, gecko feet, spider web, etc.) is presented and described in excellent detail. The discussions of the role of superhydrophobicity in altering protein adsorption or cellular behavior, along with the discussions of designing gradient hydrophilic–hydrophobic surfaces for achieving tunable cellular response, are commendable.

This book also provides excellent sections on altering surfaces with coatings, micro/nano-fabrication of biomaterials via laser prototyping and other topics. The authors have done an excellent job in describing specific mechanical and tribological characterization methods for real-life biocomposites. The text has many excellent examples of the actual applications of bioengineered surfaces developed for specific enhancements in the quality of life and for restoration of function in the patient. Importantly, the generally ignored safety, societal effects and ethical aspects of using nano-biomaterials are well covered in this book for which the authors are to be commended.

Biosurfaces simplifies the concepts associated with biosurfaces and brings this understanding within reach of material scientists and biomedical engineers alike. Introduction of biomaterials, processing of biosurfaces, implementation as implants (or drug delivery conduits), evaluating the performance of materials and emphasizing the societal, safety and ethical issues are all covered.

I highly recommend this book as a textbook for students (both post-graduate and senior level undergraduate) and academicians, as a handbook or guide for industrial researchers/engineers/developers and as a refresher for scientists working in the emerging field of biosurfaces.

Jeremy L. Gilbert, Ph.D., FBSE

Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University,

Syracuse, NY, USA

Preface

Surfaces are highly critical in dictating the response of a biomaterial, hence the book, Biosurfaces: A Materials Science and Engineering Perspective is targeted for materials scientists, biomedical engineers, biologists, and design engineers to be able to comprehend the importance of biosurfaces and initiate a dialog between them. More importantly, this book provides a perspective of materials scientist and engineer that will allow parallel communication of materials scientists with biotechnologists, practitioners (dentists, surgeons, etc.) and biomedical professionals alike.

The contribution of understanding the material, being able to design the bulk components, has saturated in recent past, but the idea of engineering the surfaces and using them as potential sites for targeted interaction in vivo has triggered the research and funding in the area of biomaterials and bioengineering. Since primary interaction rests with the surface, appropriate selection (chemistry), design (surface topography and patterning), and performance (both biological and mechanical) are critical in imparting significant upliftment to the current technological applications. This book encompasses the fundaments of materials, the interaction of biomaterials at molecular and cellular levels, surface and biological characterization followed with engineering aspects for practical dental/bone implants and as engineered devices. This book has been conceived in order to motivate the students (especially senior undergraduate and post-graduate) and young researchers alike. In addition, this book will serve as a handbook for experts for easy referral both in academia and in industry.

In this perspective, the present book provides a background and introduces the importance of biomaterials to a reader, who does not have a background on biosurfaces. Furthermore, the book develops the concepts of biomaterials, and provides an insight to the mechanisms and fundaments of designing biosurfaces from an engineering perspective. The book has been structured into various chapters as described in the following sections.

In Chapter 1 on Introduction to Biomaterials, starting with the evolving definition of biomaterial, the content covers the classification of biomaterials. Although a complex interconnection of bioinertness to bioactivity is covered in later chapters, this chapter focuses on the class of polymeric, metallic, and ceramic materials. This chapter outlines the associated challenges and utility in terms of selection of materials for specific applications.

Chapter 2 focuses on the interaction between biomaterials and the tissue. The role of protein adsorption on inducing cell migration and controlled cell deposition is presented in this chapter. The role of extracellular matrix in supporting the cellular growth, proliferation, and adhesion is portrayed. Later, biologically controlled biomineralization, and its utility in supporting the skeletal system, is depicted in detail in this chapter.

Response to implanted materials initially via activation of the immune system (recognizing antigen as foreign body) followed by humoral and cell-mediated immunity is described in Chapter 3. Activation of lymphoctyes (B-cells) and bone marrow (T-cells) cells differentiating into helper and cytotoxic cells is introduced. In addition, release of cytolytic granules by natural killer cells, which lead to target cell lysis, monocytes and macrophages performing phagocytosis apart from releasing other immune substances such as cytokines, is also described in this chapter. Furthermore, the role of granulocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells in causing allergic reaction and phagocytosis, generating proteins, activation of T-cells and selective maturation of B cells is also presented. Moreover, in vitro agar diffusion test, direct contact method, elution/extract dilution and MTT assay are presented for quantification of cellular response. Designing an in vivo response and the test strategy and performing the sensitization and irritation tests are also detailed in this chapter.

Surface properties of biomaterials are described in Chapter 4. The phenomena of protein adsorption and cell adhesion in resulting biocompatibility is elicited. Following biomimetics, biodegradation is defined. Methods of surface modification (such as immobilization of molecules, organic films, self-assembly, etc.) are described in order to achieve engineered biosurface.

Chapter 5 provides an insight to Multi-Length Scale Hierarchy in Natural Materials, wherein biomimicking aspects in natural materials are discussed. This chapter includes fascinating aspects of (i) high toughness of human bone, turtle shell and nacre, (ii) high compression strength of wood, (iii) tensile strength of spider silk, (iv) sticking and de-sticking of gecko feet and (v) superhydrophobicity of lotus leaf. Furthermore, a few engineering aspects of making the gecko feet structures and mimicking the lotus leaf superhydrophic structure are discussed.

Chapter 6 starts with the natural surfaces rendering superhydrophobicity, following with the learning from nature and being able to mimic such surfaces. The role of surface chemistry and roughness at multi-length scale makes mimicking of natural structures highly challenging. A new dimension of mechanical aspects of surface is also covered in describing the nature of wetting. A few fabrication techniques are listed that can be used in fabricating artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. In the end, engineering of controlled wettability surface is discussed that might open doors for applications in space, biomedical, automotive and other sectors.

Chapter 7 allows the reader to learn the need for altering the surface and applying a surface coating. Various classes of biosurfaces, namely inert, porous, bioactive and resorbable surfaces, are defined and related to surface activity and cellular response. Furthermore, key requirements for depositing a coating are listed, and extensively used substrate materials are also described for the reader. Surface preparation is of high importance in order to deposit the coatings successfully, and use of appropriate technique for depositing coatings (especially orthopedic, knee, dental, cardiac, and drug delivery devices) is also provided in the chapter. Various surface characterization techniques are also introduced to facilitate the reader.

Chapter 8 provides the engineering of micro- and nano-fabrication of biomaterials via laser prototyping. Use of laser technology in fabricating neural, ophthalmic and cardiovascular devices is described. Furthermore, making micro-needles via laser technology can be highly useful in providing controlled transdermal delivery of pharmacologic agents and vaccines.

Processing of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-reinforced hydroxyapatite (HA) via electrophoretic deposition, aerosol deposition, laser processing and plasma spraying is presented in Chapter 9. In order to develop a free-standing HA–CNT composite via sintering, hot pressing and spark plasma sintering are also described. More importantly, the mechanical and tribological characterization (both at macro- and micro-length scale) is elicited. In order to physically perceive the adhesion strength, nano-scratch is used to quantify the adhesion force of bone cells. Furthermore, novel TiO2- and boron-nitride-nanotubes-reinforced HA are also discussed in the chapter.

Chapter 10 deals with the implantable devices (such as bone and dental implants, stents, surgical devices and scaffolds, prosthesis, etc.) that allow the actual usage of bioengineered surfaces in enhancing the quality of life. The role of drug delivery in using the functionalization of specific molecules and using nanoparticles capsules is also presented herewith.

The last section of the book, in Chapter 11, covers the safety, societal and ethical aspects of using nanobiomaterials. Governmental Environment and Health Safety Organization Protocols and related safety hazards are discussed, and an approach toward developing safety protocols for the laboratory environment is listed. Current scenarios in the capability of capturing nanoparticles, and being able to evolve safety measures are presented. In addition, recommendations are provided in order to maintain safety while ethically using biomaterials for enhancing the quality of life.

The construction of these chapters will allow an easy understanding for students, academicians and industrial researchers working in the area of biosurfaces. In particular, this book has been sectioned in following major sections: (i) overview, fundamentals and class of biomaterials, (ii) biosurfaces and their role in initiating first response, (iii) processing and deposition of coatings as biosurfaces, (iv) engineering of biosurfaces (and performance evaluation) for biological applications, and (v) nanosafety and nanoethics.

Hence, this book can: (i) serve as a text book for teaching/academic purposes, (ii) provide research ideas in broader range of topics, while eliciting variety of materials (ceramics, polymers and metals), and biological response (both molecular and cellular), (iii) help adopting commercial technology for processing of biocoatings, (iv) guide in evaluating the performance of coatings, and (v) help implementing safety protocols, and listing ethical aspects of biomaterials.

It is important to mention that this book is an outcome of several years of teaching undergraduate and postgraduate level courses in the area of materials science and engineering, biomaterials processing and characterization, and surface phenomena related to materials. These have laid the foundation for understanding surfaces and controlling chemistry in order to engineer surface properties.

Mr. S. Ariharan, Ms. Ambreen Nisar, Mr. Fahad Alam, and Ms. Rita Maurya deserve a special mention for collating the chapters, making schematics, and assisting with copyright permissions.

We take this opportunity to acknowledge the financial support received in the last one decade, from various agencies, including Department of Biotechnology (DBT), and Department of Science and Technology (DST), which facilitated research in the area of biomaterials in our groups. Editors K.B. and V.V. also acknowledge funding from Centre for Development of Technical Education (CDTE), IIT Kanpur, toward writing various chapters of this book. KB acknowledges personal support from Prof. Bikramjit Basu (IISc Bangalore), Prof. S.P. Mehrotra (IIT Gandhinagar), Prof. Ashwini Kumar (IIT Gandhinagar), and colleagues at IIT Kanpur, namely Prof. Anish Upadhyaya, Prof. Sandeep Sangal, Prof. Deepak Gupta, Prof. Monica Katiyar, Prof. Anandh Subramaniam, Prof. Shobit Omar, Prof. Shashank Shekhar, Prof. Rajesh Srivastava, and Prof. Sanjay Mittal, during writing of this book. Finally, we acknowledge the support extended by our parents and family members during the course of writing this book.

At the close, we express our gratitude to Prof. Jeremy L. Gilbert, Syracuse University, for writing the foreword of this book, as well as providing his constructive criticisms/comments on this book.

Prof. Kantesh Balani

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

Prof. Vivek Verma

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

Prof. Arvind Agarwal, FASM

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

Florida International University

Miami, FL, USA

Prof. Roger Narayan

Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering

University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University

Chapel Hill, NC, USA

December 2014

Contributors

Arvind Agarwal

Plasma Forming Laboratory Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

Fahad Alam

Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Kantesh Balani

Biomaterials Characterization and Processing Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Bushara Fatma

Laboratory for Surface Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Peter Goering

Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA

Ankur Gupta

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Milind R. Joshi

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Debrupa Lahiri

Plasma Forming Laboratory Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Neelima Mahato

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, India

Roger Narayan

Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Aditi Pandey

Biomaterials Characterization and Processing Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Anup K. Patel

Biomaterials Characterization and Processing Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Poonam Benjwal

Materials Science Program, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

P.S.M. Rajesh

Laboratory for Surface Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Rajeev Kumar Sharma

Biomaterials Characterization and Processing Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Vandana Singh

Biomaterials Characterization and Processing Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Sankalp Verma

Laboratory for Surface Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Vivek Verma

Laboratory for Surface Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

1Introduction to Biomaterials

Aditi Pandey, Rajeev Kumar Sharma and Kantesh Balani

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomaterials Characterization and Processing Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India