Bladder Pathology E-Book

Liang Cheng

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2162

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Understand and diagnose pathologies of the bladder with this essential reference

With emphasis on the scientific validation of current diagnostic methods and their direct application in clinical practice, Bladder Pathology is a cutting-edge resource that offers contemporary, comprehensive, and evidence-based practice information for pathologists, urologists, oncologists, and other medical professionals.

Readers of the second edition of Bladder Pathology will also find:

• Detailed discussion of bladder anatomy, benign and malignant conditions, treatment effects, and much more
• An evidence-based approach to diagnosis and patient management in specific clinical settings
• Over one thousand lavish color illustrations to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning

Fully updated to reflect the latest research and evidence, Bladder Pathology is an indispensable resource for pathologists, urologists, and other clinicians.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT PAGE

PREFACE

Chapter 1: Normal Anatomy and Histology

Embryology

Anatomy

Normal Histology

The Urachus

The Renal Pelvis and Ureters

The Urethra

Immunohistochemistry

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Inflammatory and Infectious Conditions

Acute and Chronic Cystitis and Its Variants

Granulomatous Cystitis

Other Infectious Cystitides

REFERENCES

Chapter 3: Urothelial Metaplasia and Hyperplasia

von Brunn Nests

Cystitis Cystica

Cystitis Glandularis and Intestinal Metaplasia

Squamous Metaplasia

Nephrogenic Adenoma (Nephrogenic Metaplasia)

Urothelial Hyperplasia

REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Polyps and Other Nonneoplastic Benign Conditions

Polyps and Polypoid Lesions of the Bladder

Miscellaneous Nonneoplastic Benign Conditions

Metabolic Deposits

Other Rare Benign Lesions

REFERENCES

Chapter 5: Benign Epithelial Tumors

Papilloma of the Urinary Bladder

Inverted Papilloma

Squamous Papilloma

Villous Adenoma and Tubulovillous Adenoma

Urachal Adenoma

REFERENCES

Chapter 6: Flat Urothelial Lesions with Atypia and Urothelial Dysplasia

Flat Urothelial Lesions with Atypia

Urothelial Dysplasia

Molecular Alterations in Flat Lesions

REFERENCES

Chapter 7: Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ

Definition, Terminology, and Historical Perspective

Clinical Features

Special Considerations

Histopathology and Diagnostic Criteria

Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic and Predictive Biomarkers

Prognosis

Molecular Studies

REFERENCES

Chapter 8: Bladder Cancer

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Genetic Predisposition and Syndromic Associations

Clinical Features and Natural History of Bladder Cancer

Morphologic Characteristics of Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma

Urothelial Carcinoma in Young Adults

Prognosis of Invasive Urothelial Cancer

Treatment of Bladder Cancer

Field Cancerization and Tumor Multicentricity

The Origin of Bladder Cancer

Molecular Genetics

Molecular Therapies Targeting Molecular Pathways

REFERENCES

Chapter 9: Classification and Grading of Bladder Cancer

Overview

Histologic Grading According to the 1973 World Health Organization Classification

Histologic Grading According to the 1998 International Society of Urological Pathology/2004/2016/2022 World Health Organization Classification

Should We Abandon Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential?

Histologic Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma: New Proposal

Other Proposals for Bladder Cancer Grading and Tumor Heterogeneity

Grading of Invasive Bladder Carcinoma

Tumor Grade Heterogeneity

Molecular Classification and Grading

REFERENCES

Chapter 10: Stage pT1 Urothelial Carcinoma

Diagnosis of Lamina Propria Invasion (pT1 Urothelial Carcinoma)

Unusual Histologic Patterns of Lamina Propria Invasion

Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Stage pT1 Urothelial Carcinoma

pT1 Assessment: Reproducibility

Pathologic Risk Assessment of Recurrence and Progression in pT1 Bladder Cancer

Reporting pT1 Bladder Cancer

Molecular Biomarkers and pT1 Bladder Cancer Disease

REFERENCES

Chapter 11: Staging of Bladder Cancer

Stage T0 Carcinoma

Stage Ta Carcinoma

Stage Tis Carcinoma

Stage pT1 Carcinoma

Stage pT2 Carcinoma

Stage pT3 Carcinoma

Stage pT4 Carcinoma

Lymphovascular and Perineural Invasion

Nodal Classification (N Staging)

Distant Metastasis (M Staging)

TNM Descriptors

REFERENCES

Chapter 12: Histological Variants (Subtypes) of Urothelial Carcinoma

General Features and Classification

Urothelial Carcinoma with Divergent Differentiation

Histological Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma

Other Histological Variants (Subtypes) of Bladder Cancer

Molecular Pathology of Common Histological Variants (Subtypes) of Urothelial Carcinoma

REFERENCES

Chapter 13: Bladder Tumors with Inverted Growth

Inverted Papilloma

Inverted Papillary Urothelial Neoplasia of Low Malignant Potential

Inverted Variant (Subtype) of Urothelial Carcinoma (Urothelial Carcinoma with Inverted Growth)

Florid von Brunn Nest Proliferations

Florid Cystitis Glandularis

Nested Variant (Subtype) Urothelial Carcinoma

Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

REFERENCES

Chapter 14: Bladder Carcinoma in Specific Clinical Setting

Diverticular Carcinoma

Urothelial Carcinoma Following Augmentation Cystoplasty

Bladder Carcinoma in Neuropathic Bladder (Spinal Cord Injury)

Urothelial Carcinoma in Children and Young Adults

Urothelial Carcinoma in Lynch Syndrome Patients

REFERENCES

Chapter 15: Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma)

Overview

Definition and Terminology

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Ultrastructural Features

Immunohistochemistry and Differential Diagnosis

Upper Urinary Tract Sarcomatoid Carcinoma

Prognosis and Treatment

Molecular Pathology of Sarcomatoid Carcinoma

Summary and Future Perspectives

REFERENCES

Chapter 16: Adenocarcinoma and Its Putative Precursors and Variants

Putative Precursor Lesions

Adenocarcinoma

Urachal Adenocarcinoma

REFERENCES

Chapter 17: Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Other Squamous Lesions

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Other Squamous Lesions

REFERENCES

Chapter 18: Neuroendocrine Tumors

Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Well‐Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor (Carcinoid Tumor)

Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Mixed Neuroendocrine Carcinomas

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

Paraganglioma

Neurofibroma

Schwannoma

Secondary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

REFERENCES

Chapter 19: Handling and Reporting of Bladder Specimens

Specimen Handling

Pathology Reporting

REFERENCES

Chapter 20: Congenital Disorders and Pediatric Neoplasms

Congenital Disorders

Inflammatory and Related Conditions in Children

Rupture and Calculi in Children

Benign Epithelial and Polypoid Lesions

Urothelial Papilloma

Urothelial Carcinoma in Children

Soft Tissue Neoplasms

Other Rare Tumors

REFERENCES

Chapter 21: Soft Tissue Tumors

Myofibroblastic Proliferations and Neoplasms

Benign Soft Tissue Tumors

Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors

Other Soft Tissues Neoplasms Arising in the Bladder

REFERENCES

Chapter 22: Lymphoid and Hematopoietic Tumors

Malignant Lymphoma

Leukemia

Multiple Myeloma/Plasmacytoma

REFERENCES

Chapter 23: Other Rare Tumors

Malignant Melanoma

Germ Cell Tumors

Dermoid Cyst

Rhabdoid Tumor

Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor

Granular Cell Tumor

REFERENCES

Chapter 24: Secondary Tumors

Overview

Secondary Adenocarcinoma

Carcinoma of the Female Genital Tract Extension to the Bladder

Secondary Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast

Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma: Primary Versus Secondary

Metastasis from Other Organs

Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma

REFERENCES

Chapter 25: Treatment Effects

Overview

Systemic Therapy‐Related Changes

Intravesical Therapy

Radiation‐Induced Changes

Chemical Cystitis

Gene Therapy

Photodynamic and Laser Therapy

Treatment‐Related Granulomatous Cystitis

Surgery‐Related Pathologic Lesions (

Table

25‐11)

Reactive Instrumentation Effects of the Upper Tract and the Urethra

Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry of Therapy‐Related Urothelial Atypia

REFERENCES

Chapter 26: Pathology of the Urachus

Overview

Congenital Anomalies

Infectious Conditions

Benign Neoplasms of the Urachus

Malignant Neoplasms

REFERENCES

Chapter 27: Pathology of Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Urethra

Overview

Congenital Anomalies

Pyelitis, Ureteritis, and Urethritis

Benign Lesions and Mimics of Cancer

Neoplasms of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter

Tumor of the Urethra

Soft Tissue Tumors

Miscellaneous and Secondary Tumors

REFERENCES

Chapter 28: Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry

Overview

Markers Useful for the Determination of Urothelial Origin

Distinguishing Muscularis Propria from Muscularis Mucosae

Distinguishing Dysplasia and Carcinoma In Situ from Reactive Urothelial Atypia

Distinguishing Urothelial Carcinoma from Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

Differentiating Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder from Secondary Tumors

Glandular Tumors

Neuroendocrine Tumors

Spindle Cell Tumors

Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma

Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry in Bladder Carcinoma with Variant Histology (Histologic Subtypes)

REFERENCES

Chapter 29: Tissue‐Based Biomarkers for Prognosis and to Guide Therapy for Bladder Cancer

Overview

Proliferation Markers (PCNA, Ki67, and MIB1)

Apoptosis Markers

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Growth Factors and Receptors

Oncogenes

Cell Adhesion Markers

Vessel Density

Telomerase

Miscellaneous Markers

Combined Biomarkers and Nomograms

Impact of Biomarkers on Pathologic Classification of Bladder Tumors

Tissue‐Based Biomarkers and Targeted Therapy for Bladder Cancer

Future Perspectives

REFERENCES

Chapter 30: Molecular Pathology of Bladder Cancer

Overview

FGFR3 and TP53 Gene Mutations Define Two Key Pathways in Urothelial Carcinogenesis

Understanding Urothelial Carcinogenesis: Methodological Considerations

Cancer Stem Cells and Urothelial Carcinogenesis

Precursor Lesions of Bladder Cancer

Multifocal Bladder Tumors and Field Effects

Tumor Heterogeneity

Early Detection of Urothelial Carcinoma

Molecular Grading

Molecular Staging

Molecular Classification of Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma

TERT Promoter Mutation in Urothelial Carcinoma

Future Perspectives

REFERENCES

Chapter 31: Molecular Determinants for Tumor Prognosis and Targeted Therapy

Determinants of Tumor Recurrence

Gene Expression Signature to Predict Bladder Cancer Recurrence

Combined Biomarkers as Predictor of Tumor Recurrence

Epigenetic Alterations as Predictor of Tumor Recurrence

Other Genomic Alterations as Predictor for the Tumor Recurrence

Serum Markers to Predict Bladder Cancer Recurrence

Implications of Field Effect and Cancer Stem Cells in Recurrence of Bladder Cancer

Marker Validation and Experimental Bias

Liquid Biopsy in the Clinical Management of Bladder Cancer

Molecular Biomarkers and Targeted Therapy

Molecular Basis of Resistance to Therapy

Future Perspectives

REFERENCES

Chapter 32: Urine‐Based Biomarkers

Overview

Bladder Tumor Antigen

Nuclear Matrix Protein 22

ImmunoCyt/uCyt+

Urinary Bladder Cancer Antigen

Hemoglobin Dipstick

Emerging Urine Biomarkers

Ancillary Studies

REFERENCES

Chapter 33: Evaluation of Hematuria and Urinalysis

Overview

Laboratory Investigation

Dysmorphic Red Blood Cells Indicate Glomerular Disease

Epithelium of the Lower Urinary Tract and Kidney

Renal Epithelium

Renal Casts in Urine Sediment

Urolithiasis

Optimal Cytodiagnostic Urinalysis of Hematuria

REFERENCES

Chapter 34: Urinary Cytology

Overview

Types of Specimen

Normal Components of the Urinary Cytology Specimens

Inflammatory Lesions

Reactive Changes in Urinary Cytology

Urinary Cytology in Renal Transplant Recipients

Other Benign Conditions

Benign Tumors and Tumor‐Like Processes

Cytologic Diagnosis of Bladder Malignancies

The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology

Secondary Tumors

Cytology of Anatomic Sites Other Than Urinary Bladder

Sources of Diagnostic Pitfalls

REFERENCES

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1‐1 Common Immunohistochemical Biomarkers to Identify the Different C...

Table 1‐2 Microscopic Characteristics of the Smooth Muscle Present in the W...

Chapter 2

Table 2‐1 Inflammatory Conditions

Table 2‐2 Histologic Findings in Interstitial Cystitis

Table 2‐3 Histopathologic Grading of Schistosomal Urinary Bladder Disease

Table 2‐4 Comparison of Active and Inactive Schistosomiasis

Chapter 3

Table 3‐1 Differentiating Histopathologic Characteristics of Cytologically ...

Table 3‐2 Key Morphologic Features Distinguishing Nested Histologic Subtype...

Table 3‐3 Selected Immunohistochemical Markers in Glandular/Gland‐like Lesi...

Table 3‐4 Differentiating Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Nephrogenic ...

Chapter 5

Table 5‐1 Urothelial Papilloma versus Modified Grade 1 Urothelial Carcinoma...

Chapter 6

Table 6‐1 Classification of Flat Urothelial Lesions of the Urinary Bladder ...

Table 6‐2 Morphologic Features of Flat Urothelial Lesions

Table 6‐3 Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Use to Assess Flat Urothelial L...

Table 6‐4 Clinical Findings of Patients with Reactive Atypia, Atypia of Unk...

Table 6‐5 Evolving Terminology for Flat (Nonpapillary) Intraepithelial Lesi...

Chapter 7

Table 7‐1 Major Differential Diagnosis of Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ

Table 7‐2 Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Use to Assess Flat Urothelial L...

Table 7‐3 Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ

Chapter 8

Table 8‐1 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Ur...

Table 8‐2 Factors Predictive of Recurrence and Progression in Urothelial Ca...

Table 8‐3 AUA/SUO Risk Stratification for NMIB

Table 8‐4 Definition of Common States of Heterogeneity in Bladder Cancer...

Table 8‐5 Initial Management per NMIBC Risk Groups as per AUA and NCCN Guid...

Table 8‐8 First‐line Systemic Therapy for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Di...

Table 8‐9 Second‐line Systemic Therapy for Locally Advanced or Metastatic D...

Chapter 9

Table 9‐1 Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder

a

Table 9‐2 Diagnostic Criteria for The Newly Proposed Grading System of Urot...

Table 9‐3 Differential Diagnosis of Urothelial Papilloma and Grade 1 (Low‐g...

Chapter 10

Table 10‐1 Relevant Histological Features When Facing the Diagnosis of Stro...

Table 10‐2 Microscopic Characteristics of the Smooth Muscle Present in the ...

Table 10‐3 Pitfalls in The Diagnosis of Stage pT1 Urothelial Carcinoma

Table 10‐4 Areas of Diagnostic Difficulty Frequently Reported as Indetermin...

Table 10‐5 High‐risk Features Associated with pT1 Disease

Table 10‐6 Items to be Reported in Transurethral Resection and Biopsy Sampl...

Chapter 11

Table 11‐1 TNM/AJCC Classification of Bladder Carcinoma (8th edition, 2018 ...

Table 11‐2 TNM/AJCC Stage Groupings (8th edition, 2018 revision)

Table 11‐3 Comparison of Clinical Outcome between pT2a and pT2b Bladder Car...

Table 11‐4 Prediction of Extravesical Extension by the Depth of Invasion Me...

Table 11‐5 TNM Classification of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Prostatic Uret...

Table 11‐6 Selected TNM Descriptors

Chapter 12

Table 12‐1 Histologic Subtypes of Urothelial Carcinoma (Variant Histology) ...

Table 12‐2 Pathologic Variants of Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma According to...

Table 12‐3 Selected Immunohistochemical Profile and Differential Diagnostic...

Table 12‐4 Key Features in the Differential Diagnosis of the Nested Variant...

Table 12‐5 Main Differential Features of Bladder Tumors with Plasmacytoid C...

Table 12‐6 Histological Subtypes of Urothelial Carcinoma not Included in Th...

Table 12‐7 Correlation of Selected Histological Subtypes (Variant Histology...

Chapter 13

Table 13‐1 Main Urothelial Lesions and Tumors with Inverted Growth Patterns

Table 13‐2 Key Morphologic Features of Inverted Papilloma

Table 13‐3 Morphologic, Immunologic, and Molecular Genetic Features of Inve...

Table 13‐4 Urothelial Carcinoma with Inverted Pattern Criteria for Invasion

Table 13‐5 Comparison of Morphologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Fe...

Chapter 14

Table 14‐1 Literature Review of Urothelial Carcinoma (Transitional Cell Car...

Table 14‐2 Clinicopathologic and Molecular Characteristics of Urothelial Ca...

Table 14‐3 Clinicopathological Characteristics of Four Urothelial Carcinoma...

Table 14‐4 Immunohistochemistry Results in Four Urothelial Carcinomas Follo...

Table 14‐5 Chromosomal Alterations Detected by UroVysion Fluorescence In Si...

Chapter 15

Table 15‐1 Key Features to Differentiate Sarcomatoid Carcinoma from Other S...

Table 15‐2 Immunohistochemistry of Selected Spindle Cell Lesions of the Bla...

Chapter 16

Table 16‐1 Histologic Patterns of Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder

a

Table 16‐2 Glandular or Gland‐Like Lesions, and Mimickers of Adenocarcinoma...

Table 16‐4 Selected Immunohistochemical Markers in Glandular Lesions of the...

Table 16‐5 Differential Diagnosis of Atypical Nephrogenic Metaplasia and Cl...

Table 16‐6 Differentiating Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Nephrogenic...

Table 16‐7 WHO Classification of Epithelial Urachal Neoplasm

Table 16‐8 Diagnostic Criteria for Urachal Carcinoma

Table 16‐9 Staging of Urachal Carcinoma

Chapter 17

Table 17‐1 Differential Diagnosis of Squamous Papilloma, Condyloma Acuminat...

Chapter 18

Table 18‐1 Immunohistochemistry of Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of t...

Table 18‐2 Immunoprofile of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Bladder

Table 18‐3 Selected Immunohistochemical Profiles of Small Round Blue Cell T...

Chapter 19

Table 19‐1 Protocol for the Examination of Biopsy and Transurethral Resecti...

Table 19‐2 Protocol for the Examination of Cystectomy (Partial, Total, or R...

Table 19‐3 Transurethral Resection and Biopsy Specimen Reporting According ...

Table 19‐4 Cystectomy, Cystoprostatectomy and Diverticulectomy Specimen Rep...

Table 19‐5 Summary of Reporting of Bladder Biopsy/Transurethral Resection S...

Table 19‐6 Summary of Reporting of Cystectomy Specimens

Chapter 20

Table 20‐1 Bladder Tumors in Childhood (In Descending Order of Frequency)

Table 20‐2 Comparison of Pediatric and Adult Inflammatory Myofibroblastic T...

Table 20‐3 Molecular Genetics of Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma by Histology

Table 20‐4 Molecular Genetic of Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma by PAX Gene Fusi...

Table 20‐5 TNM Staging of Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma

Table 20‐6 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children's Oncology Pretrea...

Table 20‐7 Risk Associated with Histologic Subtypes of Rhabdomyosarcoma

Table 20‐8 Current WHO Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma

Chapter 21

Table 21‐1 Differential Features of Selected Soft Tissue Tumors of the Urin...

Table 21‐2 Immunohistochemistry in Selected Soft Tissue Tumors and Sarcomat...

Chapter 22

Table 22‐1 Main Differential Features of Bladder Tumors with Plasmacytoid C...

Chapter 23

Table 23‐1 Diagnostic Criteria for Separation of Primary and Metastatic Mal...

Chapter 24

Table 24‐1 Primary Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder Versus Colorectal Adenocar...

Table 24‐2 Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Versus Urothelial Carcinoma

Table 24‐3 Selected Immunochemical Biomarkers for Establishing Tumor Origin

Table 24‐4 Immunohistochemical Profile of the Most Common Variants

Chapter 25

Table 25‐1 Pathological Alterations Associated with Systemic Cyclophosphami...

Table 25‐2 Pathologic Alterations Associated with Ketamine

Table 25‐3 Pathologic Alterations Associated with Neoadjuvant Systemic Chem...

Table 25‐4 Pathological Alterations Associated with Intravesical Chemothera...

Table 25‐5 Intravesical Therapy‐Associated Atypia and Low‐Grade Urothelial ...

Table 25‐6 Pathological Alterations Associated with Intravesical Immunother...

Table 25‐7 Radiation‐Induced Changes

Table 25‐8 Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Use to Assess Flat Urothelial ...

Table 25‐9 Pathological Changes Associated with Gene Therapy

Table 25‐10 Pathological Alterations Associated with Photodynamic and Laser...

Table 25‐11 Surgery‐Related Alterations

Chapter 26

Table 26‐1 Diagnostic Criteria for Urachal Origin of Adenocarcinoma

Table 26‐2 Current Diagnostic Criteria of Urachal Adenocarcinoma

Table 26‐3 Staging of Urachal Tumors

Table 26‐4 Current Classification of Epithelial Tumors of the Urachus

Table 26‐5 Immunohistochemical Features of Primary Adenocarcinoma of the Bl...

Chapter 27

Table 27‐1 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors. Pathol...

Table 27‐2 TNM Classification of Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter (8th...

Table 27‐3 Renal Pelvis–Ureter Specimen Reporting According to the ICCR...

Table 27‐4 Protocol for the Examination of Renal Pelvis and Ureter (CAP Che...

Table 27‐5 Reported Incidence of Variant Histology (VH; Histologic Subtypes...

Table 27‐6 Molecular Differences Between Upper Tract (UTUC) and Bladder (BU...

Table 27‐7 TNM Classification of Tumors of the Urethra (2016 Revision)

Table 27‐8 Urethra Specimen Reporting According to the ICCR

Table 27‐9 Protocol for the Examination of Biopsy of the Urethra (CAP Check...

Chapter 28

Table 28‐1 Common Immunohistochemical Biomarkers to Identify the Different ...

Table 28‐2 Markers Useful in Establishing Urothelial Origin in Metastatic C...

Table 28‐3 Establishing Tumor Origins Using CK7 and CK20 Markers

Table 28‐4 Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Use to Assess Flat Urothelial ...

Table 28‐5 Immunohistochemical Panel to Distinguish Prostate from Urothelia...

Table 28‐6 Immunoprofile of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Bladder

Table 28‐7 Immunohistochemical Features in the Differential Diagnosis of Sm...

Table 28‐8 Immunohistochemistry of Selected Spindle Cell Lesions of the Bla...

Table 28‐9 Immunohistochemical Profile of the Most Common Histologic Subtyp...

Chapter 29

Table 29‐1 Prognostic/Predictive Factors of Progression in Non‐Muscle‐Invas...

Table 29‐2 Prognostic/Predictive Factors of Metastatic Risk and Survival in...

Table 29‐3 Selected Molecular Biomarkers Investigated in Bladder Cancer

Table 29‐4 Selected Emerging Tissue‐Based Prognostic/Predictive Biomarkers ...

Table 29‐5 Selected Mutations in Urothelial Neoplasms

Table 29‐6 Reported Characteristics of the Molecular Subtypes of Muscle Inv...

Table 29‐7 Selected Emerging Targets of Drug Resistance in Bladder Cancer

Table 29‐8 Predicting Response to Cisplatin‐Based Chemotherapy

Table 29‐9 Selected Emerging Targets for Personalized Therapy in Bladder Ca...

Table 29‐10 Commonly Used Anti PD1‐PDL1 Antibodies to Guide Immune Checkpoi...

Chapter 30

Table 30‐1 Divergent Molecular Pathways in Urothelial Carcinogenesis

Table 30‐2 FGFR3 and TP53 Gene Mutations Status in Relation to Tumor Grade,...

Table 30‐3 Selected Emerging Targets for Personalized Therapy in Bladder Ca...

Table 30‐4 Selected Gene Expression Profiling Studies in Bladder Cancer

Table 30‐5 Reported Characteristics of the Molecular Subtypes of Muscle Inv...

Table 30‐6 Summary of Overall Prevalence of TERT Promoter Mutations in 725...

Chapter 31

Table 31‐1 Clinical Impact of Molecular Prediction of Recurrence

Table 31‐2 The Use of Molecular Markers to Predict Tumor Recurrence

Table 31‐3 Divergent Carcinogenesis Pathways of Bladder Cancer

Table 31‐4 Predicting Response to Cisplatin‐Based Chemotherapy

Table 31‐5 Selected Emerging Targets for Personalized Therapy in Bladder Ca...

Table 31‐6 Selected Emerging Targets of Drug Resistance in Bladder Cancer

Chapter 32

Table 32‐1 Selected Urine Markers Used for Bladder Cancer Detection

Table 32‐2 Major Indications for the Use of Urine Based Biomarkers

Table 32‐3 UroVysion Interpretation in Urinary Cytology Specimens

a

Table 32‐4 Tumor‐Derived DNA as Urine Biomarker of Urothelial Bladder Carci...

Table 32‐5 Tumor‐Derived RNA as Urine Biomarkers of Urothelial Bladder Carc...

Table 32‐6 Commercially Available Urine Biomarkers Tests Based on RNA/DNA A...

Chapter 33

Table 33‐1 Possible Causes of Lower/Upper Urinary Tract (UT) and Renal Pare...

Table 33‐2 Selected List of Drugs, Pigments, Diuretics, and Miscellaneous F...

Table 33‐3 Recommendations from the Current Literature and Institutional Gu...

Table 33‐4 Criteria to Distinguish Glomerular from Extraglomerular Hematuri...

Table 33‐5 Six Essential Components of Optimal Cytodiagnostic Urinalysis

Table 33‐6 Advantages of Optimal Cytodiagnostic Urinalysis

Table 33‐7 Correlation of Optimal Cytodiagnostic Urinalysis with Renal Biop...

Chapter 34

Table 34‐1 Major Indications for the Use of Urinary Cytology

Table 34‐2 Major Categories Classically Identified in Urinary Cytology

Table 34‐3 Five Main Categories of the Paris System for Reporting Urinary C...

Table 34‐4 The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology 2022 (TPS 2.0): ...

Table 34‐5 Characteristic Cytologic Changes Associated with Specific Types ...

Table 34‐6 Differential Diagnosis of Urothelial Atypia

Table 34‐7 Cellular Features of Reactive Atypia, Carcinoma In Situ, and Uro...

Table 34‐8 The Paris Reporting System: Criteria for Cytological Identificat...

Table 34‐9 Major Diagnostic Pitfalls in Lower Urinary Tract Cytology

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1‐1 Normal trigone (A and B).

Figure 1‐2 Normal trigone in a woman during the reproductive years. Note the...

Figure 1‐6 Cytokeratin 20 immunostains highlight superficial umbrella cell....

Figure 1‐9 Normal urothelium. Basal and intermediate cells are located betwe...

Figure 1‐10 Normal urothelium. Basal and intermediate cells are more densely...

Figure 1‐16 Muscularis mucosae.

Figure 1‐17 Muscularis mucosae in the biopsy specimen.

Figure 1‐18 Muscularis mucosae in close proximity of large vessels (A and B)...

Figure 1‐19 Large vessels may be seen in superficial lamina propria and may ...

Figure 1‐20 Variable distribution of large vessels and variable sized muscul...

Figure 1‐21 Muscularis mucosae is negative or shows weaker staining as compa...

Figure 1‐22 Adipose tissue can be seen in the lamina propria.

Figure 1‐23 Adipose tissue is present in both the lamina propria and muscula...

Figure 1‐24 Bizarre stromal cells in the lamina propria (A and B).

Figure 1‐25 Bizarre stromal cells in the lamina propria.

Figure 1‐26 Muscularis propria (detrusor muscle). Note the contrast between ...

Figure 1‐27 Patterns of intramural urachal canals. A, Tubular canal without ...

Figure 1‐28 Normal urachus lined by stratified urothelium (A and B).

Figure 1‐29 Urachal remnants (A to D).

Figure 1‐30 Normal ureter (A and B).

Figure 1‐31 Normal urethra in male patient (A and B).

Figure 1‐32 Normal urethra and periurethral glands (A and B).

Figure 1‐33 Littre glands are lined by mucus secreting columnar cells.

Figure 1‐34 Transition from urothelium to squamous epithelium in the urethra...

Chapter 2

Figure 2‐1 Acute cystitis. Numerous neutrophils are seen in the urothelium....

Figure 2‐2 Acute cystitis. Reactive changes are commonly seen in the setting...

Figure 2‐3 Acute cystitis. Note the stroma edema.

Figure 2‐4 Chronic nonspecific cystitis. The mucosa is intact but thinned, a...

Figure 2‐5 Chronic cystitis with mucosal erosion.

Figure 2‐6 Chronic cystitis with reactive epithelial changes.

Figure 2‐7 Chronic cystitis with mucosal edema. The overlying urothelium is ...

Figure 2‐8 Chronic cystitis. Note the transition of normal urothelium to squ...

Figure 2‐9 Polypoid cystitis with a broad frond of mucosa with prominent blo...

Figure 2‐10 Polypoid cystitis with focal bullous formation.

Figure 2‐11 Polypoid cystitis.

Figure 2‐12 Polypoid cystitis. Broad polypoid growth imparting a cobblestone...

Figure 2‐13 Papillary cystitis (A to D). Note the finger‐like projections an...

Figure 2‐14 Papillary cystitis (A and B).

Figure 2‐15 Comparison of papillary cystitis and low‐grade noninvasive papil...

Figure 2‐16 Follicular cystitis. Benign urothelium overlies a lymphoid folli...

Figure 2‐17 Interstitial cystitis. Grossly, there are scattered mucosal eros...

Figure 2‐18 Interstitial cystitis, ulcer pattern (A to C). Note the wedge‐sh...

Figure 2‐19 Interstitial cystitis with mucosal denudation.

Figure 2‐20 Interstitial cystitis. The lamina propria is edematous and vascu...

Figure 2‐21 Interstitial cystitis with stromal hemorrhage.

Figure 2‐22 Interstitial cystitis, non‐ulcer pattern (A and B). The urotheli...

Figure 2‐23 Eosinophilic cystitis. Note the prominent eosinophils in the uro...

Figure 2‐24 Eosinophilic cystitis.

Figure 2‐25 Encrusted cystitis. The histologic section is distorted by the m...

Figure 2‐26 Encrusted cystitis. Note the thin overlying urothelium.

Figure 2‐27 Hemorrhagic cystitis (A and B). This patient had bone marrow tra...

Figure 2‐28 Hemorrhagic cystitis following cyclophosphamide therapy.

Figure 2‐29 Condyloma acuminata of the urinary bladder (A and B). The infect...

Figure 2‐30 Condyloma acuminata of the urinary bladder. Note the koilocytic ...

Figure 2‐31 Cytomegalovirus cystitis.

Figure 2‐32 Cytomegalovirus cystitis (A and B).

Figure 2‐33 Cytomegalovirus cystitis (A and B). Scattered stromal cells are ...

Figure 2‐34 Polyomavirus infection in a 69‐year‐old renal transplant patient...

Figure 2‐35 Polyomavirus infection (A and B).

Figure 2‐36 Giant cell cystitis following transurethral resection of the bla...

Figure 2‐37 Giant cell cystitis (A and B).

Figure 2‐38 Giant cell cystitis.

Figure 2‐39 Radiation cystitis with acute inflammation, vascular congestion,...

Figure 2‐40 Radiation cystitis. Note the atypical stroma cells after radiati...

Figure 2‐41 Radiation cystitis with pseudocarcinomatous epithelial prolifera...

Figure 2‐42 Chronic diverticulitis (A and B).

Figure 2‐43 Postsurgical necrobiotic granuloma (A and B).

Figure 2‐44 Granuloma after transurethral resection (A to C). The granulomas...

Figure 2‐45 Suture granuloma, with residual foreign material eliciting a gra...

Figure 2‐46 BCG‐induced granuloma.

Figure 2‐47 BCG‐induced granuloma (A and B).

Figure 2‐48 Schistosomiasis of the bladder (A and B). Cystoscopic appearance...

Figure 2‐49 Schistosomiasis of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 2‐50 Schistosomiasis of the bladder (A to D). Note the prominent eosi...

Figure 2‐51 Malakoplakia (A to D). Note the mucosal nodules in the ureter (a...

Figure 2‐52 Malakoplakia (A to D).

Figure 2‐53 Idiopathic xanthogranulomatous cystitis in a transurethral resec...

Figure 2‐54 Xanthogranulomatous cystitis (A and B).

Figure 2‐55 Xanthogranulomatous cystitis with polypoid configuration, mimick...

Figure 2‐56 Xanthoma of the urinary bladder.

Figure 2‐57 Xanthoma of the urinary bladder.

Figure 2‐58 Necrotizing palisading granuloma.

Chapter 3

Figure 3‐1 von Brunn nests beneath intact urothelium.

Figure 3‐2 von Brunn nests.

Figure 3‐3 von Brunn nests. Note the luminal eosinophilic secretions.

Figure 3‐4 von Brunn nest proliferations (A and B).

Figure 3‐5 von Brunn nest proliferations.

Figure 3‐6 Gross appearance of cystitis cystica.

Figure 3‐7 Cystitis cystica (A to D). Nests of proliferative urothelium with...

Figure 3‐8 Cystitis cystica (A and B). Note the pink proteinaceous secretion...

Figure 3‐9 Cystitis cystica glandularis (A and B). Gross (A) and microscopic...

Figure 3‐10 Cystitis glandularis.

Figure 3‐11 Cystitis glandularis.

Figure 3‐12 Cystitis cystica glandularis and intestinal metaplasia (gross)....

Figure 3‐13 Intestinal metaplasia involving cystitis glandularis (A and B)....

Figure 3‐14 Intestinal metaplasia (A and B). Note the surface urothelium inv...

Figure 3‐15 Immunohistochemical analysis of intestinal metaplasia of the uri...

Figure 3‐16 Florid cystitis glandularis of intestinal type with mucin extrav...

Figure 3‐17 Florid cystitis glandularis of intestinal type with mucin extrav...

Figure 3‐18 Telomere shortening in intestinal metaplasia of the urinary blad...

Figure 3‐19 Florid cystitis glandularis (A and B).

Figure 3‐20 Florid von Brunn nest proliferations and cystitis glandularis (A...

Figure 3‐21 Florid von Brunn nest proliferations and cystitis glandularis.

Figure 3‐22 Metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma mimicking florid cystitis gl...

Figure 3‐23 Keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the bladder. The mucosal sur...

Figure 3‐24 Keratinizing squamous metaplasia (A and B).

Figure 3‐25 Nonkeratinizing squamous metaplasia.

Figure 3‐26 Nonkeratinizing squamous metaplasia in a bladder biopsy specimen...

Figure 3‐27 Transition of urothelium to squamous metaplasia. von Brunn nests...

Figure 3‐28 Glycogenated squamous epithelium in normal trigone of a women du...

Figure 3‐29 Glycogenated squamous epithelium (A and B). The epithelium is th...

Figure 3‐30 Nephrogenic metaplasia, papillary pattern (A and B).

Figure 3‐31 Nephrogenic metaplasia (A to D). Papillary pattern (A and B) and...

Figure 3‐32 Nephrogenic adenoma, tubulocystic pattern. Dilated tubules are l...

Figure 3‐33 Nephrogenic adenoma, polypoid pattern (A and B).

Figure 3‐34 Nephrogenic adenoma, solid and tubular pattern (A and B).

Figure 3‐35 Nephrogenic adenoma, polypoid pattern (A and B). It resembles po...

Figure 3‐36 Nephrogenic adenoma, polypoid, and papillary patterns (A to D)....

Figure 3‐37 Nephrogenic adenoma with signet ring cell feature.

Figure 3‐38 Nephrogenic metaplasia with cytologic atypia (atypical sclerosin...

Figure 3‐39 Nephrogenic metaplasia, fibromyxoid variant (A to D).

Figure 3‐40 Simple urothelial hyperplasia. The urothelium displays normal ma...

Figure 3‐41 Simple urothelial hyperplasia.

Figure 3‐42 Papillary hyperplasia. Microscopic papillary growth without cyto...

Figure 3‐43 Papillary hyperplasia (A to D).

Figure 3‐44 Pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia (A and B).

Figure 3‐45 Pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia (A and B).

Chapter 4

Figure 4‐1 Fibroepithelial polyp (A and B).

Figure 4‐2 Fibroepithelial polyp with a flat atrophic urothelial surface lin...

Figure 4‐3 Fibroepithelial polyp with a fibrotic stroma.

Figure 4‐4 Pseudosarcomatous stroma in fibroepithelial polyps (A and B).

Figure 4‐5 Ectopic prostate (A and B).

Figure 4‐6 Ectopic prostate (A to D). Prostate specific antigen immunostaini...

Figure 4‐7 Polypoid hamartoma.

Figure 4‐8 Diverticulosis of the bladder.

Figure 4‐9 Diverticulosis (A and B).

Figure 4‐10 Chronic diverticulitis.

Figure 4‐11 Endocervicosis of the bladder.

Figure 4‐12 Endocervicosis of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 4‐13 Endometriosis of the bladder. Disabling diffuse endometriosis in...

Figure 4‐14 Endometriosis of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 4‐15 Endometriosis of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 4‐16 Endometriosis of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 4‐17 Müllerianosis of the bladder.

Figure 4‐18 Melanosis of the bladder.

Figure 4‐19 Melanosis of the bladder.

Figure 4‐20 Amyloid deposit in the bladder.

Figure 4‐21 Tamm–Horsfall protein deposits in the bladder.

Figure 4‐22 Calcium oxalate crystal deposit in the bladder.

Figure 4‐23 Heterotopic ossification of the bladder.

Figure 4‐24 Subepithelial pelvic hematoma of the renal pelvis. It mimics can...

Chapter 5

Figure 5‐1 Urothelial papilloma (A and B). A single delicate elongated 1.1 c...

Figure 5‐2 Urothelial papilloma. Solitary 1.5 cm diameter papillary growth f...

Figure 5‐3 Urothelial papilloma.

Figure 5‐4 Urothelial papilloma (A and B).

Figure 5‐5 Urothelial papilloma (A and B). Note the prominent superficial ce...

Figure 5‐6 Urothelial papilloma (A and B).

Figure 5‐7 Urothelial papilloma with nuclear atypia of the superficial cells...

Figure 5‐8 Urothelial papilloma (A) and grade 1 noninvasive papillary urothe...

Figure 5‐9 Urothelial papilloma (A) and nephrogenic adenoma (B). The papilla...

Figure 5‐10 Prostatic adenocarcinoma, ductal type (A and B). Ductal adenocar...

Figure 5‐11 Diffuse papillomatosis (A and B). (A) Multiple minute papillary ...

Figure 5‐12 Diffuse papillomatosis.

Figure 5‐13 Diffuse papillomatosis.

Figure 5‐14 Inverted papilloma (A and B).

Figure 5‐15 Inverted papilloma.

Figure 5‐16 Inverted papilloma.

Figure 5‐17 Squamous papilloma of the bladder.

Figure 5‐18 Squamous papilloma of the bladder.

Figure 5‐19 Condyloma acuminate of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 5‐20 Villous adenoma of the bladder.

Figure 5‐21 Tubulovillous adenoma of the bladder.

Figure 5‐22 Tubulovillous adenoma of the bladder (A to C).

Figure 5‐23 Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate (A) with positive PSA immu...

Figure 5‐24 Tubulovillous adenoma of the urachus (A and B).

Chapter 6

Figure 6‐1 Reactive urothelial atypia (A–D).

Figure 6‐2 Reactive urothelial atypia. There is some thickening and loss of ...

Figure 6‐3 Reactive urothelial atypia after radiation therapy.

Figure 6‐4 Reactive urothelial atypia. Note the mitotic figures in the lower...

Figure 6‐5 Reactive urothelial atypia (A and B). Despite mucosal thickening ...

Figure 6‐6 Urothelial atypia, favor reactive changes. Although considered dy...

Figure 6‐7 Urothelial dysplasia.

Figure 6‐8 Urothelial dysplasia. Despite cytologic changes, including enlarg...

Figure 6‐9 Urothelial dysplasia.

Figure 6‐10 Urothelial dysplasia.

Figure 6‐11 Urothelial dysplasia. The changes seen here were considered to f...

Figure 6‐12 Urothelial dysplasia. The thickened urothelium is populated by d...

Figure 6‐13 Urothelial dysplasia (A and B) with aberrant cytokeratin 20 expr...

Figure 6‐14 Urothelial dysplasia (A and B) with aberrant cytokeratin 20 expr...

Figure 6‐15 Urothelial dysplasia (A and B). P53 staining highlights dysplast...

Figure 6‐16 Continuum from normal urothelium through dysplasia to carcinoma ...

Chapter 7

Figure 7‐1 Diagrammatic representation of the evolution of invasive bladder ...

Figure 7‐2 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A–C). Cystoscopic (A), gross (B), a...

Figure 7‐3 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B). Cystoscopic (A) and micro...

Figure 7‐4 Urothelial carcinoma in situ visualized by standard white‐light c...

Figure 7‐5 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for 138 patients with primary urothe...

Figure 7‐6 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B). Note the velvety appearan...

Figure 7‐7 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B). Note the full thickness i...

Figure 7‐8 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A–D). Note the variable layers of c...

Figure 7‐9 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B). Note the atypical mitotic...

Figure 7‐10 Urothelial carcinoma in situ involves von Brunn nests. The overl...

Figure 7‐11 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B), large cell variant. Carc...

Figure 7‐12 Urothelial carcinoma in situ with pleomorphic giant cells (“gian...

Figure 7‐13 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B), small cell variant. The ...

Figure 7‐14 Urothelial carcinoma in situ, small cell variant.

Figure 7‐15 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B), denuding variant.

Figure 7‐16 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B). Partially denuded urothe...

Figure 7‐17 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B), denuding and clinging va...

Figure 7‐18 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A–C), clinging variant.

Figure 7‐19 Urothelial carcinoma in situ, pagetoid spread.

Figure 7‐20 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A–C), pagetoid spread.

Figure 7‐21 Urothelial carcinoma in situ with lepidic growth.

Figure 7‐22 Urothelial carcinoma in situ with lepidic growth (A and B).

Figure 7‐23 Urothelial carcinoma in situ with squamous differentiation.

Figure 7‐24 Urothelial carcinoma in situ with glandular differentiation. Not...

Figure 7‐25 Urothelial carcinoma in situ involving cystitis glandularis.

Figure 7‐26 Urothelial carcinoma in situ involving cystitis cystica.

Figure 7‐27 Urothelial carcinoma in situ involving von Brunn nests (A and B)...

Figure 7‐28 Urothelial carcinoma in situ involving von Brunn nests (A and B)...

Figure 7‐29 Urothelial carcinoma in situ, micropapillary variant.

Figure 7‐30 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B), micropapillary variant....

Figure 7‐31 Urothelial carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (A–D).

Figure 7‐32 Urothelial carcinoma in situ with microinvasion, tentacular grow...

Figure 7‐33 Cyclophosphamide (cytoxan)‐induced urothelial atypia, mimicking ...

Figure 7‐34 Cyclophosphamide (cytoxan)‐induced urothelial atypia, mimicking ...

Figure 7‐35 Radiation‐induced urothelial atypia, mimicking carcinoma in situ...

Figure 7‐36 Aberrant expression of cytokeratin 20 in urothelial carcinoma in...

Figure 7‐37 Urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B). Uro‐3 triple staining (B...

Figure 7‐38 Recurrent urothelial carcinoma in situ (A and B). (A) There is p...

Figure 7‐39 Multifocal urothelial carcinoma in situ in a gross specimen.

Figure 7‐40 Morphologic progression from urothelial dysplasia to urothelial ...

Chapter 8

Figure 8‐1 Early stage bladder cancer (pTa) (A to C). Cystoscopic (A), gross...

Figure 8‐2 Papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (A to D). Cystoscop...

Figure 8‐3 Urothelial carcinoma in situ. Cystoscopic and microscopic appeara...

Figure 8‐4 Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Radiographically, urothelial...

Figure 8‐5 Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Arrow indicates the tumor. W...

Figure 8‐6 Invasive urothelial carcinoma (A and B). Magnetic resonance imagi...

Figure 8‐7 Invasive urothelial carcinoma with thickened bladder wall (A and ...

Figure 8‐8 Bulky invasive urothelial carcinoma with thickened bladder wall (...

Figure 8‐9 Different stages of bladder cancer (A to D). (A) Tumor invades in...

Figure 8‐10 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 8‐11 Early stage (pT1) urothelial carcinoma. Note the presence of sma...

Figure 8‐12 Invasive urothelial carcinoma. Tentacular pattern of stromal inv...

Figure 8‐13 Invasive urothelial carcinoma. Note the prominent desmoplasia.

Figure 8‐14 Urothelial carcinoma invading into the prostate.

Figure 8‐15 Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation.

Figure 8‐16 Tumor heterogeneity in urothelial carcinoma. Mixed histologic gr...

Figure 8‐17 Multifocality of bladder cancer. CT scan shows large prostate an...

Figure 8‐18 Multifocality of bladder cancer. Cystoscopic examination reveale...

Chapter 9

Figure 9‐1 Noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (A and B). Note the br...

Figure 9‐2 Newly proposed grading system (grades 1–4) (A to D). (A) Grade 1 ...

Figure 9‐3 Urothelial papilloma (A and B).

Figure 9‐4 Grade 1 urothelial carcinoma, 1973 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐5 Grade 1 urothelial carcinoma, 1973 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐6 Grade 1 urothelial carcinoma, 1973 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐7 Grade 2 urothelial carcinoma, 1973 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐8 Grade 2 urothelial carcinoma, 1973 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐9 Grade 2 urothelial carcinoma, 1973 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐10 Grade 3 urothelial carcinoma, 1973 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐11 Grade 3 urothelial carcinoma, 1973 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐12 Grade 3 urothelial carcinoma, 1973 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐13 Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, 2004 W...

Figure 9‐14 Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, 2004 W...

Figure 9‐15 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma, 2004 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐16 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma, 2004 WHO classification.

Figure 9‐17 Kaplan–Meier survival probability curves in 504 bladder cancer p...

Figure 9‐18 Histologic grading of urothelial carcinoma, new proposal (A to D...

Figure 9‐19 Comparison of the 1973 and 2004 WHO classification with the new ...

Figure 9‐20 Comparisons of different grading systems. The 1973 WHO grade 1 c...

Figure 9‐21 Urothelial papilloma.

Figure 9‐22 Urothelial papilloma.

Figure 9‐23 Grade 1 urothelial carcinoma (low‐grade), current proposal.

Figure 9‐24 Grade 1 urothelial carcinoma (low‐grade), current proposal (A an...

Figure 9‐25 Grade 1 urothelial carcinoma (low‐grade), current proposal.

Figure 9‐26 Comparison of grade 1 urothelial carcinoma (low‐grade) (A) and u...

Figure 9‐27 Grade 2 urothelial carcinoma (low‐grade), current proposal.

Figure 9‐28 Grade 2 urothelial carcinoma (low‐grade), current proposal.

Figure 9‐29 Grade 2 urothelial carcinoma (low‐grade), current proposal.

Figure 9‐30 Grade 2 urothelial carcinoma (low‐grade), new proposal. Note the...

Figure 9‐31 Grade 2 urothelial carcinoma (low‐grade), new proposal. Note the...

Figure 9‐32 Grade 3 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal.

Figure 9‐33 Grade 3 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal.

Figure 9‐34 Grade 3 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal. Note th...

Figure 9‐35 Grade 3 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal. Note th...

Figure 9‐36 Grade 4 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal.

Figure 9‐37 Grade 4 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal.

Figure 9‐38 Grade 4 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal (A and B...

Figure 9‐39 Grade 4 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal. Note th...

Figure 9‐40 Grade 4 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal. Note th...

Figure 9‐41 Grade 4 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal. Note th...

Figure 9‐42 Grade 4 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal. Note th...

Figure 9‐43 Invasive grade 4 urothelial carcinoma (high‐grade), new proposal...

Figure 9‐44 Invasive urothelial carcinoma, grade 2 (low‐grade), new proposal...

Figure 9‐45 Invasive urothelial carcinoma, infiltrative growth pattern.

Figure 9‐46 Invasive urothelial carcinoma, trabecular growth pattern.

Figure 9‐47 Invasive urothelial carcinoma with solid growth pattern. Note th...

Figure 9‐48 Heterogeneity of histologic grade. Note the various degrees of d...

Figure 9‐49 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for 164 patients with noninvasive pa...

Figure 9‐50 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for 164 patients with noninvasive p...

Figure 9‐51 FGFR3 and TP53 gene mutations according to tumor grade (A) and p...

Figure 9‐52 Molecular grading of urothelial carcinomas. The grading of uroth...

Chapter 10

Figure 10‐1 Papillary urothelial carcinoma with lamina propria invasion (pT1...

Figure 10‐2 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma.

Figure 10‐3 Muscularis mucosae of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 10‐4 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma (A and B). The majority of pT1 ur...

Figure 10‐5 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Note the high nuclear grade of t...

Figure 10‐6 Grade 2 (low‐grade) invasive urothelial carcinoma.

Figure 10‐7 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Note the variable sized tumor ne...

Figure 10‐8 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Note the variable sized tumor ne...

Figure 10‐9 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Note the infiltrating single tum...

Figure 10‐10 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Retraction artifact is one of m...

Figure 10‐11 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Note the retraction artifact.

Figure 10‐12 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Note the single cells and irreg...

Figure 10‐13 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Note the retraction artifact.

Figure 10‐14 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma (A and B). Note the tentacular o...

Figure 10‐15 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Note the paradoxical differenti...

Figure 10‐16 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma (A and B). Note the paradoxical ...

Figure 10‐17 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma. Note the paradoxical differenti...

Figure 10‐18 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma with inflammatory stroma.

Figure 10‐19 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma with inflammatory stroma.

Figure 10‐20 A and B: Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma with inflammatory strom...

Figure 10‐21 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma with myxoid stroma.

Figure 10‐22 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma with myxoid stroma.

Figure 10‐23 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma with fibrotic stroma.

Figure 10‐24 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma with fibrotic stroma.

Figure 10‐25 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma (A–D). (A) Prominent inflammatio...

Figure 10‐26 Stage pT1 urothelial carcinoma (A and B). Inflammatory response...

Figure 10‐27 Invasive urothelial carcinoma with myxoid stroma.

Figure 10‐28 Invasive urothelial carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous and myxoid...

Figure 10‐29 Carcinoma in situ with microinvasion.

Figure 10‐30 Carcinoma in situ with microinvasion.

Figure 10‐31 Papillary urothelial carcinoma with early invasion (A and B).

Figure 10‐32 Papillary urothelial carcinoma with early invasion (A and B).

Figure 10‐33 Papillary urothelial carcinoma with early invasion.

Figure 10‐34 Papillary urothelial carcinoma with invasion into the stalk.

Figure 10‐35 Microcystic variant urothelial carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 10‐36 Nested variant urothelial carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 10‐37 Nested variant urothelial carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 10‐38 Inverted variant urothelial carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 10‐39 Inverted variant urothelial carcinoma with invasion.

Figure 10‐40 Obscuring inflammation in transurethral resection.

Figure 10‐41 Bizarre stromal cells in an inflamed stroma (A and B). These at...

Figure 10‐42 Florid von Brunn nest proliferations and cystitis glandularis....

Figure 10‐43 Florid von Brunn nest proliferations (A and B).

Figure 10‐44 Pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia.

Figure 10‐45 Pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia (A and B).

Figure 10‐46 Muscularis mucosae invasion by urothelial carcinoma.

Figure 10‐47 Muscularis mucosae can become hypertrophic and difficult to dis...

Figure 10‐48 Muscularis propria invasion in a cystectomy specimen (A and B)....

Figure 10‐49 Muscularis mucosae invasion or muscularis propria invasion?

Figure 10‐50 Transurethral resection‐associated thermal artifact showing cru...

Figure 10‐51 Thermal artifact in transurethral resection. The specimen is un...

Figure 10‐52 Thermal artifact in transurethral resection.

Figure 10‐53 Urothelial carcinoma in situ involving von Brunn nests. The smo...

Figure 10‐54 Urothelial carcinoma in situ involving cystitis glandularis and...

Figure 10‐55 Muscularis mucosae of the bladder. Muscularis mucosae are commo...

Figure 10‐56 Substaging of pT1 bladder cancer based on the depth of invasion...

Figure 10‐57 Urothelial carcinoma in transurethral resection (A and B) and c...

Figure 10‐58 A and B: Lymphovascular invasion in pT1 bladder cancer.

Figure 10‐59 Lymphovascular invasion in pT1 bladder cancer.

Figure 10‐60 Lymphovascular invasion in pT1 bladder cancer.

Chapter 11

Figure 11‐1 Schematic diagram of staging of bladder carcinoma according to t...

Figure 11‐2 Anatomy of the urinary bladder (A and B). The bladder is organiz...

Figure 11‐3 Schematic diagram of staging of bladder carcinoma according to t...

Figure 11‐4 Low‐grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (A and B)....

Figure 11‐5 Stage T2 bladder cancer. Bulky tumor mass protruding into the lu...

Figure 11‐6 Muscularis propria invasion (pT2).

Figure 11‐7 pT2b bladder cancer. Tumor invades into outer one‐half of muscul...

Figure 11‐8 Muscularis propria invasion (pT2) (A and B).

Figure 11‐9 pT2b bladder cancer (A and B). Tumor invades into outer one‐half...

Figure 11‐10 pT2b bladder cancer with expansile growth (A and B).

Figure 11‐11 pT2b bladder cancer (A and B). Tumor surrounding the muscularis...

Figure 11‐12 pT2 blader cancer. Another case illustrating expansile growth o...

Figure 11‐13 Substaging of pT2 urothelial carcinoma (A to D). Distant metast...

Figure 11‐14 pT3b bladder cancer. Tumor grossly invades into perivesical sof...

Figure 11‐15 pT3b bladder cancer (A and B). Tumor invades into perivesical a...

Figure 11‐16 pT3b bladder cancer (A and B). Tumor invades into perivesical a...

Figure 11‐17 pT3 bladder cancer (A and B). Tumor invades into perivesical ad...

Figure 11‐18 pT3 bladder cancer. Tumor invades into perivesical soft tissue....

Figure 11‐19 pT2 bladder cancer. Note the presence of adipose tissue in the ...

Figure 11‐20 The depth of invasion in the transurethral resection specimens ...

Figure 11‐21 Prediction of extravesical extension in bladder cancer patients...

Figure 11‐22 pT4 bladder cancer (A and B). Tumor invades into the prostate. ...

Figure 11‐23 pT4 bladder cancer (A and B). Tumor invades into the prostate a...

Figure 11‐24 pT4 bladder cancer. Tumor invades into the myometrium of the ut...

Figure 11‐25 pT4 bladder cancer (A and B). Tumor invades into the prostate....

Figure 11‐26 pT4 bladder cancer (A and B). Tumor invades into the prostate....

Figure 11‐27 pT4 bladder cancer. Tumor invades into the prostate.

Figure 11‐28 pT4 bladder cancer. Tumor invades into the prostate.

Figure 11‐29 pT4 bladder cancer. Tumor invades into the seminal vesicles of ...

Figure 11‐30 Lymphovascular invasion.

Figure 11‐31 Perineural invasion (A and B).

Figure 11‐32 Imaging evaluation of tumor spread and lymph node metastasis. T...

Figure 11‐33 Lymph node metastasis (A and B). CT scan showed extensive pelvi...

Figure 11‐34 Lymph node metastasis (A and B).

Figure 11‐35 Lymph node metastasis. Note the subcapsular location of microme...

Figure 11‐36 Distant metastasis. CT scan shows lung metastasis from bladder ...

Figure 11‐37 Distant metastasis (liver) from primary bladder cancer (A and B...

Figure 11‐38 Distant metastasis (liver) from primary bladder cancer.

Figure 11‐39 Distant metastasis (kidney) from primary bladder cancer (A and ...

Figure 11‐40 Distant metastasis (adrenal) from primary bladder cancer.

Figure 11‐41 Distant metastasis (pancreas) from primary bladder cancer.

Chapter 12

Figure 12‐1 Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation.

Figure 12‐2 Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (A and B).

Figure 12‐3 Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (A and B).

Figure 12‐4 Urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation (A and B).

Figure 12‐5 Urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation (A and B). N...

Figure 12‐6 Urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation (A and B). N...

Figure 12‐7 Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation (A and ...

Figure 12‐8 Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation (A and ...

Figure 12‐9 Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation (A and ...

Figure 12‐10 Small cell carcinoma of the bladder (A and B). Small cell carci...

Figure 12‐11 Ductal prostatic adenocarcinoma mimicking urothelial carcinoma ...

Figure 12‐12 Urothelial carcinoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells.

Figure 12‐13 Urothelial carcinoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells (A ...

Figure 12‐14 Urothelial carcinoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells (A ...

Figure 12‐15 Urothelial carcinoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells (A ...

Figure 12‐16 Urothelial carcinoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells (A ...

Figure 12‐17 Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant (A to C). Gross (A...

Figure 12‐18 Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant (A and B).

Figure 12‐19 Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant (A to D).

Figure 12‐20 Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant (A to D).

Figure 12‐21 Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant (A and B). Tumor a...

Figure 12‐22 Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant (A and B). Note th...

Figure 12‐23 Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant (A and B). Note th...

Figure 12‐24 Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant (A to C). Cytokera...

Figure 12‐25 Nested variant urothelial carcinoma (gross appearance). Tumor a...

Figure 12‐26 Urothelial carcinoma, nested variant (A to C). The tumor is in ...

Figure 12‐27 Lymph node metastasis from the same case as Figure 12‐26 (A and...

Figure 12‐28 Urothelial carcinoma, nested variant. Note the separation of in...

Figure 12‐29 Urothelial carcinoma, nested variant.

Figure 12‐30 Urothelial carcinoma, nested variant.

Figure 12‐31 Urothelial carcinoma, nested variant (A to C).

Figure 12‐32 Urothelial carcinoma, nested variant.

Figure 12‐33 Urothelial carcinoma, nested variant. Tumor invades into the mu...

Figure 12‐34 Urothelial carcinoma, nested variant (A to C). Note the myxoid ...

Figure 12‐35 Urothelial carcinoma, microcystic variant (A and B).

Figure 12‐36 Urothelial carcinoma, microcystic variant (A to C).

Figure 12‐37 Urothelial carcinoma with small tubules.

Figure 12‐38 Urothelial carcinoma with acini.

Figure 12‐39 Urothelial carcinoma, plasmacytoid variant. Tumor invades into ...

Figure 12‐40 Urothelial carcinoma, plasmacytoid variant (A and B).

Figure 12‐41 Urothelial carcinoma, plasmacytoid variant (A and B).

Figure 12‐42 Urothelial carcinoma, plasmacytoid variant.

Figure 12‐43 Urothelial carcinoma, plasmacytoid variant. Tumor invades into ...

Figure 12‐44 Urothelial carcinoma, plasmacytoid variant (A and B). Tumor inv...

Figure 12‐45 Urothelial carcinoma, plasmacytoid variant (A and B). Note the ...

Figure 12‐46 Sarcomatoid carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 12‐47 Urothelial carcinoma, lipid cell variant.

Figure 12‐48 Urothelial carcinoma, lipid cell variant (A to C).

Figure 12‐49 Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the bladder (A and B). Immu...

Figure 12‐50 Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the bladder (A to C).

Figure 12‐51 Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the bladder (A and B). Tumo...

Figure 12‐52 Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the bladder (A and B). Cyto...

Figure 12‐53 Urothelial carcinoma, clear cell (glycogen‐rich) variant (A and...

Figure 12‐54 Urothelial carcinoma, clear cell (glycogen‐rich) variant (A to ...

Figure 12‐55 Urothelial carcinoma with discohesive growth (A and B).

Figure 12‐56 Urothelial carcinoma with discohesive growth (A and B).

Figure 12‐57 Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma.

Figure 12‐58 Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma (A and B). Cytokeratin stainin...

Figure 12‐59 Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma.

Figure 12‐60 Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 12‐61 Osteoclast‐rich undifferentiated carcinoma.

Figure 12‐62 Osteoclast‐rich undifferentiated carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 12‐63 Osteoclast‐rich giant cell tumor.

Figure 12‐64 Urothelial carcinoma with chordoid features (A and B).

Figure 12‐65 Urothelial carcinoma with chordoid features (A and B).

Figure 12‐66 Urothelial carcinoma with rhabdoid features.

Figure 12‐67 Urothelial carcinoma with multiple histologic patterns. Histolo...

Figure 12‐68 Urothelial carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous stromal reaction.

Figure 12‐69 Urothelial carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous stromal reaction (A...

Figure 12‐70 Urothelial carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous stromal reaction.

Figure 12‐71 Squamous cell carcinoma associated with pseudosarcomatous strom...

Figure 12‐72 Urothelial carcinoma with osseous metaplasia.

Figure 12‐73 Urothelial carcinoma with osseous metaplasia.

Figure 12‐74 Osteoclast type giant cell reaction in association with urothel...

Figure 12‐75 Urothelial carcinoma with prominent lymphoid reaction.

Figure 12‐76 Urothelial carcinoma with prominent lymphoid reaction (A and B)...

Figure 12‐77 Urothelial carcinoma with prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm. The...

Figure 12‐78 Urothelial carcinoma with prominent luminal spaces (A and B). N...

Figure 12‐79 Urothelial carcinoma with prominent luminal spaces that are fil...

Figure 12‐80 Urothelial carcinoma with prominent superficial umbrella cells....

Figure 12‐81 Urothelial carcinoma with colloid like secretions.

Figure 12‐82 Urothelial carcinoma with solid and nested growth pattern.

Figure 12‐83 Prostatic adenocarcinoma involving the bladder. Tumor has a sol...

Figure 12‐84 Prostatic adenocarcinoma involving the bladder (A and B). Immun...

Figure 12‐85 Urothelial carcinoma, inverted variant (A and B). Note the cyto...

Figure 12‐86 Urothelial carcinoma, inverted variant (A and B). Note the cyto...

Chapter 13

Figure 13‐1 Distribution of inverted papillomas in the urinary tract.

Figure 13‐2 Gross appearance of inverted papilloma. Note the polypoid protru...

Figure 13‐3 Inverted papilloma (A and B). (A) The low magnification demonstr...

Figure 13‐4 Inverted papilloma (A and B). (A) This solitary 3.0 cm mass form...

Figure 13‐5 Inverted papilloma (A–D). The nests may be solid with whorled ma...

Figure 13‐6 Inverted papilloma, trabecular growth.

Figure 13‐7 Incipient inverted papilloma presents as polypoid lesion (A and ...

Figure 13‐8 Inverted papilloma, spindle cell pattern.

Figure 13‐9 Inverted papilloma, microcystic pattern.

Figure 13‐10 Inverted papilloma, microcystic and glandular pattern (A and B)...

Figure 13‐11 Inverted papilloma, glandular pattern (A and B).

Figure 13‐12 Laser capture microdissection of inverted papilloma in urinary ...

Figure 13‐13 Representative results of loss of heterozygosity (A) and X‐chro...

Figure 13‐14 Urothelial inverted papilloma (A–C). (A) Laser microdissection ...

Figure 13‐15 Schematic illustration of FGFR3 gene mutation positions in the ...

Figure 13‐16 Urothelial carcinoma, inverted variant (A–D). Note the presence...

Figure 13‐17 Urothelial carcinoma, inverted subtype (variant) (A and B).

Figure 13‐18 Urothelial carcinoma, inverted subtype (variant) (A and B).

Figure 13‐19 Urothelial carcinoma, inverted subtype (variant).

Figure 13‐20 Urothelial carcinoma, inverted subtype (variant).

Figure 13‐21 Urothelial carcinoma, inverted subtype (variant).

Figure 13‐22 Urothelial carcinoma, inverted subtype (variant) (A and B).

Figure 13‐23 (continued on next page) H&E photomicrographs (A and B) and mul...

Figure 13‐24 Ductal prostatic adenocarcinoma involving the urinary bladder. ...

Chapter 14

Figure 14‐1 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystoplas...

Figure 14‐2 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystoplas...

Figure 14‐3 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystoplas...

Figure 14‐4 Intestinal metaplasia.

Figure 14‐5 Intestinal metaplasia.

Figure 14‐6 Urothelial carcinoma in situ. Note the underlying poorly differe...

Figure 14‐7 Papillary urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystoplast...

Figure 14‐8 Urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystoplasty (A–F). (...

Figure 14‐9 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystoplas...

Figure 14‐10 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystopla...

Figure 14‐11 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystopla...

Figure 14‐12 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystopla...

Figure 14‐13 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystopla...

Figure 14‐14 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystopla...

Figure 14‐15 High‐grade urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystopla...

Figure 14‐16 Gene mutation analysis for FGFR3 and TP53 in urothelial carcino...

Chapter 15

Figure 15‐1 Sarcomatoid carcinoma (A and B). Gross (A) and microscopic (B) a...

Figure 15‐2 Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder (A to D). (A) The t...

Figure 15‐3 Sarcomatoid carcinoma (A and B). Tumor is composed of solid shee...

Figure 15‐4 Sarcomatoid carcinoma. Note the abrupt transition between sarcom...

Figure 15‐5 Sarcomatoid carcinoma. Note the abrupt transition between sarcom...

Figure 15‐6 Sarcomatoid carcinoma. Note the abrupt transition between sarcom...

Figure 15‐7 Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder (A–D). The tumor displays t...

Figure 15‐8 Sarcomatoid carcinoma with coexisting conventional urothelial ca...

Figure 15‐9 Sarcomatoid carcinoma with coexisting urothelial carcinoma (A), ...

Figure 15‐10 Sarcomatoid carcinoma, myxoid variant. Tumor is composed of mal...

Figure 15‐11 Sarcomatoid carcinoma, myxoid variant (A and B).

Figure 15‐12 Sarcomatoid carcinoma, myxoid variant (A to C).

Figure 15‐13 Sarcomatoid carcinoma with heterologous element (osteosarcoma) ...

Figure 15‐14 Sarcomatoid carcinoma with heterologous element (chondrosarcoma...

Figure 15‐15 Sarcomatoid carcinoma with heterologous element (chondrosarcoma...

Figure 15‐16 Sarcomatoid carcinoma with heterologous element (liposarcoma)....

Figure 15‐17 Sarcomatoid carcinoma with heterologous element (leiomyosarcoma...

Figure 15‐18 Sarcomatoid carcinoma with heterologous element (giant cell tum...

Figure 15‐19 Sarcomatoid carcinoma (A and B). Tumor cells display strong cyt...

Figure 15‐20 Sarcomatoid carcinoma (A and B). Tumor cells show strong p53 po...

Figure 15‐21 Proposed model for sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder...

Figure 15‐22 Laser‐capture microdissection of sarcomatoid urothelial carcino...

Figure 15‐23 Laser‐capture microdissection of sarcomatoid urothelial carcino...

Figure 15‐24 Representative results of loss of heterozygosity (A) and X‐chro...

Figure 15‐25 Sarcomatoid carcinoma is the final common pathway of differenti...

Figure 15‐26 Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder as a model for epithelial–...

Figure 15‐27 Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder as a model for epithelial–...

Figure 15‐28 Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder as a model for epithelial–...

Figure 15‐29 Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder as a model for epithelial–...

Figure 15‐30 Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder as a model for epithelial–...

Chapter 16

Figure 16‐1 Intestinal metaplasia.

Figure 16‐2 Tubulovillous adenoma.

Figure 16‐3 Adenocarcinoma in situ.

Figure 16‐4 Adenocarcinoma in situ, not otherwise specified.

Figure 16‐5 Adenocarcinoma in situ, not otherwise specified.

Figure 16‐6 Adenocarcinoma, enteric type. Note the central comedonecrosis.

Figure 16‐7 Adenocarcinoma, enteric type (A and B).

Figure 16‐8 Adenocarcinoma, enteric type (A and B).

Figure 16‐9 Colloid adenocarcinoma. Mucin pool with malignant cells in collo...

Figure 16‐10 Colloid adenocarcinoma (A and B).

Figure 16‐11 Signet ring carcinoma.

Figure 16‐12 Signet ring carcinoma with mucin pools.

Figure 16‐13 Signet ring carcinoma (A to C). Tumor has discohesive growth pa...

Figure 16‐14 Signet ring carcinoma with mucin production (A and B).

Figure 16‐15 Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the bladder (A and B). Gross (A) a...

Figure 16‐16 Clear cell adenocarcinoma (A to F). Various patterns can be see...

Figure 16‐17 Clear cell adenocarcinoma (A and B). Bladder wall is infiltrate...

Figure 16‐18 Clear cell adenocarcinoma (A to D).

Figure 16‐19 Clear cell adenocarcinoma (A to D).

Figure 16‐20 Clear cell adenocarcinoma (A to C).

Figure 16‐21 Clear cell adenocarcinoma (A and B). Tubular pattern of clear c...

Figure 16‐22 Prostatic adenocarcinoma involving the bladder may mimic clear ...

Figure 16‐23 Clear cell adenocarcinoma (A to F). The tumor demonstrated tubu...

Figure 16‐24 Clear cell adenocarcinoma (A to F). (A) Tumor cells were positi...

Figure 16‐25 Results of X‐chromosome inactivation analysis in two female pat...

Figure 16‐26 Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (A and B). Immunostaining for alpha‐fet...

Figure 16‐27 Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (A and B) with positive alpha‐fetoprote...

Figure 16‐28 Urachal adenocarcinoma, colloid type.

Chapter 17

Figure 17‐1 Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Tumor invades into periv...

Figure 17‐2 Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.

Figure 17‐3 Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.

Figure 17‐4 Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (A–C).

Figure 17‐5 Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.

Figure 17‐6 Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 17‐7 Squamous cell carcinoma arising from diverticulum (A–C).

Figure 17‐8 Squamous cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid transformation (A–C).

Figure 17‐9 Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (A and B).

Figure 17‐10

Schistosoma

‐associated squamous cell carcinoma (A and B). These...

Figure 17‐11

Schistosoma

‐associated squamous cell carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 17‐12 Verrucous squamous cell carcinoma (A and B). The tumor appears ...

Figure 17‐13 Verrucous squamous cell carcinoma (A–C).

Figure 17‐14 Verrucous squamous cell carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 17‐15 Verrucous squamous cell carcinoma (A–C).

Figure 17‐16 Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (A and B).

Figure 17‐17 Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma.

Figure 17‐18 Keratinizing squamous metaplasia.

Figure 17‐19 Pagetoid spread of carcinoma in situ in keratinizing squamous m...

Figure 17‐20 Nonkeratinizing squamous metaplasia (A and B). Note the transit...

Figure 17‐21 Nonkeratinizing squamous metaplasia.

Figure 17‐22 Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (A–D).

Figure 17‐23 Squamous cell carcinoma in situ.

Figure 17‐24 Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (A and B).

Figure 17‐25 Squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Note the stromal invasion.

Figure 17‐26 Squamous papilloma of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 17‐27 Squamous papilloma (A–D).

Figure 17‐28 Condyloma acuminatum of the bladder (A and B). Condyloma is pre...

Figure 17‐29 Condyloma acuminatum of the bladder (A and B). Note the promine...

Figure 17‐30 Condyloma acuminatum of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 17‐31 Condyloma acuminatum of the bladder (A and B).

Figure 17‐32 Squamous metaplasia with cytoplasmic vacuoles mimicking koilocy...

Figure 17‐33 Low‐grade papillary urothelial carcinoma with prominent cytopla...

Chapter 18

Figure 18‐1 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for 64 patients with small cell neu...

Figure 18‐2 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder (A an...

Figure 18‐3 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Tumo...

Figure 18‐4 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder (A an...

Figure 18‐5 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder (A an...

Figure 18‐6 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Tumo...

Figure 18‐7 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with rosette‐like formations...

Figure 18‐8 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with spindle cells (A and B)...

Figure 18‐9 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with prominent vasculature....

Figure 18‐10 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder pres...

Figure 18‐11 Coexisting small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and urothelial c...

Figure 18‐12 Coexisting small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and urothelial c...

Figure 18‐13 Coexisting small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, urothelial carc...

Figure 18‐14 Coexisting small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (left), urotheli...

Figure 18‐15 Coexisting small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and sarcomatoid ...

Figure 18‐16 Neuroendocrine marker (chromogranin A) staining in small cell n...

Figure 18‐17 Strong positive chromogranin A immunostaining in small cell neu...

Figure 18‐18 Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder with strong ...

Figure 18‐19 Coexisting small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and urothelial c...

Figure 18‐20 Schematic representation of ERG rearrangement identification in...

Figure 18‐21 Morphology and ERG gene rearrangement by FISH in small cell neu...

Figure 18‐22 Laser microdissection of concordant small cell neuroendocrine a...

Figure 18‐23 Schematic illustration of clonality analysis in concordant smal...

Figure 18‐24 Clonality analysis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and c...

Figure 18‐25 p53 immunostaining in small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of th...

Figure 18‐26 Analysis of EGFR expression in small cell neuroendocrine carcin...

Figure 18‐27 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for 64 patients with small cell ne...

Figure 18‐28 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for 64 patients with small cell ne...

Figure 18‐29 Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (A–C). Immunostaining for c...

Figure 18‐30 Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (A–C). Immunostaining for c...

Figure 18‐31 Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Note the numerous mitotic ...

Figure 18‐32 Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (A–C). The urothelium is focall...

Figure 18‐33 Primitive neuroectodermal tumor.

Figure 18‐34 Paraganglioma of the bladder, gross appearance.

Figure 18‐35 Paraganglioma (A and B).

Figure 18‐36 Paraganglioma (A and B).

Figure 18‐37 Paraganglioma (A and B). Discrete nests of tumor cells are typi...

Figure 18‐38 Paraganglioma of the bladder.

Figure 18‐39 Paraganglioma (A–D). Immunostaining for chromogranin A is stron...

Figure 18‐40 Neurofibroma of the bladder (A and B). Note the submucosal invo...

Figure 18‐41 Neurofibroma of the bladder (A and B). Tumor displays diffuse a...

Figure 18‐42 Neurofibroma of the bladder. Note the prominent superficial ban...

Figure 18‐43 Neurofibroma of the bladder with ganglion cell involvement.

Chapter 19

Figure 19‐1 Cold cup biopsy specimen with excellent histology.

Figure 19‐2 Cold cup biopsy of the bladder markedly distorted by thermal art...

Figure 19‐3 Deeper levels are helpful in small bladder biopsies (A and B). (...

Figure 19‐4 Illustration of a cystoprostatectomy specimen. Sections should b...

Figure 19‐5 Gross lymphadenectomy specimen (A–C). (A) Demonstrated here is t...

Figure 19‐6 Lymph node revealing solution is helpful in recovering the hidde...

Figure 19‐7 Lamina propria of the bladder wall. Note the presence of muscula...

Figure 19‐8 Lamina propria of the bladder wall. Note the presence of muscula...

Figure 19‐9 Muscularis mucosae (A and B).

Figure 19‐10 Hypertrophic muscularis mucosae. It may be difficult to disting...

Figure 19‐11 Adipose tissue is present throughout the bladder wall. The pres...

Figure 19‐12 Cancer‐specific survival for 218 patients treated by radical cy...

Figure 19‐13 Histologic grading according to the new proposal (A–D) (see Cha...

Figure 19‐14 Lymphovascular invasion (A and B).

Figure 19‐15 Lymphovascular invasion.

Figure 19‐16 Lymphovascular invasion in the sinusoidal vessel of a lymph nod...

Figure 19‐17 Perineural invasion.

Figure 19‐18 Perineural invasion (A and B).

Figure 19‐19 Perineural invasion (A and B).

Figure 19‐20 Positive margins visualized by standard white‐light cystoscopy ...

Figure 19‐21 Positive surgical margins. Tumor cells are at the inked margin....

Figure 19‐22 Positive surgical margins.

Figure 19‐23 Cancer specific survival for 218 patients treated by radical cy...

Figure 19‐24 Crushing artifact. This biopsy specimen is uninterpretable.

Figure 19‐25 Crushing artifact. Despite the crushing artifact, immunostainin...

Figure 19‐26 Crushing artifact in a pT2 bladder cancer. Tumor infiltrates in...

Chapter 20

Figure 20‐1 Exstrophy of the bladder. Note the squamous metaplasia, stromal ...

Figure 20‐2 Exstrophy of the bladder (A and B). Note squamous metaplasia.

Figure 20‐3 Exstrophy of the bladder. Note the squamous metaplasia and vascu...

Figure 20‐4 Exstrophy of the bladder. Note the intestinal metaplasia, cystit...

Figure 20‐5 Bladder diverticulum.

Figure 20‐6 Ileal conduit.

Figure 20‐7 Nephrogenic adenoma.

Figure 20‐8 Fibroepithelial polyp.

Figure 20‐9 Fibroepithelial polyp.

Figure 20‐10 Urothelial papilloma.

Figure 20‐11 Noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, low‐grade.

Figure 20‐12 Noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, low‐grade (A and B)...

Figure 20‐13 Capillary hemangioma.

Figure 20‐14 Neurofibroma.

Figure 20‐15 Neurofibroma.

Figure 20‐16 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor.

Figure 20‐17 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (A and B). ALK1 staining is ...

Figure 20‐18 Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder (A and B). (A) Polypoid masses ...

Figure 20‐19 Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder (A and B). Diagnostic malignant...

Figure 20‐20 Rhabdomyosarcoma with botryoids growth pattern (A and B).

Figure 20‐21 Rhabdomyosarcoma with intact urothelium (A and B). Note the mal...

Figure 20‐22 Rhabdomyosarcoma (A–C).

Figure 20‐23 Rhabdomyosarcoma (A and B). Note the presence of rhabdomyoblast...

Figure 20‐24 Rhabdomyosarcoma. Note the presence of rhabdomyoblasts.

Figure 20‐25 Rhabdomyosarcoma. Note the presence of rhabdomyoblasts.

Figure 20‐26 Rhabdomyosarcoma (A and B). Note the presence of rhabdomyoblast...

Figure 20‐27 Rhabdomyosarcoma after chemotherapy.

Figure 20‐28 Rhabdomyosarcoma after chemotherapy.

Figure 20‐29 Rhabdomyosarcoma after chemotherapy (A and B).

Chapter 21

Figure 21‐1 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (A and B). The tumor is compo...

Figure 21‐2 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (A and B).

Figure 21‐3 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, hypercellular variant.

Figure 21‐4 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (A and B). (A) There is abund...

Figure 21‐5 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (A and B). Tumor cells are tr...