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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
CANINE AND FELINE LIVER CYTOLOGY Specialist reference with practical guidance on liver pathology in a clinical and anatomical context Canine and Feline Liver Cytology is a practical and highly illustrated manual with detailed descriptions of cytological features of hepatic diseases and numerous high-quality illustrations to aid in reader comprehension. The primary aim of the text is to describe the correlation of cytological findings with pathological processes in order to provide useful information to clinicians in management of hepatic diseases. Canine and Feline Liver Cytology includes information on: * General bases for interpretation of hepatic cytology, covering limits of cytology, value of cytology for a definitive diagnosis, and relationship with clinical data * A specific reversible injury to hepatocytes, covering hepatocellular swelling, steroid induced hepatopathy, hepatocellular steatosis, and feathery degeneration * Irreversible injury to hepatocytes, covering necrosis and apoptosis, and inflammation, covering neutrophilic, eosinophilic, macrophagic, and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation * Intra and extracytoplasmic pathologic accumulation, covering lipofuscin, copper, iron, eosinophilic granules, protein droplet, bile, and amyloid * Chronic hepatic diseases, with focus on cytological features of fibrosis * Diseases of biliary tract and gallbladder * Neoplastic diseases, covering epithelial, mesenchymal and round cell tumors Canine and Feline Liver Cytology enables readers to interpret all the cytopathological changes in liver pathology and the relationship with clinical primary and secondary causes, eventually with histopathological diagnosis, making it a highly valuable resource for veterinary practitioners and students.
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Seitenzahl: 323
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Before the Analysis: Rules for Interpretation of Hepatic Cytology
1.1 The Rules for Cytological Diagnosis of Hepatic Diseases
1.2 Diagnostic Approach to Liver Disease
1.3 Key Points
References
2 Normal Histology and Cytology of the Liver
2.1 Normal Histology of the Liver
2.2 Normal Cytology of the Liver
2.3 Key Points
References
3 Nonspecific and Reversible Hepatocellular Damage
3.1 Accumulation of Water
3.2 Accumulation of Glycogen
3.3 Accumulation of Lipids
3.4 Accumulation of Bilirubin and Bile Salts
3.5 Hyperplasia of Stellate Cells
3.6 Regenerative Changes
3.7 Key Points
References
4 Intracytoplasmic and Extracytoplasmic Pathological Accumulation
4.1 Pathological Intracytoplasmic Accumulation
4.2 Pathological Extracytoplasmic Accumulation
4.3 Key Points
References
5 Irreversible Hepatocellular Damage
5.1 Necrosis
5.2 Apoptosis
5.3 Key Points
References
6 Inflammation
6.1 Presence of Neutrophilic Granulocytes
6.2 Presence of Eosinophilic Granulocytes
6.3 Presence of Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells
6.4 Presence of Macrophages
6.5 Presence of Mast Cells
6.6 Key Points
References
7 Nuclear Inclusions
7.1 “Brick” Inclusions
7.2 Glycogen Pseudo‐inclusions
7.3 Lead Inclusions
7.4 Viral Inclusions
7.5 Key Points
References
8 Cytological Features of Liver Fibrosis
8.1 Cytological Features of Liver Fibrosis
8.2 Key Points
References
9 Cytological Features of Biliary Diseases
9.1 General Features of Biliary Diseases
9.2 Cytological Features of Specific Biliary Diseases
9.3 Key Points
References
10 Bile and Gallbladder Diseases
10.1 Bactibilia and Septic Cholecystitis
10.2 Epithelial Hyperplasia
10.3 Gallbladder Mucocele
10.4 Limy Bile Syndrome
10.5 Biliary Sludge
10.6 Neoplastic Diseases of Gallbladder
10.7 Other Gallbladder Diseases
10.8 Key Points
References
11 Etiological Agents
11.1 Viruses
11.2 Bacteria
11.3 Protozoa
11.4 Fungi
11.5 Parasites
11.6 Key Points
References
12 Neoplastic Lesions of the Hepatic Parenchyma
12.1 Epithelial Neoplasia
12.2 Mesenchymal Neoplasia
12.3 Hematopoietic Neoplasia
12.4 Metastatic Neoplasia
12.5 Criteria for Selection of Sampling Methods for Liver Nodular Lesions
12.6 Key Points
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Percentage of underlying diseases identified in dogs with glycoge...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Identification of intracytoplasmic accumulation.
Table 4.2 Identification of extracytoplasmic accumulation.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Common causes of suppurative inflammation.
Table 6.2 Common causes of eosinophilic inflammation.
Table 6.3 Common causes of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation.
Table 6.4 Common causes of macrophagic inflammation.
Table 6.5 Common causes of increased number of mast cells.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Common causes of hepatic fibrosis in dogs.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Semiquantitative evaluation of the main cytological features of s...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 The “diagnostic pyramid” of hepatic diseases describes cytology a...
Figure 1.2 (a) Reversible change in the hepatocyte, which recovers completel...
Figure 1.3 Leakage of ALT and AST, which is valuable for biochemical investi...
Figure 1.4 (a) When focal irreversible change affects a few cells,
restituti
...
Figure 1.5 ALP is an enzyme located on the external surface of the cell memb...
Figure 1.6 GGT, as ALP, is located on the external surface of the cell membr...
Figure 1.7 Ultrasonographic sampling of liver; notice the tip of the needle ...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Classic hepatic lobule, with hexagonal shape.
Figure 2.2 Normal liver, dog. Histological section of classic hepatic lobule...
Figure 2.3 The drawing shows a selected section of the classic lobule, with ...
Figure 2.4 Normal liver, dog. Histological section of a normal portal tract ...
Figure 2.5 Normal liver, dog. Histological section of a centrilobular area; ...
Figure 2.6 Schematic representation of hepatic rows, separated by canalicula...
Figure 2.7 Normal liver, dog. Rows of hepatocytes, separated by sinusoidal c...
Figure 2.8 Schematic representation of the Rappaport acinus; two adjacent cl...
Figure 2.9 Schematic representation of the distribution of functional areas ...
Figure 2.10 Normal liver, dog. Histological section of a Rappaport acinus; n...
Figure 2.11 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. Normal hepatocytes (MGG, 100×).
Figure 2.12 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. Normal hepatocytes (Diff‐Quik
®
sta...
Figure 2.13 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. Normal hepatocytes; in the cytoplasm th...
Figure 2.14 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. Normal hepatocytes; one of the cells is...
Figure 2.15 Normal liver, FNCS. Kupffer cells (white arrow); notice the smal...
Figure 2.16 Normal liver, FNCS. Stellate (Ito) cells (white arrow): among no...
Figure 2.17 Normal liver, FNCS. A small group of normal hepatocytes (to the ...
Figure 2.18 Normal liver, FNCS. A cluster of cholangiocytes from large bile ...
Figure 2.19 Normal liver, FNCS. A single mast cell, with slightly enlarged, ...
Figure 2.20 Normal liver, FNCS. Mast cells are easily evident with special s...
Figure 2.21 Normal liver, FNCS. A cluster of normal hepatocytes and an aggre...
Figure 2.22 Normal liver, FNCS. A cluster of normal hepatocytes and a megaka...
Figure 2.23 Normal liver, FNCS. A single large aggregate of mesothelial cell...
Figure 2.24 Normal liver, FNCS. A cluster of normal hepatocytes (to the left...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, FNCS, dog. Hepatocytes are enla...
Figure 3.2 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, accumulation of glycogen, FNCS,...
Figure 3.3 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, accumulation of glycogen, FNCS,...
Figure 3.4 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, accumulation of glycogen, FNCS,...
Figure 3.5 Liver, accumulation of glycogen, dog. Enlarged hepatocytes look l...
Figure 3.6 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, accumulation of glycogen, FNCS,...
Figure 3.7 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, accumulation of glycogen, FNCS,...
Figure 3.8 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, steatosis, FNCS, cat. Cells are...
Figure 3.9 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, steatosis, FNCS, cat. Achromati...
Figure 3.10 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, steatosis, FNCS, cat. In macro...
Figure 3.11 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, steatosis, FNCS, cat. Sometime...
Figure 3.12 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, steatosis, FNCS, cat. In micro...
Figure 3.13 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, steatosis, FNCS, dog. In micro...
Figure 3.14 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, steatosis, FNCS, dog The hepat...
Figure 3.15 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, steatosis, FNCS, dog. Notice t...
Figure 3.16 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, steatosis, FNCS, cat. Among th...
Figure 3.17 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, FNCS, cat. In microvesicular s...
Figure 3.18 Liver, hepatic steatosis, cat. Large globules of fat enlarge the...
Figure 3.19 Liver, stellate cell hyperplasia, FNCS, cat. In this aggregate o...
Figure 3.20 Liver, stellate cell hyperplasia, FNCS, cat. The comparison betw...
Figure 3.21 Liver, hepatocellular regeneration, FNCS, dog. Regenerative hepa...
Figure 3.22 Liver, hepatocellular regeneration, FNCS, dog. Anisokaryosis is ...
Figure 3.23 Liver, hepatocellular regeneration, FNCS, dog. Large, abnormal n...
Figure 3.24 Liver, hepatocellular regeneration, FNCS, dog. Many cells are bi...
Figure 3.25 Liver, hepatocellular regeneration, FNCS, dog. Binucleated and t...
Figure 3.26 Liver, hepatocellular regeneration, FNCS, dog. Mitotic figures, ...
Figure 3.27 Liver, hepatocellular regeneration, FNCS, dog. Regenerative chan...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. A large amount of bluish‐green pigment i...
Figure 4.2 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. Lipofuscin aggregates, inside the cytopl...
Figure 4.3 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. Notice that lipofuscin looks different w...
Figure 4.4 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, FNCS, dog. Lipofuscin may be ob...
Figure 4.5 Liver, reversible hepatic injury, FNCS, cat. Lipofuscin may be ob...
Figure 4.6 Liver, cholestasis, dog. A small group of hepatocytes, with cytop...
Figure 4.7 Liver, copper toxicosis, FNCS, dog. Blurred, teal‐colored, slight...
Figure 4.8 Liver, copper toxicosis, FNCS, dog. Copper is sometimes clumped i...
Figure 4.9 Liver, copper toxicosis, FNCS, dog. Copper‐filled hepatocytes arr...
Figure 4.10 Liver, copper toxicosis, FNCS, dog. Copper is represented by bri...
Figure 4.11 Liver, mild anemia of chronic disease, FNCS, dog. Kupffer cells ...
Figure 4.12 Liver, anemia of chronic disease, FNCS, dog. A group of Kupffer ...
Figure 4.13 Liver, anemia of chronic disease, FNCS, dog. A group of Kupffer ...
Figure 4.14 Liver, anemia of chronic disease, FNCS, dog. Kupffer cells with ...
Figure 4.15 Liver, centrilobular congestion, FNCS, dog. The hepatocytes on t...
Figure 4.16 Liver, centrilobular congestion, FNCS, dog. A group of Kupffer c...
Figure 4.17 Liver, microhemorrhagia and venous congestion, FNCS, dog. A larg...
Figure 4.18 Liver, anemia of chronic disease, FNCS, dog. Iron pigment looks ...
Figure 4.19 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. The cytoplasm of thi...
Figure 4.20 Liver, aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. The cytoplasm of this hep...
Figure 4.21 Liver, aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Small eosinophilic granul...
Figure 4.22 Liver, aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. In rare cases, it is poss...
Figure 4.23 Liver, aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Granules may condense in ...
Figure 4.24 Liver, cholestasis, FNCS, dog. Branched casts of bluish‐greenish...
Figure 4.25 Liver, aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Notice the difference bet...
Figure 4.26 Liver, steatosis and cholestasis, FNCS, dog. Bile can accumulate...
Figure 4.27 Liver, cholestasis, FNCS, dog. An aggregate of hepatocytes cross...
Figure 4.28 Liver, acute hepatitis and cholestasis, FNCS, dog. Hepatocytes s...
Figure 4.29 Liver, cholestasis, FNCS, dog. Bile is difficult to recognize in...
Figure 4.30 Liver, amyloidosis, FNCS, cat. Tufts of dense, eosinophilic amyl...
Figure 4.31 Liver, amyloidosis, FNCS, cat. A large amount of amyloid, repres...
Figure 4.32 Liver, amyloidosis, FNCS, cat. A single Kupffer cell, with cytop...
Figure 4.33 Liver, amyloidosis, FNCS, cat. Despite the large amount of amylo...
Figure 4.34 Liver, fibrosis, FNCS, cat. Dense eosinophilic material, focally...
Figure 4.35 Liver, amyloidosis, FNCS, dog. Compare the amyloid represented b...
Figure 4.36 Liver, amyloidosis, FNCS, cat. In histological section amyloid l...
Figure 4.37 Liver, fibrosis, FNCS, dog. Fibrosis is represented by strands o...
Figure 4.38 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. Gel used for ultrasonographic examinati...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Liver, necrosis, FNCS, dog. In colliquative necrosis, although th...
Figure 5.2 Liver, necrosis, FNCS, dog. In coagulative necrosis, cell borders...
Figure 5.3 Liver, necrosis and cholestasis, FNCS, dog. Note the difference b...
Figure 5.4 Liver, necrosis, FNCS, dog. In coagulative necrosis, although liv...
Figure 5.5 Liver, necrosis, FNCS, dog. Hepatocytes (bottom right) surrounded...
Figure 5.6 Liver, necrosis, FNCS, dog. Large amounts of necrotic material, r...
Figure 5.7 Liver, aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Two apoptotic hepatocytes ...
Figure 5.8 Liver, aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. An apoptotic hepatocyte (w...
Figure 5.9 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Apoptotic hepatocytes may be...
Figure 5.10 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Apoptotic hepatocytes may b...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Liver, septic suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Many well‐preserv...
Figure 6.2 Liver, septic suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Neutrophilic phag...
Figure 6.3 Liver, septic suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Neutrophilic phag...
Figure 6.4 Liver, chronic aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Presence of neutro...
Figure 6.5 Liver, acute suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Degenerative chang...
Figure 6.6 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Neutrophilic granulocytes cl...
Figure 6.7 Normal liver, staging of lymphoma, FNCS, dog. Presence of many ne...
Figure 6.8 Liver, extramedullary myelopoiesis, FNCS, dog. Presence of band n...
Figure 6.9 Liver, acute suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Clustering of dege...
Figure 6.10 Liver, suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Notice the distribution...
Figure 6.11 Liver, FIP, FNCS, cat. Aggregate of macrophages, lymphocytes, an...
Figure 6.12 Liver, FIP, FNCS, cat. Well‐preserved neutrophils and macrophage...
Figure 6.13 Liver, eosinophilic hepatitis of unknown cause, FNCS, dog. Many ...
Figure 6.14 Liver, eosinophilic hepatitis of unknown cause, FNCS, dog. Eosin...
Figure 6.15 Liver, feline lymphocytic hepatitis, FNCS, cat. Polymorphic lymp...
Figure 6.16 Liver, chronic cholangitis, FNCS, dog. Polymorphic lymphocytes a...
Figure 6.17 Liver, chronic cholangitis, FNCS, dog. Polymorphic lymphocytes t...
Figure 6.18 Liver, chronic cholangitis, FNCS, dog. Many polymorphic lymphocy...
Figure 6.19 Liver, chronic cholangitis, FNCS, dog. Polymorphic lymphocytes s...
Figure 6.20 Liver, chronic lympocytic cholangitis, FNCS, cat. A large aggreg...
Figure 6.21 Liver, chronic lympocytic cholangitis, FNCS, cat. When a very hi...
Figure 6.22 Liver, aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A large macrophage, toget...
Figure 6.23 Liver, acute mixed hepatitis, unknown causes, FNCS, dog. Macroph...
Figure 6.24 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. An epithelioid aggregate of...
Figure 6.25 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Lipogranulomata clustered a...
Figure 6.26 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Pigmented granuloma; notice...
Figure 6.27 Liver, immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia, FNCS, dog. An aggregate...
Figure 6.28 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. As in other inflammatory co...
Figure 6.29 Liver, chronic hepatitis and cholestasis, FNCS, dog. Macrophagic...
Figure 6.30 Liver, aspecific inflammation, FNCS, dog. A lipogranuloma, where...
Figure 6.31 Liver, aspecific inflammation, FNCS, dog. A pigment granuloma, c...
Figure 6.32 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. A normal liver mast cell among the hepa...
Figure 6.33 Liver, reactive aspecific hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Mast cells exfol...
Figure 6.34 Liver, fibrosis, FNCS, dog. A single mast cell close to a bundle...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Normal liver, FNCS, dog. Presence of rectangular, refractile crys...
Figure 7.2 Liver, reversible aspecific injury, FNCS, dog. Two large, pale, r...
Figure 7.3 Liver, reversible aspecific injury, FNCS, dog. A large, pale, rou...
Figure 7.4 Liver, adenovirus hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A large eosinophilic incl...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A cluster of hepatocytes cro...
Figure 8.2 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A bundle of spindle cells em...
Figure 8.3 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A web of spindle cells, with...
Figure 8.4 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Fibrillary material, probabl...
Figure 8.5 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A small, round, granular hep...
Figure 8.6 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A bundle of spindle cells ar...
Figure 8.7 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Enlarged hepatocytes, with r...
Figure 8.8 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. An apoptotic hepatocyte, to ...
Figure 8.9 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Casts of biliary material ma...
Figure 8.10 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. The presence of inflammator...
Figure 8.11 In normal liver, stellate (Ito) cells are indicated by cytoplasm...
Figure 8.12 Liver, cirrhosis, dog. Histological appearance of end‐stage fibr...
Figure 8.13 Liver, cirrhosis, dog. Fibrous tissue appears green with special...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Liver, chronic cholangitis, FNCS, dog. The presence of biliary ce...
Figure 9.2 Liver, chronic cholangitis and diabetes, FNCS, dog. The presence ...
Figure 9.3 Liver, chronic cholangitis, FNCS, dog. The presence of large clus...
Figure 9.4 Liver, acute cholestasis, FNCS, dog. In acute cholestasis, as wel...
Figure 9.5 Liver, chronic cholestasis, FNCS, dog. The presence of large clus...
Figure 9.6 Liver, chronic cholestasis, FNCS, dog. Cholestasis may be present...
Figure 9.7 Liver, chronic cholestasis, FNCS, dog. The presence of cholangioc...
Figure 9.8 Liver, chronic cholestasis, FNCS, dog. In chronic cholangitis, sm...
Figure 9.9 Liver, chronic cholestasis, FNCS, dog. A medium‐sized cluster of ...
Figure 9.10 Liver, chronic cholestasis, FNCS, dog. To the right, a small clu...
Figure 9.11 Liver, chronic cholestasis, FNCS, dog. Bacteria may be observed ...
Figure 9.12 Liver, lymphocytic cholangitis, FNCS, cat. In very rare cases of...
Figure 9.13 Liver, lymphocytic cholangitis, FNCS, cat. Small to medium‐sized...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Normal bile, flushing, dog. On a clean background, the biliary m...
Figure 10.2 Normal bile, flushing, dog. The biliary material may aggregate i...
Figure 10.3 Bile, chronic cholecystitis, flushing, dog. Bile is normally ste...
Figure 10.4 Bile, acute, neutrophilic, septic cholecystitis, flushing, dog. ...
Figure 10.5 Bile, chronic hyperplastic cholecystitis, flushing, dog. A large...
Figure 10.6 Bile, gallbladder mucocele, flushing, dog. A large amount of den...
Figure 10.7 Bile, biliary sludge, flushing, dog. Yellow‐brown crystals are p...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Liver, adenovirus hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Viral inclusion, represe...
Figure 11.2 Liver, acute suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Degenerate neutro...
Figure 11.3 Liver, acute suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Degenerate neutro...
Figure 11.4 Liver, acute suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. Among two cluster...
Figure 11.5 Liver, acute suppurative hepatitis, FNCS, dog. On the left, a sm...
Figure 11.6 Normal gastric mucosa, squash prep, dog.
Helicobacter
spp. in a ...
Figure 11.7 (a) Liver, subacute hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A high number of negat...
Figure 11.8 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. The macrophage at top left ...
Figure 11.9 Liver, chronic hepatitis, FNCS, cat. A macrophage demonstrating ...
Figure 11.10 Liver, fungal hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A nest of branched fungal h...
Figure 11.11 (a) Liver, parasitic hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A eggshell of
Hetero
...
Figure 11.12 Liver, aspecific reactive hepatitis, FNCS, dog. A microfilaria ...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Liver, nodular hyperplasia, FNCS, dog. Note the achromatic, indi...
Figure 12.2 Liver, nodular hyperplasia, FNCS, dog. Hepatocytes from a nodula...
Figure 12.3 Liver, nodular hyperplasia, FNCS, dog. In nodular hyperplasia, h...
Figure 12.4 Liver, nodular hyperplasia, FNCS, dog. Although aspecific, rarel...
Figure 12.5 Liver, nodular hyperplasia, FNCS, dog. Among the hepatocytes fro...
Figure 12.6 Liver, hepatocellular adenoma, FNCS, dog. A cluster of hepatocyt...
Figure 12.7 Liver, hepatocellular adenoma, FNCS, dog. A mild to moderate deg...
Figure 12.8 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. Neoplastic hepatocyt...
Figure 12.9 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. In some instances, g...
Figure 12.10 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. Neoplastic cells fr...
Figure 12.11 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. Anisokaryosis and a...
Figure 12.12 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. Although anisokaryo...
Figure 12.13 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. Neoplastic cells fr...
Figure 12.14 Liver, well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog....
Figure 12.15 Liver, well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog....
Figure 12.16 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. Irregularly distrib...
Figure 12.17 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. A large, polygonal,...
Figure 12.18 Liver, well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog....
Figure 12.19 Liver, well‐diferentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. ...
Figure 12.20 Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, trabecular pattern, dog. Varia...
Figure 12.21 Liver, cholangioma, FNCS, cat. On a proteinaceous, slightly blo...
Figure 12.22 Liver, cholangioma, FNCS, cat. A sheet of benign cholangiocytes...
Figure 12.23 Liver, cholangioma, cat. Cystic structures lined with a single ...
Figure 12.24 Liver, cholangiocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. Cells demonstrat...
Figure 12.25 Liver, cholangiocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. A cluster of neo...
Figure 12.26 Liver, cholangiocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. In cholangiocell...
Figure 12.27 Liver, cholangiocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. In cholangiocarc...
Figure 12.28 Liver, cholangiocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. Cells are here a...
Figure 12.29 Liver, cholangiocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. Neoplastic cells...
Figure 12.30 Liver, cholangiocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. On the right, th...
Figure 12.31 Liver, cholangiocellular carcinoma, FNCS, dog. A large amount o...
Figure 12.32 Liver, cholangiocarcinoma, dog. Tubular and acinar structures, ...
Figure 12.33 Liver, hepatic carcinoid, FNCS, dog. A sheet of epithelial neop...
Figure 12.34 Liver, hepatic carcinoid, FNCS, dog. A tridimensional sheet of ...
Figure 12.35 Liver, hepatic carcinoid, FNCS, dog. The neoplastic cells frequ...
Figure 12.36 Liver, hepatic carcinoid, FNCS, dog. Perivascular arrangement, ...
Figure 12.37 Liver, hepatic carcinoid, FNCS, dog. Many naked nuclei are crow...
Figure 12.38 Liver, carcinoid, dog. Solid cords or ribbons of neoplastic cel...
Figure 12.39 Liver, hepatic sarcoma, FNCS, dog. Spindle cells with elongated...
Figure 12.40 Liver, hepatic sarcoma, FNCS, dog. Spindle cells with elongated...
Figure 12.41 Liver, hemangiosarcoma, FNCS, dog. Spindle cells with elongated...
Figure 12.42 Liver, metastasis of hemangiosarcoma, dog. Endothelial cells li...
Figure 12.43 Liver, large cell lymphoma, dog. Neoplastic cells expand the bo...
Figure 12.44 Liver, myelolipoma, FNCS, dog. Hematopoietic cells, mostly repr...
Figure 12.45 Liver, high‐grade lymphoma, FNCS, dog. A single cluster of hepa...
Figure 12.46 Liver, high‐grade, large cell lymphoma, FNCS, dog. T‐cell, high...
Figure 12.47 Liver, high‐grade, large cell lymphoma, FNCS, dog. In B‐cell, h...
Figure 12.48 Liver, high‐grade, large cell lymphoma, FNCS, dog. Cholestasis ...
Figure 12.49 Liver, low‐grade, small cell lymphoma, FNCS, cat. Small lymphoc...
Figure 12.50 Liver, large granular lymphocyte (LGL) lymphoma, FNCS, cat. Lar...
Figure 12.51 Liver, large granular lymphocyte (LGL) lymphoma, FNCS, dog. Neo...
Figure 12.52 Liver, large granular lymphocyte (LGL) lymphoma, FNCS, cat. Nuc...
Figure 12.53 Liver, large granular lymphocyte (LGL) lymphoma, FNCS, cat. Neo...
Figure 12.54 Liver, epitheliotropic lymphoma, FNCS, cat. Small lymphocytes e...
Figure 12.55 Liver, epitheliotropic lymphoma, FNCS, cat. Small lymphocytes e...
Figure 12.56 Liver, hepatosplenic lymphoma, FNCS, cat. The cytoplasm of neop...
Figure 12.57 Liver, hepatic involvement of lymphoma with Mott cell different...
Figure 12.58 Liver, histiocytic sarcoma, FNCS, dog. Large, round to ovoid ce...
Figure 12.59 Liver, histiocytic sarcoma, FNCS, dog. Round to ovoid, sometime...
Figure 12.60 Liver, histiocytic sarcoma, FNCS, dog. Some neoplastic cells de...
Figure 12.61 Liver, hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma, FNCS, dog. The neopl...
Figure 12.62 Liver, mast cell tumor, FNCS, dog. A high number of mast cells,...
Figure 12.63 Liver, mast cell tumor, FNCS, dog. A large aggregate of poorly ...
Figure 12.64 Suggested algorithm to be used when sampling a hepatic nodule; ...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Canine and Feline Liver Cytology
Carlo Masserdotti
DVM, Dipl ECVCP, Spec Bioch Clin IAT
Veterinary Clinical Pathologist
Idexx Laboratories, Italy
Copyright © 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Masserdotti, Carlo, 1965– author.Title: Canine and feline liver cytology / Carlo Masserdotti.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley‐Blackwell, [2024]. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2023007030 (print) | LCCN 2023007031 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119895541 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119895565 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119895558 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Liver Diseases–diagnosis | Dog Diseases–diagnosis | Cat Diseases–diagnosis | Cytodiagnosis–veterinary | Liver Diseases–veterinary | Liver–cytologyClassification: LCC SF992.L5 (print) | LCC SF992.L5 (ebook) | NLM SF 992.L5 | DDC 636.089/6362–dc23/eng/20230429LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023007030LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023007031
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: Courtesy of Carlo Masserdotti
About the Author
Carlo Masserdotti graduated in Veterinary Medicine in 1990 from the University of Milan. From 1993, his scientific interest was mainly focused on clinical pathology, particularly diagnostic cytopathology, and he attended specialist courses and institutions in Italy and abroad. He is the author of scientific papers concerning cytopathology and has presented lectures at national and international meetings.
From 1998 he was a teacher and lecturer on the cytology course organized by SCIVAC (Italian Companion Animal Veterinary Association). From 2001 to 2004 he was President of SICIV (Italian Society of Veterinary Cytology). From 2003 to 2006 he was Vice‐president of the European Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology.
In 2005 he received recognition as a Diplomate of the European College of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. In 2008 he achieved postgraduate specialization in clinical biochemistry, at the University of Brescia.
Currently he is a consultant in anatomic and clinical pathology at IDEXX Laboratories. His research is mainly focused on cytological features of spontaneous tumors and inflammatory diseases of companion animals, mainly in hepatic cytology and histopathology.
He enjoys triathlons and the history, art, and architecture of Brescia, his city; he also loves whales as the greatest expression of grace.
Foreword
Veterinary medicine has progressed dramatically over the recent past. Areas of specialization have become more sophisticated and the relevant information complex. Specialization needs knowledge that is focused on a well‐defined field to facilitate, through in‐depth study, the acquisition of new data. Clearly, this new book by Dr Masserdotti offers a welcome, focused evaluation of the cytological features of the canine and feline liver in health and disease. This work will be a welcome addition to the library and a useful aid for clinical pathologists, clinicians with an interest in cytology, and anatomic pathologists seeking appropriate correlations between cytology and biopsy results.
Diseases of the liver in the cat and the dog span a wide range of possibilities and accurate interpretation of cytological features and correlation with new knowledge of the underlying mechanisms that lead to cytological changes are essential for new understanding to develop. In clinical practice, cytology is a first‐line assessment, providing a relatively less expensive or less invasive early look at changes in the liver. Cytology is widely used to establish the presence of liver disease and to determine its nature and often its etiology. Functional tests of the liver can be less informative than desired. In addition, many hepatic functions are secondarily altered, because either hepatic blood flow is impaired or the liver reacts nonspecifically to primary changes in other organ systems. Thus, liver cytology is an essential element in the diagnosis of liver disease. Elimination of the prevailing confusion in nomenclature by consistent use of the WSAVA standard diagnostic terminology, as followed in this book, will assist in reaching reasonable consensus and better communication between clinicians, clinical pathologists, and anatomic pathologists.
This book clearly illustrates the circumstances in which hepatic cytology is sufficient to obtain a diagnosis and those where cytology is the gateway to additional evaluation, whether that involves imaging, additional clinical testing or histopathological evaluation. The features of a broad variety of hepatic alterations are described in focused detail to aid the investigator in the assessment of known liver diseases and the discovery of new disease processes.
This new text will continue the progress of veterinary medicine to serve the management of the individual patient and to expand and enhance our understanding of diseases of the canine and feline liver.
John M. Cullen, VMD, PhD, DACVP, FIATP
Alumni Distinguished Professor of Pathology‐Emeritus
North Carolina College of Veterinary Medicine, NC, USA
Preface
Liver cytology is one of the murkiest, most complex, controversial, and difficult topics to investigate that I have ever faced in my entire career as a clinical pathologist.
It is one of the most snubbed topics by anatomical pathologists who tend to boast about their histopathological knowledge, which is considered the only source of information concerning liver disease.
It is one of the most frustrating topics – especially for the novice – to approach when attempting to provide useful data for diagnosis.
Despite some almost insurmountable limitations, over the last 30 years I have come to believe that, despite being an incomplete and often inconclusive diagnostic method, liver cytology has excellent potential to complement and complete the histological diagnosis, especially considering its speed of execution and low costs. In some cases, the latter may even be rendered unnecessary, which benefits the patient.
I thought it might be useful to share my 30‐year experience in the management of those liver diseases where cytological evaluation has proved to be an excellent – sometimes conclusive – diagnostic aid, describing, listing, and discussing the characteristics of all those conditions for which histopathological investigation was necessary.
I may be labeled irreverent but I believe that most of what has been written about veterinary cytopathology is confusing, superficial, and sometimes misleading – possibly even incorrect. Among such misconceptions and inaccuracies are historically accepted arguments, such as the so‐called “vacuolar liver disease,” one of the definitions that have been most abused, often with minimal (if not zero) tangible diagnostic gain, or the claim to apply classic diagnostic criteria – such as anisocytosis or anisokaryosis – to the recognition of hepatocarcinoma. In contrast, in terms of diagnosis of the latter, there is ample evidence of dependence on other morphological criteria.
Before beginning to write this book, I made a promise to myself: “Avoid, as much as possible, any type of psychological subjugation to the data already published and to general beliefs on the subject.” The goal was to put across my point of view in the best way possible, at the risk of being considered extreme, and to try to use simple and clear language for the benefit of those who read this book and for those who, in turn, choose the liver as their field of study and research.
I somewhat held back on this revolutionary attitude when I realized that in order to speak in an organic and orderly manner about the liver, I had to follow this consolidated and shared pattern. Therefore, I described the various aspects of liver disease in the same way as the subdivision provided by the reference text – WSAVA Standards for Clinical and Histological Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Liver Disease – which was drawn up by a group of world experts on liver disease, known as the WSAVA Liver Standardization Group.
Obviously, I have appropriately modulated the subdivision of the arguments on the basis of the purely cytological focus of this book. Because of their purely architectural nature, some chapters that are of broad scope and fundamental importance within histopathology, such as vascular disorders, have been excluded, as they are not subject to cytological investigation.
Aware of a certain tendency towards logorrhea, confusion, and the accumulation of data without the order and linearity necessary to be fully understood, I thought of dividing each chapter into different sections: an introduction, a merely descriptive section of the salient cytological aspects of a certain pathological process; a discussion, where I try to put the ideas in order and compare the cytological data with the knowledge already acquired and published; and useful considerations, which are to be used in the report delivered to the clinician.
I truly hope to have created something useful for those who will read my projections.
Perhaps I have written too much and captured too little of what deserves to be dealt with in the context of pathological alterations of cytological samples of the liver. I have certainly repeated myself, possibly because I care greatly about certain concepts, or because I consider some milestone concepts not exactly solid. Many of the concepts I have expressed may be contradictory or controversial, but the liver is as simple in its repetitive structure as it is complex in its morphological manifestations, as well as in the interpretations based on the alterations of its cells. The liver is a questionable topic, therefore I have decided to paraphrase Walt Whitman and conclude with a laconic:
Do I contradict myself?
Very well then I contradict myself.
I am large, I contain multitudes
(Song of Myself, Walt Whitman).
Carlo Masserdotti
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge the people who have helped me understand, write, and correct everything you will find on these pages. Anything that can improve the knowledge of liver cytology of those who read this book is due to them, while any inaccuracy or error is solely and entirely my responsibility.
My heartfelt thanks go to John Cullen. He has been much more than a great teacher, a point of reference, and an inexhaustible source of knowledge. His support in the revision of this book was invaluable. He has become a true friend, and not just a colleague. I have tried to retain everything he has taught me over the years, and I apologize to him if I have not been able to take my knowledge to the level of his teachings.
I would also like to thank Cinzia Mastrorilli for persuading me to consider different points of view, but also for identifying and correcting several inaccuracies I would have missed. She never failed to provide a touch of irony, comprehensive competence, and unparalleled attention.
Lorenzo Ressel is a truly special friend. The ease with which we understand each other is a blessing. His competence and points of view often pushed me to review, deepen, and improve almost every chapter he delved into.
Alessandra Tosini is not only the colleague we would all love to have, but also the one I – undeservedly – am fortunate to have. She was always there, with her patience and tolerance, showing me how to circumvent and solve small (and big) obstacles. Her support was always precious.
A special thank you to Eleonora Piseddu, Ilaria Cerchiaro and to Marcello Garatti for the never‐ending discussions and for all they taught me.
Without the help of Cristina Pana, retrieving cytological cases for pictures and comparisons, this entire work would not have been possible: a special thank you for her invaluable support.
