Clinical Atlas of Small Animal Cytology E-Book

Andrew G. Burton

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 418

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

Clinical Atlas of Small Animal Cytology provides an essential guide for interpreting cytologic samples to diagnose small animal patients. * Features photographs of diseases with a diagnosis confirmed by pathognomonic cytologic features, histopathology, special stains, microbial culture, or other confirmatory tests * Emphasizes characteristic features of each disease and distinguishing features * Provides multiple images to differentiate cells from lesions that could look similar * Presents more than 500 representative high-quality images

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Cytologic Analysis of Cells

1.1 Approach to Cytology Samples

1.2 Sample Quality and Background

1.3 Cell Types

1.4 Cell Shape, Distribution, and Features

1.5 Benign Versus Malignant

References

2 Infectious Agents

2.1 Fungi

2.2 Oomycetes

2.3 Algae

2.4 Mesomycetozoea

2.5 Protozoa

2.6 Helminths

2.7 Bacteria

2.8 Ectoparasites

References

3 Integument

3.1 Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions

References

4 Hemolymphatic

4.1 Lymph Nodes

4.2 Spleen

4.3 Thymus

4.4 Bone Marrow

References

5 Body Cavity Fluids

5.1 General Classification

5.2 Specific Effusions

References

6 Musculoskeletal

6.1 Bone

6.2 Joints

6.3 Muscle

References

7 Hepatobiliary

7.1 Liver

7.2 Biliary Tract

References

8 Digestive System

8.1 Salivary Glands

8.2 Stomach/Intestines

8.3 Feces

8.4 Pancreas

References

9 Urinary

9.1 Kidney

9.2 Bladder

9.3 Urine

9.4 Urinary Crystals

9.5 Urinary Casts

References

10 Respiratory

10.1 Nasal Cavity

10.2 Lung

10.3 Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)/Transtracheal Wash (TTW)

References

11 Endocrine

11.1 Thyroid

11.2 Parathyroid

11.3 Chemoreceptor Tumors

11.4 Adrenal Gland

11.5 Pituitary Gland

References

12 Reproductive

12.1 Testes

12.2 Semen Analysis

12.3 Prostate

12.4 Penis

Female

12.5 Ovary

12.6 Mammary Glands

12.7 Vaginal Cytology

References

13 Neurologic

13.1 Brain

13.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

13.3 Spinal Cord

References

14 Ocular and Special Senses

14.1 Eyes: Cornea

14.2 Eyes: Conjunctiva

14.3 Ears

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 Cholesterol crystals, 20× objective.

Figure 1.2 Necrotic material, 50× objective. Prostatic carcinoma cells are surrounded by globular, blue/purple necrotic material.

Figure 1.3 Hemorrhage, 100× objective. A macrophage is seen with a central purple nucleus. Red blood cells, blue/green hemosiderin, and golden hematoidin crystals are present within the cytoplasm.

Figure 1.4 Extracellular matrix, 50× objective. Note the bright pink, smooth, streaming matrix material intimately associated with spindle cells (synovial cell sarcoma).

Figure 1.5 Cytoplasmic fragments, 50× objective. Note the small round fragments of pale blue cytoplasm surrounding lymphocytes in a case of canine lymphoma.

Figure 1.6 Mineralized debris, 50× objective. The material is seen in different planes of focus.

Figure 1.7 Glove powder starch crystals, 50× objective. Note the characteristic cross in the center of the crystals.

Figure 1.8 Stain precipitate, 50× objective. Stain precipitate is granular and may be pink, purple or deeply basophilic and varies from fine (center/right) to coarse (lower left).

Figure 1.9 Background crystals, 20× objective. Geometric crystals may form incidentally in the background of thick samples.

Figure 1.10 Ultrasound/lubricant gel, 50× objective. Bright purple granular material (ultrasound gel) surrounds transitional epithelial cells in a catheter urine sample from a dog.

Figure 1.11 Nuclear material, 50× objective. Note the streaming pink nuclear material from lysed cells in an ovarian granulosa cell tumor.

Figure 1.12 Bare nuclei, 50× objective. Nuclei from lysed cells (arrows) appear puffy and lack surrounding cytoplasm.

Figure 1.13 Apoptotic cells, 100× objective. Apoptotic cells have pyknotic nuclei with deeply basophilic, dense chromatin (arrow).

Figure 1.14 Hemoglobin crystals, 50× objective. These crystals are needle‐shaped and the color of red blood cells. Note the blood‐associated neutrophils.

Figure 1.15 Hemoglobin crystals, 50× objective. These crystals are similar in shape to those in Figure 1.14, but are variably sized, and pink/orange.

Figure 1.16 Formalin artifact, lymph node, dog, 50× objective. Note the pale blue homogeneous material and poor cellular detail.

Figure 1.17 Capillaries, 20× objective. Linear pink capillaries course across the sample.

Figure 1.18 Capillaries, 50× objective. Pink, linear capillaries with elongated basophilic nuclei seen in rows. Note the red blood cell travelling within the capillary (arrow).

Figure 1.19 Adipose tissue, 20× objective.

Figure 1.20 Lipid vacuoles, 50× objective.

Figure 1.21 Keratin debris, 20× objective.

Figure 1.22 Skeletal muscle, 50× objective. Skeletal muscle is deep blue and has subtle parallel cross‐striations.

Figure 1.23 Normal mesothelium, 100× objective. Note the pink fringe border.

Figure 1.24 Inflammatory cells, all 100× objective. (A) Neutrophils. (B) Eosinophils. (C) Macrophages (arrows) and lymphocytes (arrowheads). Note erythrophagia within a macrophage (lower left). (D) Plasma cells. Note the prominent perinuclear clearing (Golgi zone). (E) Mott cells. A Mott cell (arrowhead) contains numerous bright blue aggregates of immunoglobulin. (F) Flame cells.

Figure 1.25 Degenerative neutrophils, 100× objective.

Figure 1.26 Toxic neutrophils, peripheral blood, cat, 100× objective.

Figure 1.27 Apoptotic/pyknotic nuclei, 100× objective. Two apoptotic neutrophils (lower right) with multiple variably sized, deeply basophilic, pyknotic nuclear fragments.

Figure 1.28 Epithelial cells, prostatic carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. Cells are cohesive and ‘sticky’ with prominent intercellular borders.

Figure 1.29 Mesenchymal cells, leiomyosarcoma, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 1.30 Mesenchymal cells, osteosarcoma, dog, 50× objective. The neoplastic mesenchymal cells are round. Note the normal, multinucleated osteoclast (upper left).

Figure 1.31 Round cell tumor, mast cell tumor, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 1.32 Round cell tumor, histiocytoma, dog, 50× objective. Note that the cells are pushed into sheets, but still appear discrete, without prominent intercellular borders.

Figure 1.33 Poorly cohesive carcinoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 1.34 Melanoma, dog, 50× objective. The cells are vaguely cohesive, round to spindloid, and associated with pink extracellular matrix. Note the green/black pigment in some cells, and the mitotic figure (lower left).

Figure 1.35 Benign mesenchymal neoplasia, fibroma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 1.36 Benign epithelial neoplasia, mammary adenoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 1.37 Anisocytosis, mesothelioma, dog, 50× objective. Note the variation in size between cells.

Figure 1.38 Cell piling, perianal gland carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. The cells are overlapping, crowded, and disorganized.

Figure 1.39 Cell cannibalism, mesothelioma, dog, 50× objective. A mitotic neoplastic cell has phagocytosed another neoplastic cell (arrow).

Figure 1.40 High N/C ratios, mammary carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 1.41 Anisokaryosis, transitional cell carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 1.42 Multinucleation, anaplastic sarcoma with giant cells, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 1.43 Satellite nuclei, histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the small satellite nucleus next to the larger nucleus (arrow).

Figure 1.44 Nuclear fragmentation, histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 1.45 Hyperchromasia, osteosarcoma, dog, 50× objective. Note how dark the chromatin is (arrow) relative to other cells.

Figure 1.46 Prominent nucleoli, histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 1.47 Multiple nucleoli, osteosarcoma, dog, 100× objective. Note the varying sizes, shapes, and numbers of nucleoli in each nucleus.

Figure 1.48 Mitotic figures. (A) Prophase. (B) Metaphase (end‐on). (C) Metaphase (side‐on). (D) Anaphase. (E) Telophase. (F) Bizarre mitosis.

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1

Cryptococcus neoformans

, cat, 50× objective. Note the narrow‐based budding forming a chain of organisms.

Figure 2.2

Cryptococcus neoformans

, cat, 100× objective. Two organisms are phagocytosed by a macrophage.

Figure 2.3

Histoplasma capsulatum

, cat, 100× objective. Organisms are seen within a macrophage and in the background.

Figure 2.4

Sporothrix schenkii

, cat, 100× objective. Organisms seen within and around a macrophage. Note their elongated shape.

Figure 2.5 Dermatophytes, cat, 100× objective. Note the small basophilic organisms with a clear halo.

Figure 2.6

Blastomyces dermatitidis

, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.7

Coccidioides immitis

spherule, dog, 50× objective. Note the large size relative to red blood cells, and the folded capsule.

Figure 2.8

Coccidioides immitis

, dog, 50× objective. A spherule contains numerous small endospores.

Figure 2.9

Candida albicans

, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.10

Pneumocystis

spp., dog, 100× objective. Note the small size relative to the red blood cell, and the small purple inclusions.

Figure 2.11

Malassezia

, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.12

Cyniclomyces guttulatus

, dog, 100× objective. Three organisms in a characteristic forking arrangement. Note the large size relative to bacteria in the background.

Figure 2.13

Aspergillus

spp. hyphae, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 2.14

Pythium insidiosum

hyphae, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.15

Prototheca

, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.16

Rhinosporidium seeberi

endospores (arrows), dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.17

Neospora caninum

, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.18

Toxoplasma gondii

, dog, 100× objective. Three crescent‐shaped organisms are accompanied by mixed inflammatory cells.

Figure 2.19

Leishmania

spp., dog, 100× objective. Note the characteristic ‘T’ shape of the organisms.

Figure 2.20

Cytauxzoon felis

schizont, cat, 50× objective. A macrophage contains numerous merozoites. Note the small merozoites free in the background and the macrophage nucleus with its prominent nucleolus.

Figure 2.21

Cytauxzoon felis

schizont, cat, 50× objective. A large macrophage contains numerous mature merozoites, and an early schizont (lower right).

Figure 2.22

Cytauxzoon felis

, cat, peripheral blood, 100× objective. Note the round piroplasms within the red blood cells (arrowheads).

Figure 2.23

Giardia lamblia

trophozoite, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.24

Giardia lamblia

cysts, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.25

Tritrichomonas fetus

, cat, 100× objective. Note the flagella and undulating membrane.

Figure 2.26

Cryptosporidium canis

oocysts, dog, 100× objective, Kinyoun acid‐fast stain.

Figure 2.27

Hepatozoon americanum

, dog, peripheral blood, 100× objective.

Figure 2.28

Mesocestoides

, abdominal fluid gross appearance, dog. Note the granular texture of the fluid.

Figure 2.29

Mesocestoides

larval fragments, abdominal fluid, dog, 20× objective. Note the refractile, clear‐to‐tan calcareous corpuscles.

Figure 2.30

Filaroides hirthi

, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 2.31

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

, cat, 50× objective. Note the prominent dorsal spine down the center.

Figure 2.32

Dracunculus

, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 2.33

Paragonimus kellicotti

ovum, cat, 40× objective.

Figure 2.34

Mycobacterium

spp., cat, 100× objective. A macrophage contains numerous clear, rod‐shaped bacteria.

Figure 2.35

Actinomyces

spp., cat, 100× objective. Note the long, fine, branching filamentous bacteria.

Figure 2.36

Bordetella bronchiseptica

, bronchoalveolar lavage, dog, 100× objective. Note the basophilic coccobacilli adhered to the cilia of the columnar respiratory epithelial cells.

Figure 2.37

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

, peripheral blood, dog, 100× objective. A basophilic morula of organisms is seen within a neutrophil.

Figure 2.38

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

(salmon poisoning disease), lymph node, dog, 100× objective. A macrophage contains many small blue/gray organisms that also are seen in the background.

Figure 2.39

Clostridium perfringens

, dog, 100× objective. Note the characteristic clear spores in the bacteria giving them a ‘safety‐pin’ appearance.

Figure 2.40

Campylobacter

spp., dog, 100× objective. Note the small, ‘gull‐wing’ or ‘M’‐ shaped bacteria (arrowheads) accompanied by neutrophilic inflammation.

Figure 2.41

Helicobacter

spp., dog, 100× objective. Note the large‐size and tight spirals.

Figure 2.42

Simonsiella

spp., dog, 100× objective.

Figure 2.43

Demodex canis

nymph, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 2.44

Sarcoptes scabiei

, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 2.45

Otodectes cynotis

, dog, 20× objective.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Mast cell tumor, dog, 40× objective. Note the linear ribbons of bright pink collagen.

Figure 3.2 Mast cell tumor, dog, 50× objective. Two reactive fibroblasts (center/right) are present.

Figure 3.3 Mast cell tumor (grade III, high grade), dog, 50× objective. Note the many eosinophils in the background, binucleation (arrows) and mitotic figure (arrowhead).

Figure 3.4 Mast cell tumor, dog, 50× objective. Note the variable granulation of the cells and occasional binucleation.

Figure 3.5 Mast cell tumor, dog, 50× objective, Diff Quik® stain. Although granules stain poorly, the cells are uniform and minimally pleomorphic.

Figure 3.6 Mast cell tumor, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 3.7 Mast cell tumor, cat, 50× objective, Diff Quik® stain. Granules stain poorly.

Figure 3.8 Mast cell tumor, cat, 50× objective. Samples from this aggressive tumor contain cells that are poorly granular and have high N/C ratios. Note the mitotic figure.

Figure 3.9 Histiocytoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the abundant watery blue cytoplasm.

Figure 3.10 Regressing histiocytoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the many small mature lymphocytes (arrowheads).

Figure 3.11 Histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.12 Cutaneous lymphoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the high N/C ratios and monomorphism of the population. A mitotic figure is seen (center).

Figure 3.13 Cutaneous lymphoma, dog, 50× objective. Large, neoplastic lymphocytes are accompanied by many neutrophils.

Figure 3.14 Plasmacytoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the perinuclear clearing, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic figure (lower left).

Figure 3.15 Plasmacytoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the peripheralized pink coloration of the cytoplasm.

Figure 3.16 Plasmacytoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the binucleation and multinucleation.

Figure 3.17 Transmissible venereal tumor, dog, 50× objective. Note the prominent clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and the mitotic figure (top left).

Figure 3.18 Melanocytoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the abundant green/black pigment in cells and in the background.

Figure 3.19 Malignant melanoma, dog, 50× objective. Cells are variably pigmented (see cells on left), and have prominent nucleoli and high N/C ratios. Note the mitotic figure (middle).

Figure 3.20 Malignant melanoma (poorly melanotic), dog, 50× objective. Note the bizarre mitotic figure on the left.

Figure 3.21 Infundibular/epidermal cyst, dog, 10× objective. Many anucleated squamous epithelial cells are seen.

Figure 3.22 Infundibular/epidermal cyst, dog, 20× objective. Keratinized debris is studded with aggregates of refractile, mineralized debris.

Figure 3.23 Pigmented hair shafts, dog, 20× objective. Note the different plane of focus from other material.

Figure 3.24 Infundibular/epidermal cyst, dog, 20× objective. Aggregates of anucleated squamous epithelial cells with marked mixed inflammation.

Figure 3.25 Cutaneous basilar epithelial neoplasm (trichoblastoma), dog, 50× objective. Note the bright pink basement membrane material.

Figure 3.26 Basal cell carcinoma, cat, 50× objective. Note the cell piling and prominent nucleoli compared to Figure 3.25.

Figure 3.27 Sweat gland adenoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.28 Sweat gland adenocarcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.29 Sebaceous adenoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.30 Sebaceous epithelioma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.31 Sebaceous carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the fine clear vacuoles, prominent nucleoli and mitotic figures (arrows).

Figure 3.32 Cutaneous metastatic carcinoma (pulmonary carcinoma), cat, 50× objective.

Figure 3.33 Squamous papilloma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.34 Squamous cell carcinoma, cat, 50× objective. Note the sky‐blue cytoplasm, immature nuclei, and perinuclear vacuolation.

Figure 3.35 Perianal gland adenoma, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 3.36 Perianal gland adenocarcinoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the higher N/C ratios and cellular crowding relative to perianal gland adenomas.

Figure 3.37 Anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.38 Clear cell adnexal carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.39 Reactive fibroplasia, dog, 50× objective. Note the accompanying inflammation.

Figure 3.40 Fibroma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.41 Fibrosarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.42 Keloidal fibroma, dog, 20× objective. Note the characteristic large, smooth, bright pink aggregates of collagen.

Figure 3.43 Soft‐tissue sarcoma (hemangiopericytoma), dog, 20× objective. Note the cells emanating from linear, streaming capillaries.

Figure 3.44 Soft‐tissue sarcoma (hemangiopericytoma), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.45 Soft‐tissue sarcoma (hemangiopericytoma), dog, 50× objective. Note the characteristic ‘crown cell’ (arrow).

Figure 3.46 Hemangioma, dog, 50× objective. Note the bloody background, spindle cells with fine tendrils and the mast cell (left).

Figure 3.47 Hemangiosarcoma (cutaneous), dog, 50× objective. Note the prominent nucleoli.

Figure 3.48 Myxoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the dense pink, streaming mucinous background.

Figure 3.49 Myxosarcoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the dense pink stippled, mucinous background and prominent anisokaryosis.

Figure 3.50 Anaplastic sarcoma with giant cells, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 3.51 Lipoma, dog, 4× objective.

Figure 3.52 Lipoma, dog, 20× objective. Note the streaming, linear capillaries.

Figure 3.53 Liposarcoma (well differentiated), dog, 10× objective.

Figure 3.54 Liposarcoma (poorly differentiated), dog, 50× objective. The cells appear almost cohesive and contain coarse, clear lipid vacuoles. Note also the small size relative to Figure 3.53.

Figure 3.55 Xanthoma, dog, 50× objective. Macrophages are monomorphic and frequently contain coarse, clear vacuoles.

Figure 3.56 Reactive fibrohistiocytic nodule, dog, 50× objective. Note the reactive, vacuolated macrophages and the spindle cell (lower left).

Figure 3.57 Sterile nodular panniculitis, dog, 50× objective. Note the abundant free lipid vacuoles, and the multinucleated macrophage (top).

Figure 3.58 Steatitis, dog, 50× objective. Mixed inflammation is centered around numerous clear lipid vacuoles.

Figure 3.59 Pyogranulomatous inflammation, dog, 50× objective. Note the large, multinucleated macrophage, accompanied by neutrophils.

Figure 3.60 Vaccine reaction (rabies vaccine), dog, 50× objective. Note the abundant purple granular material in the background and phagocytosed by macrophages.

Figure 3.61 Abscess, cat, 100× objective. Neutrophils are degenerative and contain intracellular bacteria.

Figure 3.62 Seroma, dog, 50× objective. Macrophages contain phagocytosed proteinaceous material.

Figure 3.63 Calcinosis circumscripta, dog, 20× objective. Note the thick background and aggregates of refractile mineralized debris.

Figure 3.64 Calcinosis circumscripta (gross appearance), dog. The samples have a characteristic, thick chalky appearance.

Figure 3.65 Calcinosis cutis, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 3.66 Hypersensitivity reaction, dog, 50× objective. Note the mast cell (top left).

Figure 3.67 Eosinophilic granuloma, cat, 50× objective. Note the abundant eosinophil granules in the background.

Figure 3.68 Pemphigus foliaceus, dog, 50× objective. Numerous acantholytic cells (arrows) accompanied by neutrophilic inflammation.

Chapter 04

Figure 4.1 Lymph node (normal), cat, 50× objective. Small lymphocytes constitute >80% of cells, and have nuclei about one red blood cell in diameter, with clumped chromatin.

Figure 4.2 Lymph node (normal), cat, 50× objective.

Figure 4.3 Lymph node (reactive), dog, 50× objective. Note the variation in lymphocyte size, amount and color of cytoplasm and plasma cells (arrow).

Figure 4.4 Lymph node (reactive), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.5 Lymph node (reactive), dog, 50× objective. Note that mitotic figures may be present in hyperplastic nodes (arrow).

Figure 4.6 Lymph node, neutrophilic lymphadenitis from puppy with juvenile cellulitis, 50× objective.

Figure 4.7 Lymph node, septic neutrophilic lymphadenitis, 100× objective.

Figure 4.8 Lymph node, eosinophilic lymphadenitis, dog, 50× objective. Note the blue/green hemosiderin pigment granules in the background.

Figure 4.9 Lymph node,

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

(salmon poisoning disease), dog, 100× objective. Note the curvilinear organisms within the macrophage and in the background.

Figure 4.10 Lymph node, large‐cell lymphoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the large nuclei (2–3 red blood cells in diameter), prominent nucleoli, and mitotic figure (upper left).

Figure 4.11 Lymph node, large‐cell lymphoma, cat, 50× objective. The cells are large, monomorphic, and have finely stippled chromatin.

Figure 4.12 Lymph node, large‐cell lymphoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the smooth pink nuclear material in the background from lysed cells.

Figure 4.13 Lymph node, large‐cell lymphoma, dog, 50× objective. Diff‐Quik® stain.

Figure 4.14 Lymph node, small‐cell lymphoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the expansion of small cells (nuclei ~1.25 red blood cells in diameter) with prominent nucleoli. These cells outnumber small mature lymphocytes with clumped chromatin (arrowheads).

Figure 4.15 Lymph node, small‐cell lymphoma, dog, 100× objective. The more open chromatin pattern and nucleoli of neoplastic cells can be contrasted to the clumped, dark chromatin of small mature cells.

Figure 4.16 Lymph node, lymphoblastic lymphoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the irregular nuclear membranes and many mitotic figures.

Figure 4.17 Lymph node, lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation, dog, 100× objective. Note the large, irregular bright blue Russell bodies within the cytoplasm.

Figure 4.18 Lymph node, Hodgkin’s‐like lymphoma, cat, 50× objective. Most lymphocytes are small and mature (upper left), with low numbers of large, Reed–Sternberg cells (arrow and inset).

Figure 4.19 Lymph node, acute leukemia infiltration, dog, 60× objective. Acute myeloid (myelomonocytic) leukemia (AML‐M4).

Figure 4.20 Lymph node, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. Small mature lymphocytes surround a sheet of neoplastic cells with marked criteria of malignancy.

Figure 4.21 Lymph node, metastatic mast cell tumor, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.22 Lymph node, metastatic transmissible venereal tumor, dog, 50× objective. The neoplastic cells appear similar to lymphocytes, but have an increased volume of pale‐blue cytoplasm that contains fine clear vacuoles (arrows).

Figure 4.23 Lymph node, metastatic poorly melanotic melanoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.24 Lymph node, metastatic fibrosarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.25 Spleen (normal), dog, 20× objective. Note the stromal aggregate (red pulp) center image.

Figure 4.26 Spleen, benign nodular hyperplasia, dog, 20× objective. An aggregate of red pulp is present (lower right), with many lymphoid and hematopoietic cells.

Figure 4.27 Spleen, benign nodular hyperplasia, dog, 50× objective. The mixed lymphocytes/plasma cells and hematopoietic precursors can be seen.

Figure 4.28 Spleen, extramedullary hematopoiesis, dog, 50× objective. Erythroid precursors predominate, with rare granulocyte precursors (arrow).

Figure 4.29 Spleen, myelolipoma, cat, 20× objective. Note the abundant lipid and the megakaryocyte (lower left).

Figure 4.30 Spleen, myelolipoma, dog, 50× objective. Lipid vacuoles are seen, with many erythroid precursors.

Figure 4.31 Spleen, hemangiosarcoma, dog, 20× objective. Note the spindle cells forming cords.

Figure 4.32 Spleen, hemangiosarcoma, dog, 40× objective.

Figure 4.33 Spleen, large cell lymphoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.34 Spleen, marginal zone lymphoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the large sheet of lymphocytes with prominent, single, centrally located nucleoli.

Figure 4.35 Spleen, hepatosplenic lymphoma, dog, 100× objective. Note the perinuclear, azurophilic cytoplasmic granules.

Figure 4.36 Spleen, acute granulocytic leukemia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.37 Spleen, acute erythroid leukemia, cat, 50× objective. Note the deep‐blue cytoplasm of the cells.

Figure 4.38 Spleen, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.39 Spleen, multiple myeloma, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 4.40 Spleen, histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.41 Spleen, hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the erythrophagia (arrow).

Figure 4.42 Spleen, visceral mast cell neoplasia, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 4.43 Spleen, metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 4.44 Spleen, metastatic fibrosarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.45 Spleen, metastatic mast cell neoplasia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.46 Spleen, amyloid, cat, 20× objective. Note the bright purple fibrillar material between cells.

Figure 4.47 Thymus, thymoma, dog, 50× objective. A cohesive sheet of thymic epithelial cells (left) is accompanied by a mixed population of lymphocytes.

Figure 4.48 Thymus, thymic carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. The cells have a decreased volume of vacuolated cytoplasm. Note the mitotic figure (arrow).

Figure 4.49 Thymus, lymphoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the irregular nuclear membrane boundaries.

Figure 4.50 Erythroid precursor cells from most immature to mature. (A) Rubriblast. (B) Prorubricyte. (C) Basophilic rubricyte, polychromatophilic rubricyte (arrow) and metarubricyte (arrowhead). (D) Polychromatophils (arrows) and mature erythrocytes.

Figure 4.51 Granulocytic precursor cells from most immature to mature. (A) Myeloblast. (B) Promyelocyte (note abundant pink cytoplasmic granules). (C) Myelocytes (arrows) and metamyelocyte (arrowhead). (D) Band neutrophil. (E) Mature neutrophil.

Figure 4.52 Megakaryocytic precursor cells from most immature to mature. (A) Megakaryoblast. (B) Promegakaryocyte. (C) Mature megakaryocyte.

Figure 4.53 Bone marrow, acute granulocytic leukemia (AML‐M2), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.54 Bone marrow, acute granulocytic leukemia (AML‐M2; same case as Figure 4.53), dog, 100× objective. Note the subtle diffuse, pink cytoplasmic granules.

Figure 4.55 Bone marrow, acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML‐M4), dog, 50× objective. Note the indented and vaguely lobulated nuclei.

Figure 4.56 Bone marrow, acute erythroid leukemia (AML‐M6Er), cat, 100× objective. Note the deep‐blue cytoplasm.

Figure 4.57 Bone marrow, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AML‐M7), dog, 50× objective. Characteristic features include indented nuclei, binucleation, and deep‐blue cytoplasm with fine clear vacuoles.

Figure 4.58 Bone marrow, acute lymphoid leukemia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.59 Bone marrow, metastatic large‐cell lymphoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.60 Bone marrow, granulocytic hyperplasia, cat, 50× objective. The series is left‐shifted, with increased numbers of bands and metamyelocytes, but low numbers of promyelocytes and rare myeloblasts.

Figure 4.61 Bone marrow, erythroid hyperplasia, dog, 50× objective. Increased numbers of erythroid precursors are seen. Note the mitotic figure.

Figure 4.62 Bone marrow, hemophagocytosis, dog, 50× objective. Case of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia at the level of the bone marrow, with maturational arrest at the level of basophilic rubricytes.

Figure 4.63 Bone marrow, hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective. Note sheets of well differentiated macrophages that are erythrophagocytic (arrow).

Figure 4.64 Bone marrow, histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the large, bizarre, neoplastic cells (arrows).

Figure 4.65 Bone marrow, plasmacytosis, dog, 50× objective. Increased numbers of plasma cells are seen (arrows).

Figure 4.66 Bone marrow, Leishmaniasis, dog, 100× objective. Note the

Leishmania

organisms within macrophages (arrows).

Figure 4.67 Bone marrow, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.68 Bone marrow, multiple myeloma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.69 Bone marrow, metastatic carcinoma (prostatic), dog, 20× objective. Note the sheets of cohesive neoplastic cells (arrows).

Figure 4.70 Bone marrow, metastatic carcinoma (prostatic), dog, 50× objective. Same case as Figure 4.69 stained with immunocytochemical stain PanCK.

Figure 4.71 Bone marrow, metastatic mast cell neoplasia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 4.72 Bone marrow, hypoplasia, dog, 10× objective.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 Transudate, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 5.2 Septic exudate (bacterial septic peritonitis), dog, 100× objective. Note the degenerative neutrophils and intracellular bacterial rods.

Figure 5.3 Sterile neutrophilic exudate from a dog with pancreatitis, 100× objective. Note the clear lipid vacuoles within the cytoplasm.

Figure 5.4 Eosinophilic exudate, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 5.5 High‐protein exudate, cat, 10× objective. Note the thick, proteinaceous and scalloped background with low numbers of red blood cells.

Figure 5.6 Bile peritonitis, dog, 50× objective. Note the aggregates of green/yellow bile.

Figure 5.7 White bile peritonitis, dog, 20× objective. Note the large aggregates of smooth, pale‐blue mucinous material.

Figure 5.8 Chylous effusion, cat, 50× objective. Note the abundant, variably sized clear lipid vacuoles and predominance of small mature lymphocytes.

Figure 5.9 Uroabdomen, septic, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 5.10 Hemorrhagic effusion, dog, 50× objective. Reactive macrophages contain phagocytosed red blood cells and heme‐breakdown pigment including hemosiderin (green/blue) and hematoidin (golden/orange).

Figure 5.11 Reactive mesothelial cell, dog, 50× objective. Classic features of cytoplasmic blebbing and a pink fringe border are seen.

Figure 5.12 Reactive mesothelial hyperplasia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 5.13 Reactive mesothelial hyperplasia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 5.14 Mesothelioma, dog, 50× objective. Note the neoplastic cell that has been phagocytosed by another neoplastic cell (cell cannibalism, arrow).

Figure 5.15 Mesothelioma, dog, 50× objective. Neoplastic cells contain golden hematoidin crystals.

Figure 5.16 Mesothelioma, dog, 50× objective. Note the angular cell shape and microvesicles within the cytoplasm.

Figure 5.17 Carcinoma, abdominal fluid, cat, 50× objective. Note the enormous size of the neoplastic cells relative to the neutrophil and red blood cells.

Figure 5.18 Carcinoma, pleural fluid, cat, 50× objective. There is a bizarre mitotic figure and marked anisocytosis/anisokaryosis.

Figure 5.19 Carcinoma, pleural fluid, cat, 50× objective. Note the multinucleated cells with anisokaryosis and nuclear fragmentation.

Figure 5.20 Lymphoma, pleural effusion, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 5.21 Histiocytic sarcoma, pericardial effusion, dog, 50× objective.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Bone, osteosarcoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the smooth to fibrillar pink osteoid between cells.

Figure 6.2 Bone, osteosarcoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the round cells with fine pink granules in their cytoplasm. Nuclei are eccentrically placed.

Figure 6.3 Bone, chondrosarcoma, dog, 50× objective. Neoplastic cells are embedded within thick chondroid.

Figure 6.4 Bone, multilobular osteochondrosarcoma dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.5 Bone, hemangiosarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.6 Bone, fibrosarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.7 Bone, histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.8 Bone, multiple myeloma, dog, 100× objective. Lytic lesion in spinal process. Note the bright‐pink immunoglobulin accumulation within the cytoplasm (‘flame cells’).

Figure 6.9 Bone, metastatic mammary carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the cytologically normal osteoblast (arrow).

Figure 6.10 Bone, osteomyelitis, dog, 50× objective. Fungal organisms are seen budding and forming hyphae (arrowheads), and an osteoclast is present (arrow).

Figure 6.11 Synovial fluid (normal), dog, 50× objective. There is a medium‐pink stippled background, rare erythrocytes, and a single, quiescent macrophage/synoviocyte.

Figure 6.12 Synovial fluid, mononuclear inflammation and reactive changes, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 6.13 Synovial fluid, septic arthritis, dog, 100× objective. Note bacterial cocci within a phagolysosome in the neutrophil.

Figure 6.14 Synovial fluid, Rickettsial infection, dog, 100× objective. Note the morula of

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

in the neutrophil on the right.

Figure 6.15 Synovial fluid, sterile neutrophilic inflammation, immune‐mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.16 Synovial fluid, immune‐mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), with ragocytes, dog, 100× objective. Note the amorphous, pink/purple inclusions within the cytoplasm of some neutrophils.

Figure 6.17 Synovial fluid, dog with systemic lupus erythematosus, 100× objective. Note the bright‐pink, spherical inclusion within the neutrophil or lupus erythematosus (LE) cell.

Figure 6.18 Synovial fluid, metastatic histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.19 Synovial fluid, metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.20 Synovial fluid, hemarthrosis, 100× objective. Note the red blood cell phagocytosed by the macrophage and blood in the background.

Figure 6.21 Synovial cyst, dog, 50× objective. Note the thick pink mucinous background, cholesterol crystal (left) and macrophage/synoviocyte (right).

Figure 6.22 Synovial sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.23 Periarticular histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.24 Rhabdomyoma, dog larynx, 50× objective. Note the faint pink granular appearance of the cytoplasm of some cells.

Figure 6.25 Rhabdomyosarcoma (embryonal), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 6.26 Rhabdomyosarcoma (differentiated), dog, 50× objective. Many cells have a faint pink granular appearance to their cytoplasm.

Figure 6.27 Leiomyoma, dog, vagina, 50× objective.

Figure 6.28 Leiomyosarcoma, cat, stomach, 50× objective.

Chapter 07

Figure 7.1 Normal hepatocytes, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.2 Normal hepatocytes, dog, 100× objective. Note the rectangular crystalline structure within the nucleus.

Figure 7.3 Non‐lipid (glycogen) vacuolar hepatopathy, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.4 Hepatic lipidosis, cat, 20× objective.

Figure 7.5 Hepatic lipidosis, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 7.6 Liver, nodular hyperplasia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.7 Hepatoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.8 Hepatocellular carcinoma (well‐differentiated), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.9 Hepatocellular carcinoma (high grade), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.10 Liver, carcinoid, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.11 Liver, metastatic mast cell neoplasia, dog, 50× objective. Note the mast cells (arrows) centered around a sheet of hepatocytes.

Figure 7.12 Liver, metastatic mammary carcinoma, cat, 50× objective. Note the acinar arrangement of the neoplastic cells (arrow) and the sheet of hepatocytes (lower left).

Figure 7.13 Liver, metastatic fibrosarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.14 Liver, lymphoma (large cell), dog, 50× objective. Note the small cluster of hepatocytes (upper right corner).

Figure 7.15 Liver, lymphoma (large cell), dog, 50× objective. Note the small cluster of hepatocytes (arrow).

Figure 7.16 Liver, lymphoma (small cell), dog, 50× objective. Compare the smudged chromatin to the mature, clumped chromatin of inflammatory lymphocytes in Figure 7.17.

Figure 7.17 Liver, inflammation (lymphocytic), cat, 50× objective.

Figure 7.18 Liver, inflammation (lymphoplasmacytic), cat, 50× objective. Note the concurrent hepatic lipidosis.

Figure 7.19 Liver, inflammation (neutrophilic), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.20 Lipofuscin pigment, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.21 Cholestasis and bile pigment, dog, 50× objective. Note the green/black tubular structures coursing between hepatocytes (bile plugging of biliary canaliculi).

Figure 7.22 Hemosiderin pigment, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 7.23 Copper pigment, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 7.24 Rhodanine stain highlighting copper pigment in hepatocytes, dog, 100× objective. Same case as Figure 7.23.

Figure 7.25 Amyloid, dog, 50× objective. Note the bright‐purple, fibrillar amyloid material intimately associated with hepatocytes.

Figure 7.26 Biliary epithelial hyperplasia, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 7.27 Biliary cystadenoma, cat, 20× objective. Note the abundant smooth blue mucinous material.

Figure 7.28 Bile duct carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma), cat, 50× objective.

Figure 7.29 Bactibilia, dog, 50× objective. Numerous small, blue bacterial cocci are noted around aggregates of yellow/orange bile and pale‐blue mucin.

Chapter 08

Figure 8.1 Normal salivary gland epithelium, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.2 Salivary gland adenoma, dog, 40× objective.

Figure 8.3 Salivary gland adenocarcinoma, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 8.4 Sialocele, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 8.5 Sialadenitis, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.6 Intestine, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, cat, 100× objective.

Figure 8.7 Intestine, lymphoma (small cell), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.8 Intestine, lymphoma (large cell), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.9 Intestine, lymphoma (large granular lymphoma; LGL), cat, 100× objective.

Figure 8.10 Colon, plasmacytoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.11 Intestine, mast cell tumor, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 8.12 Colon, polyp, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.13 Intestine, adenocarcinoma, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 8.14 Colon, adenocarcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.15 Intestine, carcinoid, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.16 Colon, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.17 Stomach, leiomyosarcoma, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 8.18 Feces, normal, dog, 100× objective. Note the mixed population of bacteria, dominated by rods.

Figure 8.19 Feces, normal, dog, 100× objective. Small, encapsulated enteric yeast are seen (arrows), accompanied by rod‐shaped bacteria.

Figure 8.20 Feces, neutrophilic inflammation, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.21 Feces, bacterial overgrowth (cocci), dog, 100× objective.

Figure 8.22 Feces,

Toxocara canis

(roundworm) ova, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.23 Feces,

Ancylostoma caninum

(hookworm) ova, dog, 100× objective. Note abundant blood in the background.

Figure 8.24 Feces,

Trichuris vulpis

(whipworm) ova, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.25 Feces,

Dipylidium caninum

, egg capsule, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 8.26 Feces,

Dipylidium caninum

, dog, 100× objective. Note individualized eggs that contain small hooks (arrows).

Figure 8.27 Feces,

Cytoisospora

spp. ova, cat, 100× objective.

Figure 8.28 Pancreas, nodular hyperplasia, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 8.29 Pancreas, adenoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.30 Pancreas, adenocarcinoma (well‐differentiated), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.31 Pancreas, adenocarcinoma, (poorly differentiated), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 8.32 Pancreas, insulinoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the discrete cells with characteristic cleaved nuclei.

Figure 8.33 Pancreas, metastatic large granular lymphoma, cat, 100× objective.

Figure 8.34 Pancreatitis, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 8.35 Pancreatic abscess, cat, 50× objective. Sheets of well‐differentiated pancreatic epithelium are surrounded by neutrophils. Bacterial cocci are seen in the background and within neutrophils (arrows).

Figure 8.36 Pancreas, cyst, cat, 20× objective. Note the cholesterol crystals.

Chapter 09

Figure 9.1 Normal renal tubular epithelial cells, cat, 50× objective. Note the coarse, clear lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

Figure 9.2 Glomerular tuft, cat, 10× objective. Note the linear renal tubule extending from the glomerular tuft.

Figure 9.3 Pyelonephritis, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.4 Renal carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.5 Renal adenocarcinoma (tubular), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.6 Renal adenocarcinoma (papillary), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.7 Renal transitional cell carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the round, pink secretory material in the cytoplasm of some cells (arrows).

Figure 9.8 Nephroblastoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the bright pink basement membrane between cells.

Figure 9.9 Nephroblastoma, dog, 50× objective. Cells are variably cohesive and mitotic figures are common (middle).

Figure 9.10 Renal lymphoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.11 Renal sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.12 Renal hemangiosarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.13 Renal cyst, cat, 20× objective. Note the large, rectangular, clear cholesterol crystals and reactive macrophages.

Figure 9.14 Bladder, transitional epithelial hyperplasia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.15 Bladder, polyp, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.16 Bladder transitional cell carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.17 Urine, normal transitional epithelium, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.18 Urine, transitional epithelial hyperplasia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.19 Urine, transitional cell carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.20 Urine, transitional cell carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.21 Urine, septic inflammation (bacteria), dog, 50× objective. Note bacteria within neutrophils and in the background.

Figure 9.22 Urine, septic inflammation (

Candida

spp.), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.23 Urine,

Capillaria plica

ova, cat, 40× objective.

Figure 9.24 Urine, struvite crystals, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.25 Urine, calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals, cat, 40× objective.

Figure 9.26 Urine, calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, dog, 50× objective. Case of ethylene glycol toxicity.

Figure 9.27 Urine, calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, dog, 100× objective. Case of hypercalciuria. Note the small size and short nature of the crystals relative to those in Figure 9.26.

Figure 9.28 Urine, ammonium urate, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 9.29 Urine, uric acid crystals, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 9.30 Urine, uric acid crystals under polarized light, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 9.31 Urine, cystine crystals, dog, 20× objective. Note the spermatozoa in the background.

Figure 9.32 Urine, bilirubin crystals, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 9.33 Urine, renal tubular casts, dog, 20× objective. Hyaline casts (arrows) are translucent and difficult to see. Note also the granular casts (arrowheads).

Figure 9.34 Urine, coarse granular cast, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 9.35 Urine, renal tubular cast (waxy), dog, 20× objective.

Figure 9.36 Urine, renal tubular cast (epithelial), cat, 50× objective. Note the epithelial cells trapped within the tubular cast.

Figure 9.37 Urine, renal tubular cast (epithelial), cat, 20× objective. Renal tubular epithelial cells are seen in a tubular arrangement.

Figure 9.38 Urine, hyaline cast with entrapped lipid droplets, 40× objective.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Bacterial rhinitis, dog, 100× objective. Note intracellular bacterial cocci within a degenerative neutrophil and smooth pink mucin in the background.

Figure 10.2 Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis, dog, 50× objective. Lymphocytes, plasma cells and even Mott cells (arrowheads) are seen.

Figure 10.3 Hyperplastic nasal epithelium, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 10.4 Nasal adenocarcinoma, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 10.5 Nasal lymphoma, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 10.6 Nasal squamous cell carcinoma, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 10.7 Nasal chondrosarcoma, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 10.8 Nasal fibrosarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 10.9 Lung, hyperplastic epithelium, dog, 50× objective. Note the concurrent inflammation.

Figure 10.10 Lung, carcinoma (well‐differentiated), dog, 50× objective. Large sheets of cuboidal cells are arranged in tubular arrangements.

Figure 10.11 Lung, carcinoma (pleomorphic), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 10.12 Lung, squamous cell carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 10.13 Lung, histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 10.14 Lung,

Toxoplasma gondii

, dog, 100× objective. Protozoal organisms are accompanied by mixed inflammatory cells.

Figure 10.15 BAL, normal respiratory epithelium, dog, 50× objective. Note the purple granules of mucin in the cytoplasm of some cells.

Figure 10.16 BAL, oropharyngeal contamination, dog, 50× objective. Squamous epithelial cells with adherent bacteria (

Simonsiella

spp. and coccobacilli).

Figure 10.17 BAL, Curschmann’s spiral, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 10.18 BAL, bacterial sepsis, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 10.19 BAL, fungal sepsis, dog, 100× objective. Hyphae of

Conidiobolus

spp. are accompanied by a mixed inflammatory response.

Figure 10.20 BAL,

Bordetella bronchiseptica

, dog, 100× objective. Note the ciliotropic coccobacilli.

Figure 10.21 BAL, eosinophilic inflammation, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 10.22 BAL, granulomatous inflammation, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 10.23 BAL, lymphocytic inflammation, dog, 100× objective. An increased percentage of small mature lymphocytes (arrowheads) are admixed with reactive macrophages and a single neutrophil.

Figure 10.24 BAL, hemorrhage, dog, 50× objective. Note erythrophagia and hemosiderin pigment within macrophages.

Figure 10.25 BAL, foreign material (barium), dog, 100× objective. Crystalline barium material is phagocytosed by a macrophage (arrow).

Figure 10.26 BAL, carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. A large, multinucleated carcinoma cell is accompanied by mixed inflammation.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Thyroid adenoma, cat, 50× objective. Note the acinar arrangement of the cells, and the subtle pink colloid around the periphery of the cytoplasm.

Figure 11.2 Thyroid adenocarcinoma (well‐differentiated), dog 50× objective. The cells have mild criteria of malignancy, but note the high N/C ratios and cellular crowding.

Figure 11.3 Thyroid adenocarcinoma, dog, 50× objective. There is abundant bright‐pink colloid. Cells have indistinct intercellular borders and are disorganized.

Figure 11.4 Thyroid carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. Neoplastic cells are poorly cohesive and have marked anisokaryosis.

Figure 11.5 Thyroid carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. The cells are arranged in palisading rows and have marked anisocytosis/anisokaryosis. Green/blue tyrosine granules are seen in many cells.

Figure 11.6 Thyroid C cell (medullary) carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the faint pink granular appearance of the cytoplasm.

Figure 11.7 Parathyroid adenoma, dog, 50× objective. Cells are arranged in palisading rows. Note the smooth pink material in the cytoplasm of many cells.

Figure 11.8 Parathyroid adenocarcinoma, dog, 50× objective. Cells are crowded, piled, and have high N/C ratios and moderate anisokaryosis.

Figure 11.9 Carotid body tumor, dog, 100× objective. The cytoplasm contains many fine pink granules.

Figure 11.10 Carotid body tumor, dog, 50× objective. Cells are seen in loose sheets, and lack pink granules.

Figure 11.11 Carotid body tumor, dog, 50× objective. Cell cytoplasm is staining strongly positive for synaptophysin (same case as Figure 11.10).

Figure 11.12 Adrenocortical adenoma, dog, 20× objective. Cells are emanating from linear capillaries.

Figure 11.13 Adrenocortical adenoma, dog, 50× objective. The cells are uniform and have abundant vacuolated cytoplasm.

Figure 11.14 Adrenocortical adenoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the erythroid precursors at the right of the photograph.

Figure 11.15 Adrenocortical adenocarcinoma, dog, 50× objective. The cells have high N/C ratios and are poorly vacuolated. Note the mitotic figures (arrows).

Figure 11.16 Pheochromocytoma, dog, 50× objective. The cells have characteristic faint pink cytoplasm, and prominent anisokaryosis.

Figure 11.17 Pituitary carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Normal testicle, cat, 50× objective. Sertoli cell (asterisk), spermatocyte (arrow), early spermatids (arrowheads) and spermatozoa in the background.

Figure 12.2 Normal testicle, cat, 100× objective. Leydig cell with cytoplasmic vacuoles and numerous spermatozoa in the background.

Figure 12.3 Normal testicle, cat, 50× objective. Early (arrows) and late (arrowhead) spermatids with many mature spermatozoa in the background.

Figure 12.4 Normal testicle, cat, 100× objective. Stages of spermiogenesis: early spermatids (arrowheads), Golgi phase (asterisk), cap phase (open arrow), maturation phase (long arrow) and mature spermatozoa (short arrows).

Figure 12.5 Seminoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the small mature lymphocyte (arrowhead).

Figure 12.6 Sertoli cell tumor, dog, 50× objective. Note the coarse, clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

Figure 12.7 Interstitial cell tumor, dog, 20× objective. Neoplastic cells radiate from central linear capillaries.

Figure 12.8 Interstitial cell tumor, dog, 50× objective. Note the fine clear vacuoles.

Figure 12.9 Orchitis, dog, 50× objective. Neutrophils are seen with scattered normal spermatogenic cells including spermatozoa heads (arrowheads) and an early spermatid (arrow).

Figure 12.10 Sperm morphology. (A) Normal spermatozoon. (B) Double tail. (C) Tightly coiled tail. (D) Bent head (arrow), bent tail (arrowhead) and detached head (asterisk). (E) Abnormally shaped head (arrow) and a proximal droplet (arrowhead). (F) A spermatozoon is seen with a distal coil (arrowhead). The two other spermatozoa have bent tails.

Figure 12.11 Neutrophilic inflammation, semen, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 12.12 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.13 Prostatic carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.14 Transitional cell carcinoma, prostate, dog, 50× objective. Bright‐pink secretory material is seen within the cytoplasm (arrows).

Figure 12.15 Squamous metaplasia, prostate, dog, 50× objective. Note the sky‐blue appearance of the cytoplasm, consistent with keratinization.

Figure 12.16 Prostatic cyst, dog, 20× objective. Note the aggregates of refractile mineralized material, and a single macrophage (far left).

Figure 12.17 Septic prostatitis, dog, 50× objective. Degenerative neutrophils that contain rod‐shaped bacteria (arrow) are intimately associated with hyperplastic prostatic epithelium.

Figure 12.18 Dysgerminoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the mitotic figure (top left).

Figure 12.19 Granulosa cell tumor, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.20 Ovarian adenoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.21 Ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.22 Teratoma, cat, 20× objective.

Figure 12.23 Tubular mammary adenoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.24 Papillary mammary adenoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.25 Papillary mammary adenoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.26 Mammary carcinoma (well‐differentiated), cat, 50× objective.

Figure 12.27 Mammary carcinoma (ductal), cat, 50× objective.

Figure 12.28 Mammary carcinoma (tubular), cat, 50× objective. Note the bright‐pink secretory material within many cells.

Figure 12.29 Mammary carcinoma (adenocarcinoma), dog, 50× objective. Note the vacuolated cytoplasm and multiple prominent nucleoli.

Figure 12.30 Mammary carcinoma (anaplastic), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.31 Mammary gland osteosarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 12.32 Benign complex mammary gland tumor, dog, 50× objective. Note the epithelial cells (top left) and mesenchymal cells.

Figure 12.33 Mixed mammary gland tumor, dog, 50× objective. Note the sheet of epithelial cells adjacent to an island of deep metachromatic chondroid that contains embedded chondrocytes.

Figure 12.34 Mastitis, dog, 50× objective. Hyperplastic epithelial cells are accompanied by many variably degenerative neutrophils that contain intracellular bacteria (arrow).

Figure 12.35 Normal vaginal epithelial cells. (A) Basal cell. (B) Parabasal cell. (C) Intermediate cell. (D) Superficial cells.

Figure 12.36 Vaginal cytology, anestrus, cat, 50× objective. Only parabasal cells are seen.

Figure 12.37 Vaginal cytology, early proestrus, dog, 50× objective. Parabasal cells (arrowheads) and a small superficial cell (arrow) are seen. Many extracellular bacteria are present.

Figure 12.38 Vaginal cytology, late proestrus, dog, 50× objective. Large superficial cells dominate, accompanied by many red blood cells and a neutrophil.

Figure 12.39 Vaginal cytology, estrus, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 12.40 Vaginal cytology, estrus, dog, 50× objective. Note the abundance of extracellular bacteria, but absence of any neutrophils.

Figure 12.41 Vaginal cytology, diestrus, dog, 50× objective. Intermediate cells dominate, admixed with increased neutrophils and bacteria (both intracellular and extracellular).

Figure 12.42 Vaginitis, dog, 50× objective. Vaginal epithelial cells are surrounded by abundant degenerative neutrophils that contain intracellular bacteria.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Meningioma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.2 Meningioma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.3 Meningioma, dog, 100× objective. Note the prominent nuclear pseudoinclusion (arrow) that should not be mistaken for a nucleolus.

Figure 13.4 Psammoma body, psammomatous meningioma, dog, 20× objective. The psammoma body is refractile and mineralized, surrounded by neoplastic cells.

Figure 13.5 Astrocytoma, dog, 20× objective.

Figure 13.6 Astrocytoma, dog, 50× objective. Note the fine delicate tendrils of cytoplasm.

Figure 13.7 Oligodendroglioma, dog, 20× objective. There are numerous capillaries coursing across the sample.

Figure 13.8 Oligodendroglioma, dog, 50× objective. Many cells are lysed. Intact cells are round and discrete.

Figure 13.9 Lymphoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.10 Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (neuroblastoma), dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.11 Histiocytic sarcoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.12 Choroid plexus papilloma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.13 Choroid plexus carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.14 Ependymoma, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 13.15 Encephalitis, dog, 50× objective. Note the pink white matter in the background, and numerous small mature lymphocytes, a plasma cell, and a neutrophil.

Figure 13.16 Normal CSF, dog, 50× objective. Low numbers of cells are seen on a clear background with a small amount of blood. A quiescent macrophage is seen (arrowhead) next to a small mature lymphocyte.

Figure 13.17 Intervertebral disc material, CSF, dog, 50× objective. Note the quiescent macrophage.

Figure 13.18 Myelin‐like material, CSF, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.19 Surface epithelial cells, ependymal/choroid plexus origin, CSF, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.20 Surface epithelial cells, meningeal origin, CSF, dog, 50× objective. Note the small aggregate of intervertebral disc material on the right.

Figure 13.21 Neutrophilic inflammation (sterile), CSF, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.22 Neutrophilic inflammation (septic), CSF, dog, 100× objective. Note the variably shaped/sized bacterial rods in phagolysosomes of degenerative neutrophils.

Figure 13.23 Eosinophilic inflammation (idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis), CSF, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.24 Lymphocytic inflammation, CSF, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.25 Mononuclear inflammation, CSF, cat, 50× objective.

Figure 13.26 Mononuclear reactivity, CSF, dog, 50× objective. Macrophages are reactive, but are seen in low/normal numbers.

Figure 13.27 Mixed inflammation, CSF, dog, 50× objective. Note the mixture of inflammatory cells including macrophages, small mature lymphocytes, neutrophils, and an eosinophil.

Figure 13.28 Hemorrhage, CSF, dog, 50× objective. Phagocytosed red blood cells are seen within a reactive macrophage. Note the neutrophil to the lower left.

Figure 13.29 Granulomatous meningoencephalitis, CSF, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.30 Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), CSF, cat, 50× objective. Note the thick proteinaceous background; the protein concentration was 3212 mg dl

–1

.

Figure 13.31 Septic meningitis (

Cryptococcus

), CSF, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 13.32 Lymphoma, CSF, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.33 Histiocytic sarcoma, CSF, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.34 Histiocytic sarcoma, CSF, dog, CD1c stain, 50× objective. Same case as Figure 13.33.

Figure 13.35 Choroid plexus carcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.36 Choroid plexus carcinoma, dog, 100× objective.

Figure 13.37 Nephroblastoma, spinal cord, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 13.38 Nerve sheath tumor, spinal cord, dog, 50× objective.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Normal corneal epithelium, dog, 100× objective. These cells contain a fine dusting of melanin pigment granules.

Figure 14.2 Corneal epithelial hyperplasia, dog, 50× objective. The cells have higher N/C ratios and more basophilic cytoplasm. Note the neutrophils in the background.

Figure 14.3 Corneal squamous cell carcinoma, dog, 50× objective. The cells have sky‐blue, keratinized cytoplasm with immature nuclei. Criteria of malignancy are marked.

Figure 14.4 Bacterial keratitis, dog, 100× objective. Note the degenerative neutrophils that contain intracellular rod‐shaped bacteria (arrow).

Figure 14.5 Fungal keratitis, dog, 100× objective. Fungal hyphae are seen in a large mat.

Figure 14.6 Eosinophilic keratitis, cat, 50× objective. A corneal epithelial cell is seen at the lower left.

Figure 14.7 Pigmentary keratitis, dog, 50× objective. Abundant melanin pigment is noted, often in aggregates, associated with corneal epithelial cells. Three neutrophils are seen, and many coccoid bacteria are noted in the background.

Figure 14.8

Chlamydia felis

elementary bodies, conjunctiva, cat, 100× objective. Note the basophilic, perinuclear inclusions (arrows).

Figure 14.9

Mycoplasma felis

, conjunctiva, cat, 100× objective. Fine, basophilic organisms are scattered over the surface of a squamous epithelial cell (arrow). Compare them to the melanin pigment in the cells on the right (arrowhead).

Figure 14.10 Ceruminous gland adenoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 14.11 Ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma, dog, 50× objective.

Figure 14.12 Bacterial otitis externa, dog, 100× objective. Colonies of bacterial cocci are noted, associated with squamous epithelial cells.

Figure 14.13 Bacterial otitis externa, dog, 100× objective. Colonies of bacterial rods are noted, associated with squamous epithelial cells.

Figure 14.14 Mixed fungal and bacterial otitis externa, dog, 50× objective. Numerous bilobed

Malassezia

organisms are seen, as well as bacteria.

Figure 14.15

Otodectes cynotis

, dog, 10× objective. Note the large elongated eggs (arrows).

Figure 14.16

Demodex

nymph, dog, 20× objective.

Guide

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