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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
An inclusive and accessible resource on the interdisciplinary study of gender and sexuality
Companion to Sexuality Studies explores the significant theories, concepts, themes, events, and debates of the interdisciplinary study of sexuality in a broad range of cultural, social, and political contexts. Bringing together essays by an international team of experts from diverse academic backgrounds, this comprehensive volume provides original insights and fresh perspectives on the history and institutional regulatory processes that socially construct sex and sexuality and examines the movements for social justice that advance sexual citizenship and reproductive rights.
Detailed yet accessible chapters explore the intersection of sexuality studies and fields such as science, health, psychology, economics, environmental studies, and social movements over different periods of time and in different social and national contexts. Divided into five parts, the Companion first discusses the theoretical and methodological diversity of sexuality studies.Subsequent chapters address the fields of health, science and psychology, religion, education and the economy. They also include attention to sexuality as constructed in popular culture, as well as global activism, sexual citizenship, policy, and law. An essential overview and an important addition to scholarship in the field, this book:
- Draws on international, postcolonial, intersectional, and interdisciplinary insights from scholars working on sexuality studies around the world
- Provides a comprehensive overview of the field of sexuality studies
- Offers a diverse range of topics, themes, and perspectives from leading authorities
- Focuses on the study of sexuality from the late nineteenth century to the present
- Includes an overview of the history and academic institutionalization of sexuality studies
The Companion to Sexuality Studies is an indispensable resource for scholars, researchers, instructors, and students in gender, sexuality, and feminist studies, interdisciplinary programs in cultural studies, international studies, and human rights, as well as disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, history, education, human geography, political science, and sociology.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Editors
Notes on Contributors
Acknowledgments
Part I: Introduction
1 The Diversity and Academic Institutionalization of Sexuality Studies
History of Sexuality Studies
Diversity within Sexuality Studies
Conclusion
References
Part II: Theoretical and Methodological Diversity
2 Sexology
Introduction
The Development of Sexology: Two Narratives
Sexology and the State
Sexology, Race, and Processes of “Othering”
In Response to Patients’ Concerns: Agency in the Construction of Sexological Knowledge
Sexology Between the Progressive and the Conservative
Sexology Today: (Bio)Medicalization and Commodification of Sexuality
Conclusion
References
3 Sexualities in Historical Comparative Perspective
Introduction
Sexuality in Traditional Societies
Making the Modern World
Conclusion: The History of the History of Sexuality
References
4 Postcolonial Sexualities
Introduction
Defining Postcolonialisms and Sexualities
The Sexual Histories of European Colonialism and their Postcolonial Legacies
Consequences for Sexuality Politics in Specific Places
Concluding Remarks
References
5 Queer Theory
Theoretical and Institutional Origins
To Be or To Question Being, That is the Project (Hallmarks of Queer Theory)
Fad or Forever: The Present and Potential Future of Queer Theory
The Uneasy Relationship between Queer Theory and Sociology
Critiques
Conclusion
References
6 Queer Methodologies and Social Science
Setting the Premise
Method and Methodology
Queer, Queer Theory, Queering
The Need for Queer Methodologies
What Constitutes Queer Methodologies?
The Question of Methods
Qualitative and Quantitative Traditions
The Issues of Ethics, Positionality, Reflexivity, Validity, and Data Analysis in Queer Methodologies
The Difficulties in Developing Queer Methodologies
Conclusion
References
7 Queer Pedagogies
Relevant Terms and Concepts
Queer Theory
Queer Pedagogy
Queering Traditional Pedagogical Practices
Challenging Homophobia, Heteronormativity, and Homonormativity
Queering School Curriculum and Pedagogical Practice
Future Directions
Conclusion
References
Part III: Health, Science, and Psychology
8 Sexuality, Science, and Technology
Introduction
Sexual Science as a Field of Academic Study
Birth Control: The Intersections of Technology and (Hetero)Sexuality
Technology, Erotic Desire, and Sexual Expression
Conclusion
References
9 Sexuality and Socialization
Socialization
Theoretical Frameworks for Sexuality Socialization
Sources of Sexuality Socialization: Social Relationships
Sources of Sexuality Socialization: Institutions
Conclusion
References
10 LGBTQ Reproduction and Parenting
Setting the Stage: Language and the Social Narrative
Everyday Limitations: The Ramifications of Cisheteronormativity
LGBTQ+ Rights and Parenthood on a Global Stage
Reproduction: Methods for LGBTQ+ Family‐Making
LGBTQ+ Parenting
Conclusion
References
Part IV: Sexuality and Institutions
11 Sexuality and Religion
Politics and Culture
Religious Organizations and Messages
Demographic Variables
Identity Formation and Negotiation
Conclusion
References
12 Sexuality Education
Mapping the Global Landscape of School‐Based Research
Enduring Questions for School‐Based Sexuality Education Research
Areas of Coagulation in Sexuality Education Research
Missing Elements of Sexuality Education
Conceptual Contours of the Literature
References
13 Sexuality, Employment, and Discrimination
Laws and Policies
Sexual Orientation Discrimination: Wages and Hiring
Workplace Context and Culture
Homonormativity
Neoliberalism and LGBTQ Worker Rights
Conclusion and Implications for Future Research
References
14 Commodification of Intimacy and Sexuality
Trafficking
Domestic Labor
Transnational Mothering
Sexual Labor
International Marriage
Conclusion
References
Part V: Popular Culture
15 Sexuality and Popular Culture
Introductory Theoretical Considerations
Sexuality and Popular Culture
Queer Theory
Queer Readings and Popular Culture
Toto, We’re Not in Kansas Anymore
References
16 LGBT Literature
LGBT, LGBT Studies, and the History of Sexuality
Sexuality in Literature in Historical Context: What Counts as LGBT Literature?
LGBT Literature in the Twentieth Century: Politics, Trends, and Challenges
Central Themes in LGBT Literature
Conclusion: New Trends, New Considerations
References
17 Queer Comics and LGBT in Comparative Perspective
Introduction
“Queer” and “Comics” in Queer Comics
Censorship in the United States and Japan
1950s: Perverse Press and Physique Magazines
1960s: Hypermasculinity, Sadomasochism, and Bara
1970s: Women in Comix and Boys’ Love
1980s: Aids, Politics, and Sex
1990s and 2000s: Memoirs, Young Adults, and Trans Creators
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Citizenship, Policy, and Law
18 Sexual Citizenship in Comparative Perspective
Sexual Citizenship: The Background
The Trajectory of Sexual Citizenship and Same‐Sex Rights
Problematic Aspects of Sexual Citizenship
Sexual Citizenship: Comparative Perspectives
Sexual Citizenship beyond the Anglosphere
Global Governance and Sexual Citizenship
Conclusion
References
19 Sexuality and Migration
Introduction
Making of the World Sexual Order: The Colonial Encounters and the Colonial Empire
Post‐Colonialism and the Processes of Globalization: Continuity and Change
Conclusion
References
20 Sexuality and Criminal Justice
Introduction: Moral and Legal Space
Sex, Sexuality, and Crime
The Figure of the Dangerous Sex Offender
Child Sexual Abuse
Sex Work
Sex Trafficking
Pornography
Criminalizing Nonheterosexualities
Conclusion
References
21 Sexual Harassment Policy in the US and Comparative Perspective
Introduction
Prevalence and the Conduct Studied
Sex‐Based Harassment and #MeToo
US Court Interpretation of Title VII
International Laws and Approaches
Conclusion
References
22 Sex Work and Sex Trafficking
Introduction
Sex Work
Sex Trafficking
Convergences and Divergences
Conclusion
References
Part VII: Human Rights and Social Justice Movements
23 Sexual Rights and Globalization
Introduction
What is New about Sexual Rights?
Forging a Path: From “Women’s Rights as Human Rights” to “Sexual Rights as Human Rights”
LGBT Activism and SOGI Rights on the Global Stage
Sexual Rights: Achievements, Aspirations, and the Way Forward
Conclusion
References
24 The Global LGBT Workplace Equality Movement
Introduction
Cross‐National Variations in Goals
Intersectionality and Inclusivity in the Movement
Participation in the Movement
Conclusion
References
25 Reproductive Justice
Introduction
Reproductive Justice in the Global Context
Chile
Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Countries where homosexuality is illegal
Table 10.2 Access to assisted reproductive technology, alternative inseminati...
Table 10.3 Legal access to adoption
Table 10.4 Insemination terminology
Table 10.5 Types of surrogacy
Table 10.6 LGBTQ+ family organizations
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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Companion to Sexuality Studies
EDITED BY
NANCY A. NAPLES
This edition first published 2020© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Name: Naples, Nancy A., editor.Title: Companion to sexuality studies / edited by Nancy A. Naples.Description: Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2019052319 (print) | LCCN 2019052320 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119314998 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119315032 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119315056 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Sexology.Classification: LCC HQ60 .W55 2020 (print) | LCC HQ60 (ebook) | DDC 306.7–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019052319LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019052320
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © oxygen/Getty Images
Editors
Editor
Nancy A. Naples is Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. She served as president of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, Sociologists for Women in Society, and the Eastern Sociological Society. Her publications includes over 50 book chapters and journal articles in a wide array of interdisciplinary and sociological journals. She is author of Grassroots Warriors: Community Work, Activist Mothering and the War on Poverty and Feminism and Method: Ethnography, Discourse Analysis, and Activist Research. She is editor of Community Activism and Feminist Politics: Organizing Across Race, Class, and Gender; and coeditor of Border Politics: Social Movements, Collective Identities, and Globalization; Teaching Feminist Praxis; Women’s Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Transnational Politics; and The Sexuality of Migration: Border Crossings and Mexican Immigrant Men by Lionel Cantú. She is series editor for Praxis: Theory in Action published by SUNY Press and Editor‐in‐Chief of the five‐volume Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Her awards include the 2015 Jessie Bernard Award for distinguished contributions women and gender studies from the American Sociological Association and the 2014 Lee Founders Award from the Society for the Study of Social Problems. She also received the 2010 Distinguished Feminist Lecturer Award and the 2011 Feminist Mentor Award from Sociologists for Women in Society and College of Liberal Arts and Sciences’ 2011 Excellence in Research for Social Sciences and Alumni Association’s 2008 Faculty Excellence Award in Research from the University of Connecticut. She is currently working on a book on Sexual Citizenship.
Managing Editor
Cristina Khan is a lecturer in the Department of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Stony Brook University. She received her PhD from the Department of Sociology at the University of Connecticut in 2019 with a certificate in Feminist Studies. Her specializations include race, ethnicity, embodiment, sexualities, and qualitative research methods. Her dissertation, “Undoing Borders: A Feminist Exploration of Erotic Performance by Lesbian Women of Color,” draws on two years of ethnographic fieldwork and 40 in‐depth interviews with a collective of lesbian exotic dancers, uncovering how race and sexuality, together, shape women’s potential to enact agency over the conditions of their participation in exotic dance. Her research on “Constructing Eroticized Latinidad: Negotiating Profitability in the Stripping Industry” has been published in Gender & Society. She is also coauthor of Race and Sexuality (Polity Press, 2018). Her research experience includes serving as a consultant on diversity and equity initiatives at the New York City Department of Education, and as a research assistant on cochlear implant usage and experience amongst families under the supervision of Dr. Laura Mauldin.
Notes on Contributors
Shweta M. Adur, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at California State University, Los Angeles. Before this, she served as an Assistant Professor of Women and Gender Studies at California State University, Fullerton. She completed her PhD in Sociology from the University of Connecticut and has received a Master’s in International Development from the University of Pittsburgh. Her research interests include gender, sexuality, human rights and immigration. She is the coauthor of the book As the Leaves Turn Gold: Asian Americans and Experiences of Aging (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) that engages with issues surrounding aging and social inequality from a transnational perspective. Her publications have appeared in peer‐reviewed journals (most recent ones were featured in Current Sociology and Journal of Gender Studies) and edited collections.
Louisa Allen is a Professor of Education at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. She specializes in research in the areas of sexuality, education, and young people. These topics are explored through the theoretical frameworks of queer theory and feminist new materialisms. She has published eight books in these areas the most recent of which is Sexuality Education and New Materialism: Queer Things (Palgrave, 2018).
Julie Beaulieu is a Lecturer for the Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Studies Program at the University of Pittsburgh. She received her PhD in Literature with a certificate in Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Studies from the University of Pittsburgh. Her research and teaching interests include the history of sexuality, LGBTQ studies, eighteenth‐century British literature, queer theory, and affect theory. She is currently working on her first book manuscript, entitled, Obsessive Love: A Queer History.
Kelsy Burke is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln where she researches the relationship between religion and sexuality in contemporary America. Her first book is Christians under Covers: Evangelicals and Sexual Pleasure on the Internet (University of California Press, 2016). Her research has also appeared in Sexualities, Sociological Compass, the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, and the Journal for Religion and Popular Culture.
Courtney Caviness is a PhD candidate in sociology at the University of California, Davis. Her research focus is in areas of gender, sexuality, and work, as primarily viewed through feminist and critical theory lenses. Her current research relies on interviews with current and former LGBTQ military personnel to examine how they experience the increasingly inclusionary US military workplace following the repeal of “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” and most recently, the ban on transgender service.
Stuti Das is a PhD student in the Department of Sociology at Boston University. She received her M.Phil. from the Department of Sociology, University of Hyderabad, India in 2019. Her research interests lie in the areas of gender, sexualities, migration, and global health.
Jennifer Ann Drobac is the Samuel R. Rosen Professor of Law at the Indiana University, Robert H. McKinney School of Law. Her recent work includes: Sexual Exploitation of Teenagers: Adolescent Development, Discrimination, and Consent Law (University of Chicago Press, 2016) and two forthcoming books, Sexual Harassment Law: History, Cases, and Practice 2nd ed., with co‐authors Carrie N. Baker and Rigel C. Oliveri (Carolina Academic Press, 2020) and The Myth of Consent (Cambridge University Press, anticipated 2021). She anticipates the completion of Rule10b‐5 Financial Reporting of Sexual Harassment: The Empirical Evidence for A New Approach (with Dr. Mark Russell) – an article on the corporate disclosure of the costs of sexual harassment.
Donna J. Drucker is Senior Advisor, English as the Language of Instruction at Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. She is the author of The Classification of Sex: Alfred Kinsey and the Organization of Knowledge (Pittsburgh, 2014), The Machines of Sex Research: Technology and the Politics of Identity, 1945–1985 (Springer, 2014), and Contraception: A Concise History (MIT, forthcoming 2020). Her next monograph project is a history of barrier contraceptives for women. She thanks the 2017 Berliner Colloquium zur Geschichte der Sexualität for their feedback on an earlier version of the chapter in this volume.
Elya M. Durisin holds a PhD in Political Science from York University, Canada. Her research focused on sexualized nationalism in narratives of sex trafficking in government discourse. She has been involved in the sex worker rights movement locally and internationally, and she is a coeditor, with Emily van der Meulen and Chris Bruckert, of Red Light Labour: Sex Work Regulation, Agency, and Resistance (UBC Press, 2018).
Michele Eggers‐Barison is an Assistant Professor at Chico State University. Her work focuses on addressing global reproductive inequities and the interrelated issues of environmental and economic exploitation, poverty, and repression, linking broader constructs of violence to lived experience. She is currently working on a book manuscript based on her dissertation, Embodying Inequality: The Criminalization of Women for Abortion in Chile. She is a documentary filmmaker, producing multiple shorts on gender‐based violence and environmental and human rights abuses, the producer of the Eugene Environmental Film Festival, and activist on these issues.
Apoorva Ghosh is a PhD candidate in Sociology at the University of California, Irvine. His research is located at the intersection of sociology of sexualities, family, social movements, globalization, and organizations. He has authored papers in these areas for Gender, Work & Organizations, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, Management and Labour Studies, Sexualities, Sociology Compass, and South Asian Journal of Management. Ghosh has held fellowships from the US Department of State (Fulbright 2012–2013), University of Maastricht, the Netherlands (METEOR Visiting Doctoral Student 2010), XLRI‐ Xavier School of Management, India (Fellow Program in Management 2009–2013), and the University of California, Irvine (Social Science Merit Fellowship 2015–2021). In addition to doing research, Ghosh teaches upper division undergraduate sociology courses on gender and globalization.
Patti Giuffre is a Professor of Sociology at Texas State University. She conducts research on gender, sexuality, inequality, and work. She has co‐authored articles on sexual harassment, gender inequality in workplaces, homophobia in workplaces, “gay‐friendly” workplaces, qualitative methods, globalization, women’s workplace solidarity, and gender inequality in the culinary industry in Gender & Society, Gender Issues, Sociology Compass, Research in the Sociology of Work, Sexuality Research & Social Policy, Sociology Compass, Sociological Spectrum, and Teaching Sociology. Her recent book, with Deborah A. Harris, Taking the Heat: Women Chefs and Gender Inequality in the Professional Kitchen (2015; Rutgers University Press) examines why the occupation of chef—a job based on the feminized skill of cooking—is male‐dominated and considered a masculine occupation.
Diane Grossman received her PhD in Philosophy from New York University, where she was an Ida Parker Bowne Scholar. She is Professor of Women’s and Gender Studies and Philosophy at Simmons University, Chair of the Philosophy Department, and Director of the Honors Program. Dr. Grossman has served Simmons as Chair of both departments, as Director of Academic Advising, and as Associate Dean and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. She is the author of Existentialism and the Philosophical Tradition, Looking at Gay and Lesbian Life, and numerous articles and essays on ethics, feminist theory, and cultural studies. In addition, she is part of a cross‐disciplinary research team that studies girls’ and women’s perceived confidence; the team has published several articles on that subject.
Crystal M. Hayes, MSW, is a PhD candidate at the University of Connecticut School of Social Work. Her research focuses on reproductive justice issues for incarcerated women. Crystal’s work promotes the need for gender‐responsive, healing‐centered, comprehensive reproductive healthcare for incarcerated women. She works closely with human rights groups working to end reproductive oppression globally. Crystal is the recipient of numerous awards and fellowships as well as the author of numerous publications and blogs on related topics.
Sharon Hayes is an Adjunct in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Griffith University, Brisbane. She has been researching in the areas of criminal justice, criminology, and ethics for the past thirty years and has developed a focused research profile in the areas of sexuality/gender studies, specifically sex and crime, domestic violence and violence against women. Recent books include Romantic Terrorism: An Auto‐ethnography of Domestic Violence Victimization and Survival (Palgrave 2015), and Sex Love and Abuse: Discourses on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault (Palgrave 2014). Sharon is also Co‐Curator of the Routledge Critical Studies in Crime, Diversity and Criminal Justice books series.
Carol Johnson is an Emerita Professor in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Adelaide. She has written extensively on issues of sexuality, including specifically on issues of comparative sexual citizenship. She is a co‐editor, with Manon Tremblay and David Paternotte of The Lesbian and Gay Movement and the State: Comparative Insights into a Transformed Relationship (Ashgate, Farnham, 2011). Her most recent book on Social Democracy and the Crisis of Equality: Australian Social Democracy in a Changing World, (Springer 2019), also contains a key chapter on international social democracy and sexual equality.
Kamala Kempadoo is Professor of Social Science at York University, Toronto, Canada. She publishes and speaks widely on migrant and sex worker’s rights, and anti‐trafficking discourses from antiracist and transnational feminist perspectives. One of her most influential books, co‐edited with Jo Doezema. is Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance and Redefinition. She received the 2017 “Distinguished Scientific Award” from the Society from the Scientific Study of Sexuality for her research on sex work.
Cristina Khan is Lecturer in the Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Department at SUNY Stony Brook. She earned her PhD from the Department of Sociology at the University of Connecticut. Her specializations include race and ethnicity, embodiment, sexualities, and qualitative research methods. Her dissertation, “Undoing Borders: A Feminist Exploration of Erotic Performance by Lesbian Women of Color,” draws on two years of ethnographic fieldwork and 40 in‐depth interviews with a collective of lesbian exotic dancers, uncovering how race and sexuality, together, shape women’s potential to enact agency over the conditions of their participation in exotic dance. She is coauthor of Race and Sexuality (Polity Press, 2018).
Agnieszka Kościan&c.acute;ska is an Associate Professor at the Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology, University of Warsaw. She is the author and (co)editor of several volumes on gender, sexuality, and sexology, including the monographs, Gender, Pleasure, and Violence: The Construction of Expert Knowledge of Sexuality in Poland (forthcoming with Indiana University Press; Polish version: University of Warsaw Press, 2014) and To See a Moose: The History of Polish Sex Education from the First Lesson to the Internet (forthcoming with Berghahn Books; Polish version: Czarne, 2017), and the special issue of Sexualities, “The Science of Sex in a Space of Uncertainty: Naturalizing and Modernizing Europe’s East, Past and Present” (no. 1–2, 2016, coedited with Hadley Renkin).
Mathew Kuefler is professor of history at San Diego State University. He is the author of The History of Sexuality Sourcebook (Toronto, 2007) and multiple books and articles on gender and sexuality in late Roman antiquity and the European Middle Ages on topics ranging from homoeroticism and castration to marriage regulations and childhood. From 2004 to 2014 he was editor of the Journal of the History of Sexuality. His current research is on gender, sexuality, and holiness in the Christian tradition. Together with Merry Wiesner‐Hanks he is now also editing a four‐volume Cambridge World History of Sexualities.
Emily A. Leskinen, PhD, MSW, is an Assistant Professor of Social Science and she is affiliated with the Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies program in the School of Social Science and Human Services at Ramapo College of New Jersey. Her research takes an interdisciplinary approach to examining social inequalities and injustices, primarily from the target’s perspective. Using an intersectional framework, she has three lines of research related to these core interests: (i) sex‐based harassment, (ii) stereotyping and prejudice, and (iii) social attitudes and health behaviors.
Janelle Leyva holds a BA in Psychology from Ramapo College of New Jersey, with minors in Women’s and Gender Studies and Substance Abuse. She investigates perceptions of criminal defendants, law enforcement, and victims, and she conducts social psychological research on emotion perception.
Kate Luxion is a genderqueer/nonbinary researcher focusing on LGBTQ+ inclusive reproduction and parenting. Presently, they are pursuing a PhD in Social Science at University College London, teaching college courses, and serving as Executive Director of Journal of Reproductive Justice. Their PhD research centers on the interplay of vulnerability and resilience, while also assessing how each factor may influence parent and infant health outcomes. As Executive Director, Luxion helps the organization provide inclusive resources and education for LGBTQ+ families and the providers who serve them. Mx. Luxion can also be found volunteering for like‐minded organizations and working on art with their partner and kiddo.
Vera Mackie is Senior Professor of Asian and International Studies in the Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts at the University of Wollongong. She is coauthor, with Sharon Crozier‐De Rosa, of Remembering Women’s Activism (Routledge, 2019), coeditor, with Mark McLelland, of the Routledge Handbook of Sexuality Studies in East Asia (Routledge, 2015), and coeditor, with Nicola J. Marks and Sarah Ferber, of The Reproductive Industry: Intimate Experiences and Global Processes (Lexington Books, 2019).
Julia Meszaros is an Assistant Professor at Texas A&M University Commerce. Her research interrogates the international dating and marriage industry, commonly known as the “mail order bride” industry, and the role of commodified intimacies in the global economy. Her work on this topic is published at Gender, Place and Culture and Women’s Studies Quarterly. Please visit her website juliameszaros.com.
Nancy A. Naples is Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. Her publications includes seven books and over 50 book chapters and journal articles in a wide array of interdisciplinary and sociological journals. She is series editor for Praxis: Theory in Action published by SUNY Press and Editor‐in‐Chief of the five‐volume Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies.
Vrushali Patil is Associate Professor of Sociology at Florida International University. She writes and teaches on the interconnections among race, gender, and sexuality, in historical and transnational perspective. She is currently working on a book entitled Empire and the Sociologies of Sex, Gender and Sexuality: From Societies to Webbed Connectivities. Her previous book is Negotiating Decolonization in the United Nations: Politics of Space, Identity and International Community (Routledge, 2008).
Leigh Potvin is an Assistant Professor at Cape Breton University in Sydney, Nova Scotia (Canada). Her research focuses on straight allyship, queer pedagogies, fat activism, and food sovereignty/justice.
Jyoti Puri is Hazel Dick Leonard Chair and Professor of Sociology at Simmons University. She writes and researches at the crossroads of sociology, sexuality/queer studies, and postcolonial feminist theory. Her recent book, Sexual States: Governance and the Struggle against the Antisodomy Law in India’s Present (Duke University Press, 2016), won the outstanding book award given by the Sexualities Section of the American Sociological Association. Her previous books include Woman, Body, Desire in Post‐Colonial India (Routledge, 1999) and Encountering Nationalism, (Blackwell, 2004). She is working on a project on death and migration.
J. Michael Ryan, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan. Dr. Ryan was previously a researcher for the TRANSRIGHTS Project at The University of Lisbon (Portugal) and has taught courses at The American University in Cairo (Egypt), Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) (Ecuador), and the University of Maryland. Before returning to academia, Dr. Ryan worked as a research methodologist at the National Center for Health Statistics in Washington, DC. He is the editor of multiple volumes, including Trans Lives in a Global(‐izing) World: Rights, Identities, and Politics (Routledge, 2020), and Core Concepts in Sociology (Wiley, 2018). Dr. Ryan also served as an advisory editor on The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies.
Helis Sikk is a Visiting Assistant Professor in Women’s and Gender Studies at the University of South Florida Tampa. Her research takes a feral multidisciplinary approach in exploring the relationships between queerness, affect, the built environment, communities, media, and visual cultures. She co‐edited a collection of essays, The Legacies of Matthew Shepard (Routledge 2019) and is currently working on her monograph, Mainstreaming Violence: Affect, Activism, and Queer Politics of Representation.
Leah R. Warner, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Psychology and she is affiliated with the Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies program in the School of Social Science and Human Services at Ramapo College of New Jersey. Her research explores how emotion perception processes reflect, produce, and reproduce status and power structures, as well as interdisciplinary scholarship on integrating intersectionality theory into psychological research.
Brandi Woodell is an Assistant Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Old Dominion University. Her research examines the disparities between sexual minorities and heterosexuals within the social contexts of religion, family, and health. Her recent work on sexual minority health disparities examines how gender and rurality shape the experiences of community resources and social support.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to all the authors, reviewers, and editors who have made this ambitious interdisciplinary volume possible. The authors bring a wide range of expertise from different academic training and activist backgrounds to their chapters with a commitment to sharing their visions and knowledge of the diverse topics and themes that shape the Companion on Sexuality Studies. Many of my colleagues in Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies at the University of Connecticut and other academic sites around the world have generously supported the project in the important role of anonymous reviewers, often providing a quick turnaround to facilitate the demanding production deadlines. I am grateful for their extremely insightful reviews and their understanding of the international and interdisciplinary goals of the Companion. Special thanks to Shweta M. Adur, Françoise Dussart, Michele Eggers-Barison, Vrshali Patil, and Barbara Sutton for sharing their expertise on various chapters. J. Michael Ryan also graciously offered his editorial and academic knowledge whenever asked and without hesitation. I would also like to thank the Wiley Blackwell editorial and production team – Merryl Le Roux, Richard Samson, Elisha Benjamin, and Justin Vaughan – for their commitment and dedication to this project. Thanks also go to copy-editor Katherine Carr. My appreciation to M.J. Taylor who assisted at the very early and crucial stage of identification and outreach to authors and organization of manuscripts. Managing Editor Cristina Khan was an extremely valuable collaborator who has assisted in reviewing and editing all the chapters as well as co-authoring a chapter in this volume to advance the coverage of important topics in the Companion. Cristina signed on as Managing Editor at the early stages, not expecting, I suspect, all that this would entail. She was able to see it through to completion even as she started a new position in Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Stoney Brook University in New York. I could not have done this massive editorial project without her.
Part IIntroduction
1The Diversity and Academic Institutionalization of Sexuality Studies
Nancy A. Naples
The Companion to Sexuality Studies captures the history and the institutional regulatory processes that socially construct sex and sexuality over different periods of time and in different social and national contexts. It attends to the diverse knowledges produced by sexuality researchers since the late nineteenth century through the present. This chapter also offers a brief overview of the history and academic institutionalization of sexuality studies. The second half of the chapter provides an introduction to the remaining 24 chapters that constitute this volume to demonstrate both the richness and diversity of fields and institutional formation in the areas of science, health, psychology, culture, social and economic institutions, policy, law, and social justice movements.
History of Sexuality Studies
While the field of Sexuality Studies spans over a century and a half, sexuality has been a central concern for all institutions from religion to politics and science long before that time. In writing this history, the work of sexologists became the dominant approach to sexuality research from the mid‐1880s. Sexology viewed sex and sexuality through methods informed by a strong attachment to scientific principles that were also infused with assumptions of heterosexuality and, binary gender difference as the norm.
Sociobiology influenced much of early Sexuality Studies and continues to influence many scientists interested in explaining differences in genders, sexual identities, and sexual practices (Wilson 1975; Kessler 1990). Evolutionary psychologists and neurologists continue to explore evolutionary processes in contemporary gender and sexuality research. For example, in a 1995 article on “Brain Research, Gender and Sexual Orientation,” authors Dick Swaab, Louis Gooren and Michel Hofman of the Netherlands Institute for Brain Research in Amsterdam wrote that “recent brain research revealed structural differences in the hypothalamous in relation to biological sex and sexual orientation” (p. 283). Writing over a decade later, Fernano Saravi (2008) notes that:
Activity, connectivity and structure of certain regions [of the brain] have been repeatedly shown to considerably differ between gay and straight people (insert a snarky joke about bisexual erasure) as well as cis‐ and transgenders. But, as with so many things in neuroscience, it is yet not 100% clear in which way the connection goes ‐‐ did these neural differences predetermine who you like or did your experiences and behaviour gradually shape these structures the way they are now? Still, a lot of scientists think these differences have been there from the very beginning, influenced by hormonal or genetic factors.
Andrea Ganna et al. (2019) found that “both biology and one’s environment may be a factor that influences sexuality” and that “a range of experiences in a person's development as well as social and cultural factors that all could affect behavior” (Ennis 2019, n.p.). Their findings indicate the impossibility of disentangling the biological and environmental factors in shaping an individual’s sexuality (see also Davis 2015).
Research on sexualities was also conducted by scientists and psychologists who adapted findings from animal studies of gender and sexuality. In 1938, Zoology professor Alfred C. Kinsey was approached to teach the first class on human sexuality at Indiana University. The class was designed to cover the topics of sexuality, contraception, and reproduction. Rebecca Clay (2015) reports that Kinsey found a lack of “scientific literature on human sexual behavior” and that the few research studies he found were primarily “based on small numbers of patients or were judgmental in tone” (n.p.). As a consequence, he launched a long and notable career interviewing diverse people about their sex lives. He and his colleagues collected close to 18,000 sexual histories that revealed the complicated ways people experience and express their sexuality. Kinsey is best known for developing a scale that places heterosexuality and homosexuality on a six‐point continuum to reflect his research findings that many people’s desires and behaviors cannot be categorized as either heterosexual or homosexual (Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin. 1948 [1998]). In fact, he found that while some people exhibit traits or identities that can be considered exclusively one or the other, others express mixes of both homosexuality and heterosexuality. Those who have an equal mix of both were placed at the center of the scale.
In the late 1950s and 1960s, US sex researchers William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1966) faced a backlash from the medical profession on their research into sexual response using techniques including videotaping couples’ sexual encounters and individuals masturbating. Their work subsequently inspired the expansion of sexuality research that continues to this day through the Institute of Sex Research established at Indiana University and renamed the Kinsey Institute in 1981.
Beginning in the 1970s, gay and lesbian social movement activists and their allies inside and outside of the academy pushed for incorporation of more critical and interdisciplinary analyses to challenge longstanding scientific, psychological, and criminological approaches which had pathologized sexual desire, expression and behaviors which did not adhere to heterosexuality. Early courses often included co‐teaching by faculty from different disciplines to offer broad understanding of sexual diversity and sexual practices over time and place. While the courses on Human Sexuality that were offered in universities before that time were more likely to be taught by scientists and psychologists, academic faculty in Sociology, Anthropology, and History brought attention to the powerful role of socialization, culture, and historical context for producing and reproducing sexual norms and behaviors (Leacock 1981; Lerner 1977; Rossi 1973). Faculty trained in the Humanities fostered recognition of the role of language and discourse for constructing what counts as legitimate sexual expression and whose experiences and artistic expressions have been devalued or ignored in academic curricula and research (Cixous and Sellers 1994; Nochlin 1971).
Michel Foucault’s (1978) now classic work on the History of Sexuality identified hidden regulatory processes that included repression of sexuality. Foucault notes how Sigmund Freud made some progress in opening up sexuality as a fundamental site for understanding identify formation and psychopathology but accomplished this by “normalizing the functions of psychoanalysis” (p. 5) as the site for analysis of sexual “perversions” (p. 42).
By the late 1970s, the women’s movement organized and organized against gender inequality in marriage and other social and economic institutions, and the gay and lesbian movement was effectively pushing against the presumption of heteronormativity and the pathologizing of so‐called nonnormative sexualities in academic research and social policy. Furthermore, as feminist anthropologist Gayle Rubin explains,
as soon as you get away from the presumptions of heterosexuality, or a simple hetero‐homo opposition, differences in sexual conduct are not very intelligible in terms of binary models. Even the notion of a continuum is not a good model for sexual variations.
(Rubin with Butler 1997, 76–77; also see Rubin 1984)
Lesbian feminist scholars also challenged the presumption of heterosexuality and marginalization of lesbian sexuality within the feminist movement (see, for example, Poirot 2009) and paved the way for both the possibility of separate institutional academic formations as well as theorizing complex intersections between sexuality and gender.
One of the many contributions of feminist analysis of gender was recognition of its social construction, rather than the biological essentialist understanding found in the dominant research paradigm. As Mary Crawford (2006) explains:
Distinguishing sex from gender was a very important step in recognizing that biology is not destiny – that many of the apparent differences between women and men might be societally imposed rather than natural or inevitable.
(p. 26, quoted in Muehlenhard and Peterson 2011, n.p.)
In the late 1980s, feminists, began to reconsider the distinction between sex and gender. As Chalene Muehlenhard and Zoe Peterson point out in their assessment of the diversity of ways in which psychologists use the terms, sex can be socially constructed as well (see, also, Gatens 1991; Davis 2015; Kessler 1990).
Individuals are born with a wide distribution of biological indicators of sex (Fausto‐Sterling 2000). In many Western societies, surgery and hormones are used to make bodies fit as neatly as possible into two nonoverlapping categories (Fausto‐Sterling 2000). Social expectations and taboos continue to create difference in these two categories, such as by encouraging boys and men, but not girls and women, to engage in sports and work that develops their muscles.
(Hubbard 1990)
Gayle Rubin (1984) also complicated the distinction between sex and gender in her influential article, “Thinking Sex: Note for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality.” In an interview with philosopher Judith Butler, Rubin clarifies that, in that essay:
I never claimed that sexuality and gender were always unconnected, only that they are not identical. Moreover, their relationships are situational, not universal, and must be determined in particular situations.
(Rubin with Butler 1997, p. 104)
Butler (1997) further notes that:
What separates the putative object of feminism – gender, construed as sex—from the putative object of lesbian and gay studies – sex, construed as sexuality – is a chiasmic confusion in which the constitutive ambiguity of “sex” is denied in order to make arbitrary territorial respectful claims… In this sense, the very formulation of lesbian and gay studies depends upon the evacuation of a sexual discourse from feminism. And what passes as a benign, even respectful, analogy with feminism is the means by which the fields are separated, where that separation requires the desexualization of the feminist project and the appropriation of sexuality as the “proper” object of lesbian/gay studies. (pp. 8–9)
She subsequently argues that:
Indeed, according to Rubin’s logic, sexuality is no more likely to receive a thorough analysis under the rubric of lesbian and gay studies than it is under that of feminist studies. Not only do central notions like the racialization of sexuality get dropped or domesticated as “instances” of either feminism or lesbian and gay studies, but the notion of sexual minorities, which include sex workers, transexuals, and cross‐generational partners, cannot be adequately approached through a framework of lesbian and gay studies.(p. 13)
Trans terminology has changed over the years so that terms “transgender” and “trans” are more acceptable usage than the “transsexual” that Butler used 20 years ago. Trans activists and scholars raised further awareness of the intersectional investments of gender and sexuality. Although trans scholarship has been influenced by both queer theory and feminism (Weed and Schor 1997), it has pushed these frameworks further in challenging the deep reliance on the gender binary in both theory and practice (see Khan and Kolbe in The Companion to Women’s and Gender Studies (2020)]). Intersex scholars have also challenged the biological gender essentialism and terminology that continue to shape the medical profession’s practices and cultural attitudes (Davis 2015; Kessler 1990; Malatino 2019).
What constitutes the “proper objects” of feminism and queer studies was further fractured by challenges from feminist and queer scholars of color and those from non‐Western contexts (Butler 1997, p. 20). African and African American Studies scholar Evelynn Hammonds argued that “white feminists must refigure (white) female sexualities so that they are not theoretically dependent upon an absent yet ever‐present pathologized black female sexuality” (1997, p. 141). She also called for black feminist scholars to “reclaim sexuality through the creation of a counternarrative that can reconstitute a present black female subjectivity and that includes an analysis of power relations between white and black women and among different groups of black women” (p.97). Chong‐Suk Han (2019) recently applied a queer and critical race analysis to explore “sexual racism” and revealed how Asian and Asian American men’s sexuality is made invisible by the dominance of whiteness in the gay male community (see also Han 2015). Transnational scholars have also examined sexuality in international and comparative perspective to further reveal the diversity of sexual identities, norms, behaviors, regulatory practices, and sexual politics (see, for example, Cantu&c.acute; 2009; Hunter 2010; Puri 2016).
Structural analyses of sexuality have also been enriched by engagement with postcolonial theories that demonstrate the power of colonial processes to shape gender and sexual relations which “continue to unfold in the ex‐colonies as well as in the heart of the erstwhile empires” as Vrushali Patil and Jyoti Puri consider in Chapter Four of this volume. I now turn to provide an overview of the diverse chapters included in The Companion to Sexuality Studies that further elaborate the history, debates, and object of study that form contemporary Sexuality Studies.
Diversity within Sexuality Studies
Part II Theoretical and methodological diversity
Writing in Germany in the late 1880s, early sex researcher Richard von Krafft‐Ebing (1894) argued for the significance of sexuality in shaping individual lives and societal beliefs. He also viewed any sexual activity that did not lead to procreation as pathological. As Agnieszka Kościańska notes in Chapter 2, one of the first influential texts that established the field of Sexology, Krafft‐Ebing’s Psychopathia Sexualis, was published in 1866 (see also Drucker in this volume). Sexology reflected and in turn reinforced societal fears already infused in religious institutions into the new institutional formations of medicine and science. Kościańska explains that Michel Foucault (1978) and queer scholars view sexology as “one of the major tools of modern power.” While sexologists “often assumed the pathological character of non‐normative sexuality, they started the process of the construction of sexual identities and made sexual activism possible (Oosterhuis 2000).”
Some early researchers like Magnus Hirschfeld (1897) who organized the Scientific Humanitarian Committee that organized against the criminalization of homosexuality and faced intense backlash. In 1929 the International League for Sexual Reform made an attempt to legitimize extramarital birth, provide birth control and necessary information regarding sexual health, prevention and transmission of STIs” (Adur, Chapter 23 in this volume). Furthermore, as Shweta Adur points out, “it even sought to medicalize homosexuality in a bid to protect against criminal prosecutions prevalent at the time.” This shift also continued to construct nonheterosexual sexuality as pathological.
In Chapter 3, Mathew Kuefler reviews the historical and cultural shifts in ideology, practices and regulation of sexuality. He notes variations and alternative genders and sexualities across time and space. Kuefler explains the significance for the development of sexuality studies of the new field of social history that focused on “ordinary people of the past” rather than exclusively center major political and economic events and religious and political leaders. Even then, historians of sexuality met with resistance from academic colleagues as the sexuality researchers attempted to legitimize their field in the 1970s. Scholars are still trying to understand the complex relationship between past and present sexual behaviors and identities. He concludes that the “modern, third generation of historians of sexuality, is profoundly interested in how sexuality overlaps with other aspects of the self: gender identity, race [racialized identity] and ethnicity, nationality, social position.”
In Chapter 4, Patil and Puri show the power of feminist and queer scholarship for enriching postcolonial analyses of sexualities; but also note the persistence of colonial constructions in queer politics including the uncritical application of assumptions about constructions of sexual identity and sexual norms developed in the Global North toward the Global South (see, also, Boellstorff 2005; McLelland and Mackie 2015; and Johnson and Mackie, Chapter 18 in this volume). The chapter is enriched by the authors’ use of diverse case studies derived from multiple national and regional contexts to illustrate their complex analysis.
Similar to feminist theory that developed through insights from women’s movement activism, queer theory is a form of praxis informed by the activist projects organized in response to the HIV/AIDS crisis and the rise in antigay violence in the late 1980s. For example, the naming of the activist group Queer Nation was designed to reflect a wide embrace of nonnormative gender and sexual identities. In the academy, it is understood as a theoretical approach that challenge heteronormativity, homonormativity, and gender and sexual binaries. The influence of queer theory resonates throughout The Companion to Sexuality Studies. J. Michael Ryan (Chapter 5) discusses the development of queer theory in academia and its engagement with gay and lesbian studies. He shows its intellectual origins in the work of social constructionist and poststructuralist scholars, most notably Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (1985) Judith Butler (1990), and Teresa de Lauretis (1991). As Ryan explains, queer theorists argue against rigid binaries associated with gender and sexuality and for the significance of “the discursive production of identities.” He unpacks the complex intellectual projects associated with queer theory and explains how the latter postmodern approach has opened up queer theory to critiques that it erases “the lived experiences of individual actors who suffer material oppressions … that exist outside the realm of discourse (Seidman 1996).” Ryan concludes by arguing that while queer theory has “drastically change[d] many a field, … as an ‘independent’ entity [it] seems to have largely receded from the spotlight.” It continues, however, to contour debates in a variety of other arenas including the debates in critical methodologies that Stuti Das reviews in Chapter 6 (also see Ghaziani and Brim 2019).
Das opens her chapter titled “Queer Methodologies and Social Science” with an introduction to social research methods. She also considers what counts as methodology, and analyzes the impact of queer theory in social science research. She notes that “queer conceptualizations … in the social sciences [were] prompted by efforts to address and reverse the tremendous hold of positivistic scientific methods over qualitative methodologies.” Das observes, quoting Catherine Nash (2010, p. 133), that “queer epistemological and ontological perspectives help focus attention on how social categories of being and lived experience, are constituted within certain historical, cultural and spatialized contexts, including normative ideas about what are deemed to be embodied gendered and sexual practices and behaviours.” In this chapter, Das also examines the significance of positionality of the researcher, reflexivity in research practice, and the ethics or research from the point of view of queer methodology.
Queer theory has also contoured how scholars envision and enact pedagogical practice. Like Das, Leigh Potvin (Chapter 7) opens with an articulation of key terms and then emphasizes the importance of acknowledging the positionality of the researcher and the research community for shaping and queering classroom interactions. Queer pedagogical practice includes destabilizing binary constructions of gender and sexuality, creating community, encouraging creativity, recognizing the diversity of identities, and teaching for social change.
Part III Health, science, and psychology
The second section of The Companion to Sexuality Studies addresses the important intersecting fields of health, science, and psychology. The first chapter in this section provides an overview of how sexuality has been manipulated within science and technology. In Chapter 8, Donna J. Drucker provides an historical analysis of sexology that adds to Kościańska’s discussion in Chapter 2. Drucker details how reproductive technologies also contour family, gender, and sexuality. She pays attention to the ways in which technologies have been used as a tool for research methodologies to study sexuality. These include “electromechanical technologies such as photography, cardiographs, and electroencephalograms”; the “orgone box” developed by Wilhelm Reich ([1942] 1986; and the “dildo‐camera” used by Williams Masters and Virginia Johnson (1996). Drucker notes that “queer feminist science studies is just one example of how scholars are reformulating and producing new schools of thought for thinking and acting as sexual beings.” She concludes that: “issues of power, agency, and subjectivity, not to mention the intersectionality of racial, gender, and class identities, will continue to shed light on the deep embeddedness of sciences and technologies in everyday sexual life.”
In Chapter 9, Leah R. Warner, Emily A. Leskinen, and Janelle Leyva shift attention from science and technology, broadly defined, to the institutional practices that contribute to social psychological processes which influence individual understandings and expressions of identity and erotic expression. They outline “the process of acquiring knowledge, norms, attitudes, cultural symbols, codes of conduct, and value relative to sex and sexuality.” They describe three different approaches adopted by feminist psychologists to explain the socialization of sexuality in everyday life: symbolic interactionism, scripting theory, and intersectionality. Warner et al. highlight the role of parents, friends, and peers as well as social institutions, especially the educational system, the media, religion and government, in constructing and reinforcing heteronormative expressions of sex and sexuality.
Technological innovations have effectively reshaped understandings and expressions of family by providing greater access to reproduction for gay and lesbian families. In Chapter 10, “LGBTQ Reproduction and Parenting,” Kate Luxion provides a global analysis of this topic that includes analyses of adoption, in vitro fertilization, and surrogacy. Although research indicates that LGBTQ+ families often face discrimination and stigmatization, Luxion reports that the well‐being of children who grow up in LGBT homes is equal if not better than children of heterosexual parents (see also, Mackie, Marks, and Ferber 2019).
Part IV Sexuality and institutions
The next section of The Companion to Sexuality Studies focuses on the institutions of religion, education and the economy to uncover the ways that these sites impact constructions of and policies towards sexuality. In Chapter 11, Kelsy Burke and Brandi Woodell examine how “practices, beliefs, and institutions influence cultural ideas about sex and sexuality across time and place.” Since religious ideology is a powerful framework through which sex and sexuality are constructed and regulated, many progressive movement must challenge these prescriptions to effect social change.
The institution of education also forms a powerful context for the construction and socialization of sex and sexuality. In Chapter 12, Louisa Allen demonstrates the important role of sexual education in sexuality socialization. Allen analyzes sexuality education over the last 10 years in different locales to consider the conceptual and programmatic debates in the field. She explores different perspectives on sexuality education from the vantage point of students, teachers, and parents to illustrate the tensions in understanding how and what should be taught. One significant challenge is how to ensure that young people put the knowledge they receive into practice. Parents and community members often have strong opinions concerning at what age student should be introduced to this information and what should be highlighted or left out. The conservative emphasis on abstinence‐only approaches, for example, has gained hold in many communities across the US.
The last two chapters in this section foreground the economy and analyze how sexuality shapes experiences and opportunities in the workplace and the ways in which intimate labor is commodified (see, for example, Boris and Parreñas 2010). In Chapter 13, Patti Giuffre and Courtney Caviness provide an overview of cross‐cultural analyses of law and social policies designed to address employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. They also examine how the presumption of heterosexuality infuses workplace cultures that, in turn, provide informal constraints on those who do not fit into the heterosexual and I should add, monogamous cultural norm. They also document how much has changed in many workplaces in this regard and note that “the move toward greater workplace inclusion of historically marginalized workers presents opportunities to shape new institutional and interactional workplace arrangements.” Giuffre and Caviness conclude by emphasizing the need for future research to take into account the intersection of racialized position, gender, and sexuality in understanding workers’ experiences of workplace discrimination.
