Competitive Intelligence Advantage E-Book

Seena Sharp

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 455

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2009

Beschreibung

A practical introduction to the necessity of competitive intelligence for smarter business decisions-from a leading CI expert and speaker In Competitive Intelligence Advantage, Seena Sharp, founder of one of the first Competitive Intelligence firms in the US, provides her expert analysis on the issues and benefits of CI for today's businesses. CI is critical for making smarter business decisions and reducing risks when formulating strategies, leading to more profits and fewer mistakes. This is a practical guide that explains what CI is, why data is not intelligence, why competitor intelligence is a weak sibling to competitive intelligence, when to use it, how to find the most useful information and turn it into actual intelligence, and how to present findings in the most convincing manner. Importantly, Sharp argues that businesses would benefit from shifting their perspective on CI from viewing it as a cost to viewing it as an investment that saves money and provides immediate value. * Author Seena Sharp is a noted CI expert who established Sharp Market Intelligence in 1979 * Addresses all the most common myths and misconceptions about CI * Includes more than sixty examples of when to use CI * Completely explains the ins and outs of CI, and why your company will act faster and more aggressively with CI Competitive intelligence is a management tool that is misunderstood and underestimated, yet results in numerous benefits. If you are a senior level executive or operate a business-and you aren't tapping the power of CI to improve your decision making-you are missing a potent advantage.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Praise

Title Page

Copyright Page

Introduction

Gaining Control in Uncontrollable Times

What Will We Cover?

Chapter 1 - The Emergence of the Hapless Executive

Executives Today Know Less about More and More about Less

Curse of Knowledge

Curse of Success

Moving from Hapless to Happening

Final Thought

Chapter 2 - Defining and Refining Competitive Intelligence

Definition of Competitive Intelligence

Competitive Intelligence is Strategic

CI and Leadership

CI Leads to Smarter Decisions

CI Minimizes Risk

Change Is Here; Change Is Now; Change Is the New Normal

Let’s Talk Intelligence

The Term Intelligence

The Difference between Competitive Intelligence and Market Research

Market Research and Its Limitations

Scenario Planning

Last Word on “What Is CI?”

Chapter 3 - Competitive Intelligence

Competitive Intelligence: The Larger View

External Perspective

Market Puzzle: The Last Word

Chapter 4 - Why Fixating on Competitors Is Misguided

Why Competitor Information Is Least Useful and Least Important

Emerging Competitors

Strengths and Weaknesses

Differences Worth Noting

Gaps You Can Fill

The Case Against Competitor Intelligence

The Case for Competitor Intelligence

Back to the Main Question: Who Are Your Competitors?

New Competitors

Knockoffs and Innovation: More Competition?

Detect Opportunities From Change, Not From Competitors

The Anti-Competitor Strategy: Red Ocean-Blue Ocean

Last Word on Competitor Intelligence

Chapter 5 - Three Critical Distinctions

Focus on the Goal

Components of Data, Information, and Intelligence

Data: What Exactly Is Data?

Metrics: Are You Data Rich and Information Poor?

Intuition, Gut, and Experience: The Immeasurable

The Intelligence Pyramid

What Is Information—and How Do We Get There from Here?

The Big Cheese: Intelligence

Chapter 6 - All Information is Not Equal

Need-to-Know Information

Step 1. Start with What You Don’t Know—but Ask the Right Questions

Step 2. Identify What You Know: Is It Current and Relevant?

Step 3. Identify What You Know That’s No Longer So

Step 4. Identify What You Think Is True (but May Not Be)

Step 5. Does the Information Reflect Today or Tomorrow?

Step 6. Get It Right: The Correct Information

Chapter 7 - Knowing When and Why to Power Up the CI Engine

Uncovering Growth Opportunities

Line Extension

Market Entry

Uncovering Unknown Customers: Customers Who Don’t Fit the Target Profile

Changes in Your Industry

Changing Your Customer Base from JCPenney to Nordstrom

Changes in the Economy or Society

Crafting Strategy or a New Marketing Plan

Making a Substantial Purchase

Validate Assumptions

Leverage Your Current Capabilities

When Do You Do CI, and When Do You Power Up the CI Engine?

Chapter 8 - Next Steps for You and Your Company

Your Next Steps

Your Company’s Next Steps

Questionnaire

Chapter 9 - Understanding and Evaluating Information Sources

Published Information

Unexpected or Unknown Sources

Company Information and Web Sites

Doing Your Own Searching

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet and Google

Invisible Web

Competitive Intelligence Software

Human Intelligence (Humint)

Conventional Wisdom

Social Media Sources

Chapter 10 - Performing Like a CI Pro

Getting Started in Competitive Intelligence: What You Need to Consider

What’s the First Question?

Planning the Project

Competitive Intelligence Components

Success and Getting Buy-In

The Competitive Intelligence Process

Most Desirable CI Qualities, In-House or Outsourced

Chapter 11 - Demystifying Competitive Intelligence, One Myth at a Time

Myth #1: CI Is Spying

Myth #2: Everyone Has Access to CI, So There Is No Advantage to Doing It

Myth #3: The Most Valuable Information Is Already Known within My Company

Myth #4: Our Executives Are Very Knowledgeable about Our Industry

Myth #5: Information Is Free

Myth #6: Intelligence Costs Too Much

Myth #7: There’s No Information about Private Companies

Myth #8: Google Is a Great Source for CI

Myth #9: Every Decision Should Include CI

Myth #10: CI Software Provides Intelligence

Myth #11: Data, Information, and Intelligence Are the Same

Myth #12: Competitive Intelligence Is a Waste of Time

Myth #13: Competitive Intelligence Is Only for Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Industries

Myths: The Last Word

Chapter 12 - What’s in It for Me?

CI Provides an Accurate and Objective View of the Marketplace

CI Answers Management’s Questions

CI Produces Only Good News—Even When the News is Bad

CI Improves Decisions and Minimizes Risks

CI Avoids Surprises

CI Details Where Your Product or Service Fits and Uncovers Underserved Customers

CI Helps Identify New Opportunities Before the Competition Finds Them

CI Indicates Early Warning of Competitor Moves, Thus Enabling Countermeasures

CI Provides Input to Generate Ideas to Respond to Change

CI Challenges or Verifies Assumptions and Intuition

CI Helps Your Company Be Proactive to Respond More Effectively to Events and Opportunities

CI Enables Your Company to Not Waste Resources Competing Where You Have Low ...

CI Allows You to Set More Realistic Goals That Offer a Greater Probability of Success

CI Offers Great Return on Investment (ROI)

Strategic Decisions are More Aggressive, Made Faster, and With Greater ...

Due Diligence: Doing Your Homework

Finally

Chapter 13 - Playing by the Rules, SCIP, Resources

Ethics

Confidentiality

Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP)

Recommended Reading

CI Courses and Programs

Corporate CI Departments and Titles

Acknowledgements

About the Author

Index

Praise for Competitive Intelligence Advantage

“Seena Sharp has done it again! This incisive, compact book clears through the clutter that encumbers so many others in the field of competitive intelligence. Seena’s no-holds-barred style rings true as she pierces several myths surrounding vaunted business decision making and the holy grail of ‘crunching’ business data.

“Every executive and aspiring ‘high-potential manager’ should take to heart Seena’s keenly articulated assessment of the many flaws that inhibit truly valuable decision making. Great decisions are a product of insight, experience, and intelligence, which constitute the very heart of the critical thinking skills so eagerly sought by companies.

“Seena correctly underscores how the lack of the latter—solid intelligence input—can handicap a company’s thinking processes and help to torpedo strategies. Why is this? As Seena points out, mastering intelligence takes real thinking discipline—the heavy lifting of business analysis. As this book argues cogently, today’s shareholders deserve business executives who are willing to get this fundamental skill set under their belts.

“The world is getting more and more complicated, and so is business. Intelligence, as Seena points out, is an avenue to success.”

—Paul Kinsinger, Professor of Business Intelligence, Thunderbird School of Global Management, and Managing Consultant of the Thunderbird Learning Consultant Network

“Seena Sharp’s new book presents a compelling case for the importance of competitive intelligence to decision making. In today’s world, where business as usual is no longer the case, executives and line managers alike frequently find themselves without a compass when facing the inherent risk in decisions, whether large or small. Seena Sharp, long an intellectual force in the field of competitive intelligence, provides provocative examples of why both CI and her book are ‘must-haves’ for all organizational executives that seek advantage and success. And what executive doesn’t?”

—Cyndi Allgaier, Former President of SCIP (Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals)

“Without a doubt Competitive Intelligence Advantage provides a clear, comprehensive approach to competitive intelligence for the business executive of today. A delightful read, it demystifies the terminology around CI and clearly educates business readers about this invaluable modern management discipline. As a business consultant, educator, and corporate strategy advisor, I would encourage every one of my clients and colleagues to read this book.”

—Babette Bensoussan, Author and Director, The MindShifts Group,Australia, 2006 SCIP Meritorious Recipient

“Seena Sharp presents a ‘state-of-the-art’ approach to competitive intelligence that is meaningful and actionable to organization executives and managers. It addresses the why, the when, and the value of CI to the company decision-makers from the standpoint of insight, implications, relevancy to organization goals and objectives, early warning triggers, the customer perspective, and the marketplace.”

—Bob Margulies, Former President of SCIP

“Savvy business owners and managers must read Seena Sharp’s insightful book before making another big decision. The top expert in this field has written a compelling and extremely readable book. Sharp shares a wealth of strategies and practical tips for staying way ahead of your competition.”

—Jane Applegate, columnist and author, 201 Great Ideas for Your Small Business

“Seena Sharp has always provided her clients and fellow professionals a fresh and insightful perspective on the work and subjects she addresses. This book fulfills those expectations, especially with regard to the business men and women who might not know what competitive intelligence is, or why they need it in today’s information-overloaded, global marketplace.”

—Jan P. Herring, Advisor to Intelligence Professionals, Meritorious Award Recipient, SCIP

“After reading this book, you will see your business differently because you will see the world differently . . . a set of new opportunities to exploit.”

—Steve Moya, Consultant and former Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer, Humana, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Seena Sharp. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Sharp, Seena.

Competitive intelligence advantage: how to minimize risk, avoid surprises, and grow your business in a changing world/by Seena Sharp. p. cm.

eISBN : 978-0-470-53865-4

Introduction: Required Reading (Yes, Really)

It’s a whole new day out there in the world of business. Products are sold in odd venues; companies are venturing into totally new markets; customers don’t fit the usual profile, and they use products or services in unexpected ways.

What, exactly, is going on? And what does it mean for the decision maker?

Although business has been undergoing dramatic changes for a long time, the changes taking place today are more accelerated, more pronounced—and some even seem downright bizarre. The economic slowdown is part of the reason, of course; but it is not the entire cause, nor even the major portion. More important, expectations have changed, from both businesses and customers.

What’s happening outside your business is having more impact on your success than ever before. This external world includes substitute products or services, the economy, industries that are indirectly related, and changes in societal behaviors.

Customers today are smarter; they have access to more information and feedback; and they’re more demanding than ever. You may not think so, but this is good news—really!

“New” creates opportunities, at least it does for those executives who recognize that new or different when applied to business is a synonym for “change.” And that’s where advantages are to be found. Some of the most successful businesses were founded during the Great Depression of 1929 and during other severe economic slumps—Hewlett-Packard, Target, GE, UnitedHealth Group, Wikipedia, Cargill, FedEx, Microsoft, CNN, MTV, LexisNexis, Sports Illustrated, and Hyatt Corp, to name just a few.

In a changing business environment, the past is less and less a guide to what will bring success. More important, following yesterday’s path could be even riskier than doing nothing. This is the time to unlearn what’s no longer true.

The chairman of Saatchi & Saatchi, one of the world’s most successful global advertising agencies, wrote in his new book, Start With the Answer, about leading in tough times, “When things are not going well, until you get the truth out on the table, no matter how ugly, you are not in a position to deal with it.” Competitive intelligence gets at the truth. It objectively details what is happening, much of which may be unknown to most executives. Unless you conduct an analysis of current conditions, the information that you know is only partially current and may be only partially accurate.

How much confidence do you have that your knowledge base is sufficient? That you have much more than half of what you need? That it’s accurate? That it reflects this changing world? That it acknowledges what’s outdated? How much do you monitor the external environment?

This book is written for management who is unfamiliar with competitive intelligence, but savvy enough to understand that different creates an advantage, an opening, and an immediate opportunity to be proactive. It’s also for the person who is new to competitive intelligence and needs to get up to speed quickly. Executives strongly believe that they are aware of what’s current; most would be surprised to learn that some of their knowledge is no longer true, especially if it concerns anything “really” important. What’s the basis for my statement?

First, it takes time to learn what is actually happening. Second, it takes a period of time to accept that changes have occurred. And time is what we’re dealing with here. Time is where companies gain and lose (sales, customers, advantage), by missing or recognizing changes and opportunities. Competitive intelligence helps close that gap. It provides the necessary reality and insights sooner.

Any way you slice it, conventional wisdom, experience, and formulas are less and less reliable; they take a beating every day in a world that is changing so rapidly. The old rules may or may not apply. While no one, not even an expert, has a clue what to expect from all this turmoil, the smart thinkers prepare themselves for many aspects of business to be different.

If conditions remain the same, then great. If, on the other hand, you’re facing multiple changes and unknowns, then consider the significant value that competitive intelligence can yield. How do you know whether competitive intelligence will provide an advantage, whether it will benefit you and your company? Ask yourself these questions:

• Are you planning to expand your line by offering new products or services?

• Have you considered entering a new market or industry?

• Have you been blindsided by loss of sales to a competitor—especially one that is unknown or emerging—or to a substitute (not a direct competitor, but a company outside your industry)?

• Has a competitor introduced a new, unexpected product or service or feature that your customers demanded—and that you didn’t know they wanted?

• Has a direct competitor been successful in distributing to a totally new channel—one that’s unusual in your industry—or selling to a different customer segment?

• Have you noticed possible signs of an opportunity, but aren’t sure if it makes sense for your company?

• Are you hearing conflicting viewpoints from your staff or the industry?

• Do you have a marketing or strategy problem to solve and don’t have enough information and insight?

• Are you seeking capital (bank or private equity) and need support for and evidence of the soundness of your decision?

• Are you investigating a possible acquisition and need to supplement the financial due diligence with market due diligence?

• Do you question if your assumptions are still valid (about your industry, competitors, customers, products)?

• Are you unsure that you have sufficient, specific, accurate, and current information to make a strategic decision?

If you’re unsure or have answered yes to any of these questions, then you will benefit from competitive intelligence. Good competitive intelligence lays out today’s truths. Even if you don’t act immediately, at the very least you get a heads-up and a chance to check out these changes for yourself or to monitor these findings until you determine whether they’re appropriate for your company. Without a serious investigation, these changes remain unknown—by you and by your competitors.

Changes may be unknown, but only for a time. “Opportunities are never lost. Someone will seize the ones you miss.” (Attributed to Andy Rooney, 60 Minutes.) Another company will figure out the possible advantage in these changes. Competitive intelligence is your partner in getting there before the others.

Recognizing change offers disruptive competitive advantage. Because so few companies actually do CI, the ones that engage in CI disrupt the usual competitor activities and gain an immediate and powerful advantage for themselves. This is how you “un-level” the playing field: by doing what competitors don’t recognize or expect and by being proactive.

Unexpected events, unexpected customers, unexpected competitors, and unexpected buying activity are all indicators of some type of shift, some turmoil taking place in the market—your market. And there is no reason to expect this chaos and craziness to stop or slow down. Even if it does decelerate, few companies will respond appropriately to unexpected changes, so opportunities do and will continue to exist. This is an advantage to you if you know what they are.

The greater advantage to your firm exists because companies resist any kind of transformation for a long time before inevitably accepting that specific change (if they don’t go out of business). Companies adjust at different rates and at different times along the spectrum; so the benefit to you is realizing that change will work for you, recognizing it as early as possible, and taking appropriate action.

Gaining Control in Uncontrollable Times

The rules of the game have changed. And so must your thinking about your business.

The world economy over the past few years has been in a state of chaos, and the effects on business are being felt far and wide. While hunkering down and riding out this market volatility may seem prudent, the turbulence in today’s market will continue (even if to a lesser degree), and companies can no longer afford to sit on the sidelines waiting for the calm to return.

To survive and grow during these turbulent times, a company must gain a measure of control. And, companies who seize control today hold a considerable advantage over those that don’t. Yes, there will be some things that are and will remain beyond your control, but competitive intelligence is particularly beneficial during unpredictable and turbulent times. It can bring a measure of control by providing accurate and objective information because that “truth” will reduce uncertainty and the risk of error.

How do you gain control? How do you shift thinking from “change is a threat” to “change is a gift?” This happens when you:

• Become informed and think more broadly and differently than before. The more you know that is true, the better prepared you are to deal with anything that comes your way. Competitive intelligence helps reframe the world as it is changing. It will make you more knowledgeable than your competitors, both known and unknown, by telling you today what all of you will learn... eventually. Proper CI is your early warning sign.

• Understand that looking to past successes makes it very difficult to deal with changing conditions, and may even lead to bad decisions. Use the same critical thinking skills that you used when you first achieved that success, but actively and aggressively temper that with current information. A Harvard Business Review article titled “When Growth Stalls” stated that 87 percent of Fortune 100 companies over the past half century experienced an “abrupt drop in revenue growth.” One reason cited was the companys’ failure “to respond effectively to new, low-cost competitive challenges or shifts in customer valuation of product features. . . . the majority of these standstills are preventable.” Preventable, had those business entities possessed solid, current, sufficient information and intelligence and then acted on these.

• Focus on insight and customers, not merely on data and competitors. In unsettling times, companies find solace in data, not recognizing that data only reflects the past. If data represents what happened in the past, and the present is different from the past, then it’s not logical to expect data to be particularly helpful, except in limited situations. Companies that succeed in these changing and unpredictable times are those led by executives who can pull their heads out of data and move forward with intelligence. Changing times mean moving from comfort to discomfort and to a more accurate view of the competitive landscape and the important factors to monitor.

• Unlearn what’s no longer true. It’s a given that if change is occurring, then what is true must also be changing—about your customers, your competitors, and the marketplace. Don’t guess about what’s changing; don’t brainstorm about it; just power up your competitive intelligence engine to find out what’s really happening in the marketplace.

That outside perspective is one of the most important ideas for keeping up with change and with your customers. The “father of modern management,” Peter Drucker, said, “Ninety percent of the information used in organizations is internally focused and only ten percent is about the outside environment. This is exactly backwards.” I make this very point throughout this book, substantiated by numerous examples.

Control is increasingly moving to the individual—in all aspects, from business to one’s personal life. There was a time, not too long ago, when individuals gave control of their medical care and financial planning to the experts. Now we all expect to be partners, equal or not. And quite often the experts tell us to make the decision after discussing the situation with them. They’re putting the final control in the hands of their customers, even more reason to be informed.

When it comes to purchasing, customers have increasing influence in the marketplace, as many products, services, and companies are “reviewed” in chat rooms and faux company web sites. Prospects investigate your offerings with the result that control of information is shifting from the salesperson to the buyer. And all this has great implications for you and your company.

What Will We Cover?

This book is based on the premise that all companies want to succeed by gaining, keeping, and serving their customers, the source of revenues. In many instances, they are prevented from doing so by continuing down the same path that worked before and hoping that it will continue to work in the same way. But in these continuously changing times, “doing the same things in the same old way” no longer serves either the company or its customers adequately; it’s time for a change.

This book is all about change in business, how it’s affecting your business, and how competitive intelligence can make it can work for you. We define what competitive intelligence is and is not (hint: it’s not merely information); we passionately argue why fixating on your competition is a misguided approach; we speak to the importance of looking at the entire competitive spectrum and what parts should be of concern to you; we address how you can use competitive intelligence to find new opportunities; we tell you when and why you should conduct CI; and we talk about the next steps and what you can and should expect from competitive intelligence, and more—all supported with more than 70 examples.

We continue to harp on the theme that assumptions are no longer reliable or reasonable. They do not hold up in changing times. They can’t. As Michael Porter stated in Competitive Strategy, “To be competitive, we have to constantly reexamine our assumptions.”

Executives don’t seem surprised when changes occur in other industries, yet they don’t seem to actively look for changes that are occurring in their own industry. When they don’t, they create an opening for competitors to address these gaps and differences.

Or they get blindsided. Competitive intelligence significantly reduces the likelihood of being blindsided. There’s no excuse for being taken by surprise, as it indicates a serious defect in the way companies make decisions. They didn’t bother to find out what they didn’t know; and in a changing world, that question must be asked.

While executives readily accept rapid and constant changes in technology, they often don’t recognize how much it applies to other businesses. Those other businesses may not change as quickly or obviously, but they still change, so the same rules for keeping up and keeping customers apply. You may be skeptical about unfamiliar information and inquire whether it’s valid and that is absolutely the right thinking. On the other hand, new, different, or strange information is the connection between what you know and what’s changing. You have to allow for the possibility that these changes are plausible.

The gap between familiar and unfamiliar is yesterday intersecting with tomorrow. And in the middle is change. You can’t get to tomorrow without going through change - big change, little change, weird change, good change.

What is the downside to being smart about your customers and making informed decisions? Companies that don’t do competitive intelligence are less prepared and more vulnerable than those that do. How can it be good for your company to have less accurate information and intelligence than your competitors? That’s the essence of competitive intelligence; it’s a decision input tool whose output is better decisions.

Informed risk is your competitive advantage. Simple. Powerful.

Companies that don’t know about or don’t engage in competitive intelligence don’t understand the return they will get—immediately. The first and most obvious return on investment (ROI) is a better decision, meaning no do-overs, no lost revenue or lost time, no ceding competitive advantage to another company, and no loss of morale over missing the boat. The second, third, and fourth ROIs are more subtle and not evident to others—they result in companies acting sooner, more confidently, and more aggressively.

For the past 40 years, U.S. presidents have received a daily briefing telling them what they need to know—the good, the bad, and the ugly. They understand the need for new and updated information to bridge the gap (sometimes the chasm) between perception and reality. Business, particularly your business, has no less a need.

The hidden bonus of competitive intelligence is that good news is good news and bad news may be even better news. How can that be so? It’s great to validate and to confirm what you know or believe is true. But it’s even more valuable to find out what is not true and needs a serious course correction, and it’s more valuable still when it’s part of a decision. Knowing what’s true today will let you make that course correction.

Why doesn’t management think about competitive intelligence? It’s not on their radar. It’s rarely mentioned in business school, and it’s taught in only a limited number of universities, even as a single course. It’s almost never a breakout session at conferences, so exposure is close to non-existent. This book introduces you to insights and perspectives about the discipline of CI and what it can do for you, along with tools and techniques, ideas and strategies to reduce risk and seize opportunities.

Perhaps now you’re ready to enter the world and advantages of competitive intelligence. If so, fasten your seatbelt, and start to read. CI is an incredible journey, with an even more incredible payoff. As the great American social commentator Will Rogers said, “It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so.”

1

The Emergence of the Hapless Executive

The mind can only see what it is prepared to see.

—Edward de Bono

Think of all the headlines that you’ve read over the past few years reporting that this company or that has missed the mark in one way or another. Their shares tumbled furiously, or they closed stores, or they were acquired, or they declared bankruptcy. Merrill Lynch, one of the world’s leading financial management and advisory companies, is suddenly sold to Bank of America; Lehman Brothers, an innovator in global finance founded in 1850, is forced to go under and sell a major portion of its assets to Barclay’s Bank. Mervyn’s, a 59-year-old chain of 175 department stores, most of which are located in California, is liquidated, and the same happens to Linens N’ Things and CompUSA. The Big Three auto giants are no longer at the top of the heap, and one or two declared bankruptcy. And how many of the Fortune 500 companies of the 1990s are still on that list?

Where were leaders of these industry giants when the wind was knocked out of their sails? Where was all the collective knowledge and wisdom that guided these companies? Is it possible that all of those executives had a communal lapse in judgment? Could they not have seen the signs?

It is easy for us, in hindsight, to believe we would have seen the warning signs and taken appropriate action. But for those experiencing these setbacks, it’s not quite as simple. What about you? What do you do—deliberately—to stay current and aware? Do you hear or even listen to information about your industry that surprises you? Do you learn about events after the fact? Is your company more reactive than proactive? These are dead giveaways that you’re not getting the information and intelligence that you must have to make the best decisions for your business.

Executives Today Know Less about More and More about Less

What is going on? We are, after all, living in the information age, where anyone can know (or learn) everything about anything, anytime they want to know it.

The answer is that while we have increased access to information, most executives are not getting the intelligence they need for strategy or to make better decisions—or worse, they are dismissing or underestimating it. We receive a plethora of new information on a daily basis, yet it’s often ignored. Why is that? Perhaps there is too much information; perhaps the information does not conform to our preconceived notions; perhaps there just isn’t enough time to take it all in.

Regardless of the reason, however, the result is the same: Company executives and board members are no longer quite as adept in their decision making in a business environment that is increasingly complex and one that requires more information and better intelligence.

These are undoubtedly bright, skilled executives. What then lies behind their failings in judgment? Well, like everyone, they have their blind spots that usually result from one or more of the following:

1. Success breeds overconfidence and arrogance.

Successful companies and executives start to believe in their own invincibility and stop doing their due diligence. After all, it’s very difficult to relinquish the knowledge and behavior that resulted in past successes and brought them to their current lofty positions, even when the present is different. Executives tend to think that they know it all and therefore don’t put forth much effort to keep abreast of current trends and changes in their industries.

The problem is the past. Author Leslie Poles Hartley said, “The past is a foreign country. They do things differently there.” Yesterday’s success is only that—yesterday’s success. I’ve never forgotten a reality check comment that I read many years ago and is even more applicable: Today’s success only entitles you to compete tomorrow. To continue on that same roll of success, you need to constantly monitor your environment to be sure you can repeat those successes.

The domestic auto industry offers the best (or worst) example. For decades the auto companies have consistently claimed that they know what customers want. After all, every one of us can recite the testimonial, “What’s good for General Motors . . . ” Yet when the gas crunch hit in the 1970s, the Japanese gained a significant toehold in the U.S. market by offering the small, well-built, fuel-efficient cars that Detroit said Americans would never buy.

It appears that being blindsided once wasn’t sufficient to get the message across. Come the late 1980s, the Japanese scored again by going after the high-end luxury market. Once more, Detroit miscalculated, relying on its internal knowledge, and the result is that Detroit now “owns” less than 50 percent of the domestic car market. Can this industry finally relinquish its arrogance? Will it?

2. Executives don’t want to hear bad or contrary news.

Companies that discourage contrary or negative input tend to blame or punish the messenger, or they may underplay or block news the executive needs to hear, thus exposing themselves to a false reality or getting a pasteurized version of the unfavorable news so that it does not appear quite as dire.

Letting only the good news in is a surefire way to keep your company ignorant about the true—and not always pleasant—state of your business. Refusing to acknowledge problems merely ensures that they won’t be solved. The idea of management in denial has been a recurring theme in business, no less so during economic downturns, and one that is likely to continue if they remain closed to all the information, good or bad.

3. They are unaware of the daily issues that their employees face.

Higher-level executives are too far removed from day-today operations or staff to hear about current, developing problems. Executives tend to be surrounded by human filters whose job seems to be to keep those executives isolated from reality. Sure, some of them report a portion of the intelligence, but most of it just does not get through.

At a conference I attended featuring a panel of three CEOs, one remarked that the same day he received his appointment as CEO, a colleague told him that “today is the last time you will ever hear the truth.” Does that ring a bell for you? Contrast that with the story told about Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton, who established a rigorous management effort to keep his ear to the ground. Walton and his executive team made twice-weekly visits to stores and distribution centers. They talked to customers and staff; they observed merchandise on the shelf and movement across the distribution system; and they discussed their findings at weekly staff meetings.

4. Executives are not exposed to the same realities their customers face.

How many times have executives used the company’s call center or their own internal help desk? How often have executives personally (and anonymously) served their customers? How many have gone on sales calls in the past few years? How many doctors have actually been patients in the same hospital where they work and experienced the service their patients receive?

The reality is that most managers don’t experience quality breakdowns as equipment ages; they don’t deal with the frustration of scheduling service calls; they aren’t subjected to surly and inconsiderate staff. In fact, in one large company (more than 15,000 employees) with a robust help desk, the executives have their own dedicated technician to take care of every issue they face, so they don’t even have to experience what their employees do. And when these issues are reported to executives, they usually defend their company’s response.

5. Executives today may be blindsided by the history, myths, and conventional wisdom related to the industry, competitors, and customers.

“Managers who have been successful develop a vested interest in maintaining things the way they are,” says Robert Sternberg, professor of psychology and dean of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University. He refers to this tendency as “the cost of expertise” in Inc. magazine.

It is indeed a phenomenon that has reared its head in recent times. Immediately after the financial meltdown in October 2008, Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the Federal Reserve, stated in his testimony to Congress, “I did not forecast a significant decline because we never had a significant decline.” In other words, how could we know something would happen when it’s never happened before? At the very least, more and different questions need to be asked.

In a changing world, conventional wisdom is not likely to provide the guidance that is needed. Prepare to experience situations that have not previously occurred; that is today’s norm.

6. The premise upon which the decision is based is weak or insufficient.

Some ideas sound good the first time we hear them. In the excitement of considering the idea based solely its on merits, companies will occasionally skip the due diligence process. It’s not uncommon for some of these ideas to gain support and enthusiasm for proceeding without having been fully vetted.

For example, one client had developed a smaller, portable, less expensive version of a business-to-business product that they had been selling successfully for 12 years. Employees suggested, during internal discussions, that a second and different customer base (distribution channel) was viable. Their thinking and strategy appeared reasonable in their presentation to us.

However, it wasn’t long into our investigation that we learned why this alternative distribution channel could never be successful. The company had never considered those other elements that would preclude success. They relied on a similar strategy for the new distribution channel and they did not realize how different each channel was. It would have been a disastrous decision. As outsiders, we don’t rely on a single approach, so we were able to offer plan B, two other viable markets, albeit not as attractive to the client.

Bottom line: Insufficient information or erroneous assumptions can easily put a company on the wrong track. This reality check clearly proved that this particular company needed more information, insight and intelligence. Our experience and readings in the business press reveal that this same mistake is repeated far too frequently.

7. Executives and their staff become too engaged in or passionate about new offerings, and aren’t able to see the flaws. The result is groupthink.

When a company has invested both time and money into a specific product or service, and there is a lot at stake, the momentum for an idea tends to roll over input that might derail it. As a result, the executive lead and support staff tend to reject the ideas that a reality check may reveal. New information threatens the project and the schedule, so the group marches in lockstep until it’s revealed that the emperor has no clothes.

It should come as no surprise that managers will staunchly support an endeavor that brings their company the most money. But what makes money for your company now may be short term. Again, the Big Three automakers, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler, were so committed to their popular SUVs that they did not want to shift production to smaller and less profitable vehicles. They rationalized decreased customer demand for more fuel-efficient cars as a temporary situation. Unfortunately for them, it wasn’t.

Similarly, Sony spent billions building and rebuilding its Walkman while consumers were moving on to MP3 players. Sony and so many others simply would not or could not abandon their formerly best-selling products in favor of developing a brand-new car, gadget, or whatever might be more efficient or in greater demand from customers.

Executives need to remember the value of the product life cycle and the existence of an arch to sales data. Products don’t stay equally hot or profitable forever. There is a time to let go.

8. Executives don’t see or hear as much as necessary about the forces operating outside their industry.

According to Shell’s vice president of Global Business Environment, “The big decisions that failed at Shell didn’t fail because of our operations or because of project management. They failed because we misunderstood the external world.” When outside information is not included in product development, the likelihood of surprise increases, and it’s rarely a pleasant surprise.

In the words of famed management consultant Peter Drucker, “Ninety percent of the information used in organizations is internally focused, and only ten percent is about the outside environment. This is exactly backwards.” The outside world must be factored into all decisions. After all, that’s where your products or services will be sold. Lew Frankfort, CEO of Coach Leatherworks, a high-end leather and accessories company, regularly and deliberately seeks out what he needs to know. “He runs the business on an ‘exception basis.’ To the extent that there is a significant variation better or worse than expected, we drill in to understand that.” That is, he pays attention to what’s different from his own beliefs, to find out whether the variation indicates a market change or different customer preference.

9. Executives narrow their focus to very specific aspects of their industry.

There is so much information available today, and so little time to digest it all, that some executives focus on only what they believe they need to know. They don’t look for, and therefore don’t see, the bigger picture or the information that may not be obvious. It then becomes much easier to miss problems that are just out of sight.

They focus on the product itself and ignore or underestimate issues relating to packaging or delivery, design or sizing, and attitude or demeanor of those selling or delivering it. A product or service is not simply the end result; it’s also what the customer experiences on his or her way to receiving it. Executives need to make themselves aware of the entire buying process, via sufficient due diligence.

10. Some executives suffer from too much experience.

Can too much experience hurt your judgment? Occasionally, it can. Familiarity with a particular product or process can blind executives to new, different, or foreign information, which they may dismiss as irrelevant. That can be a very costly mistake. How often have you heard an executive proclaim, “I know what my customers want and need”?

Executives fiercely believe that they know their industry—their customers, competitors, market drivers, how and where the industry is growing, and more. And they truly believe they know it better than anyone else. The reality, however, is that they probably know their industry through a filter, a filter of yesterday’s truths and assumptions, and the filter of an insider. Customers, whether B2B or B2C, have a very different view. That’s why new companies enter the market—to respond to this alternate view. Competitive intelligence clarifies that filter and accurately reveals what is happening today and what buyers want. Understanding this is the difference between the company’s deep knowledge of their product and reality. Reality is where you sell your goods or services.

11. Executives can experience information overload.

Executives have the opportunity to know more than ever before and therefore to include better input in their decisions and strategy. The downside to this is that the enormity of available information may result in “closing the door” to protect oneself from being bombarded by the oft-stated sense of information overload. They may prefer to rely on what’s known, even if it’s outdated or untrue. On the other hand, the mere presence of information does not translate to having the right information. Accurate information may be dwarfed by what’s less important but more readily uncovered.

Information benefits companies and executives only when they have the right information, and analyze it to produce intelligence—insight, understanding, implications, and actions for their company.

Curse of Knowledge

Finally, hapless executives may find themselves trapped by the “curse of knowledge.” In other words, once you know something, it becomes hard to imagine not knowing it. These facts appear so obvious to the owners of that knowledge that they cannot even imagine that others don’t “get it.”

Thus, armed with what we know unquestionably to be true, it becomes even more difficult to make a decision that does not support that knowledge. To quote business journalist Janet Rae-Dupree, “It becomes nearly impossible to look beyond what you know and think outside the box you’ve built around yourself” (“Innovative Minds Don’t Think Alike,” New York Times). We don’t consider information other than what we know because what we know has become word and law. However, if executives can resist this inclination and acknowledge that they live in a changing business environment, it follows logically that they will accept that information of relevance to their business must also be changing. Therefore, what they’ve come to accept as “facts” may no longer be true, and if they’re no longer true, then decisions and strategy going forward must operate from a different knowledge base and point of view:

1. Their customers’ positive response to change is their way of declaring a desire for new, improved products or features; smaller or larger sizes; less expensive, lighter-weight, or easier to use products or services.

2. Executives proclaim that they are “keeping up” by responding to customer’s desires. If that were true, customers would continue buying from you. Customers hold up a red flag that your company’s products or services aren’t satisfying them by buying from another. This is how customers tell you that your company is not keeping up. In other words, by not offering customers what they want, you are driving them to a competitor.

3. The shift in mind-set that customers regularly and constantly exhibit must be met with a comparable shift in mind-set from the company.

Curse of Success

The curse of knowledge is comparable to the curse of success. It’s very difficult to not feel some degree of complacency when you’re successful. However, that outlook results in a decreased ability to recognize change or see how change will impact your company. Success breeds an attitude of continuing to do what you’ve done and what has brought you success. How can you let go of what worked even if it’s not working as well? This is a direct path to being blindsided.

So, should hapless executives trust what they know? Or should they start from scratch at each decision point? The best suggestion is likely to strike a balance between these two: As President Ronald Reagan famously said, “Trust but verify.” While Reagan used this phrase in reference to U.S.-Soviet relations in the 1980s, it is equally apt for executives faced with making business decisions upon which the potential success and failure of their business rests.

Be the executive who is prepared and open to input about market changes. It’s the key to smarter decisions, better strategy, and greater success.

Moving from Hapless to Happening

How do you move ahead? How do you continue yesterday’s success and maintain that momentum? How, when, and what do you or should you verify?

In the chapters that follow, we help you understand the broad differences between information and intelligence and what is available. We cover what every forward-thinking executive should know about better input for strategy and planning. We detail how competitive intelligence offers direct and immediate value to you, along with dozens of examples.

We clarify the differences between market research and competitive intelligence, between competitor and competitive intelligence, as well as between scenario planning, knowledge management, and business intelligence. We draw distinctions between data, information, and intelligence and delineate why these differences matter—big-time. We explain what information is useful and address the severe limitations of web searches. And we give you a good list of information resources to start your own intelligence gathering.

Final Thought

Do you still believe you know enough about your market? Do you know what’s new and changing? Do you know what’s no longer true? Do you know what’s changing from the outside that could impact your company? If you do, what are you doing about it? If you don’t, could you be missing an opportunity? Have you been surprised when a competitor or new entrant enjoys success with a product or service or improvement that you never considered?

These are all signs that you need to update your knowledge base—with competitive intelligence.

2

Defining and Refining Competitive Intelligence

Competitive intelligence (CI) is not what you think. Competitive intelligence is not all about competitors.

Surprised? You’re not alone. Most businesspeople focus on competitors to the exclusion of all else. Consequently, they miss the more important information about opportunities and early warning indicators of change that are included in findings that extend beyond competitors.

Competitive intelligence has unfortunately been too closely linked to competitors, and that limits the benefits and scope of CI. Investigations that focus on a company’s competitors will miss the mark. Those who understand that CI embraces so much more than competitors have a distinct competitive and strategic advantage.

Definition of Competitive Intelligence

I define competitive intelligence as follows:

Competitive intelligence is knowledge and foreknowledge about the entire business environment that results in action.

Each word in my definition has been deliberately selected and is critical to achieving the best results from CI.

1. Knowledge refers to the past. It’s what is known or recognized, and it provides a foundation for understanding the past and connecting to new information.

2. Foreknowledge points to the future. It’s looking ahead for insights about the near future and encompasses market changes, as well as indications, predictions, forecasts, and estimates for what is to come.

3. Entire constitutes the wide range of components or factors that can impact the success of your business. An all-embracing view of the entire landscape is necessary to understand the company’s industry or external constituents that contribute to success or failure.

• Components that affect your business include customers, distributors, suppliers, technology, societal changes, government regulations, competitors, economy, substitutes, other industries, prospects, demographics, and legislation.

• Some of these will have greater priority than others, depending on the purpose, but most will play a part. The best results of CI emanate from this broader understanding. Companies run into trouble when they focus only on competitors. (See Chapter 4 on competitors.)

4. Action denotes a decision that must result from this new learning. Without an action based on the results of CI, the information becomes “nice to know.” Few people in business today can afford the merely nice to know, unless you are seeking only to be educated.

Competitive intelligence is a management discipline that propels the decision maker to smarter, more successful decisions, thereby minimizing risk, avoiding being blindsided, and getting it right the first time. Executives are always surprised when their decisions or strategy don’t produce the desired results. Surprises are rarely good in business. Good CI that includes all the appropriate elements of the marketplace is most likely to uncover information that will minimize surprises.

Surprises in business are often early warning signs of market changes. And every business has surprises. Companies who notice change sooner have the opportunity to determine if those changes are relevant to their business. They can accept them outright or monitor them for broader customer acceptance (i.e., to determine whether the change is gaining momentum.)

The following are typical of changes that occur almost daily:

• American women are the fastest-growing part of the motorcycle business, and they buy more than 100,000 of them annually.

• Women own or co-own 20 percent of all construction firms (housingeconomics.com).

• More than 20 percent of Chinese adults are overweight.

• Salt Lake City is the number one market in the United States for households owning a video game system (Scarborough Research).

• Major league soccer draws the highest percentage of affluent attendees, followed by the PGA.

• Los Angeles County is the largest manufacturing center in the United States.

• Education is more important than income or race for living a long life—and this is true globally (Rand Corporation).

• Pepsi is China’s largest potato grower.

• Procter & Gamble has published papers in 40 peer-reviewed journals, although it is a consumer products company with a famously secretive culture.

It might be tempting to think that these facts don’t apply to your business because you’re not in any of these industries. Yet in our CI assignments in well over 100 different industries, we have found similar, surprising information in each. Are you sure your industry is not hiding some surprises of its own? What are you doing to find out? This is what good due diligence reveals.

Once you learn of these surprises, the next step is to think about what those changes mean for your business, and then conduct additional research and take appropriate action, if warranted. For example, knowing that so many women have purchased motorcycles and that thousands more ride, is there a market for related apparel and gear designed for women? Does Salt Lake City have a dedicated video game store? Does major league soccer provide a possible opportunity for your goods at those stadiums? Knowing that Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center, is this a good location for other manufacturing companies to tap into their experienced employee pool?

There are, of course, other definitions of competitive intelligence, including one by the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP www.scip.org), the global organization for competitive intelligence professionals, which defines CI as follows:

“Competitive Intelligence is a necessary, ethical business discipline for decision making based on understanding the competitive environment.”

Competitive Intelligence is Strategic

CI is neither simple nor basic. Data and information may be simple and basic, but CI is not. Rather, it requires analysis and human thinking to put the pieces together and to make sense of numerous disparate pieces. It’s doing what that famous detective, Sherlock Holmes, did—but applied to the business community, for products, services, companies, and industries. It’s having a 360-degree view.

CI is not work that just any employee can do. Both those practitioners who are engaged in CI and those who are using it must have sufficient business experience and maturity in their thinking to assess and determine where and how it fits in with the company’s strategy.