Conquer Your Fear of Flying E-Book

Maeve Byrne Crangle

• Herausgeber: Gill Books
• Kategorie: Ratgeber
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2010

Beschreibung

Fear of Flying? Fear no more! Read this life-changing bestseller and look forward to a positive flying future. Post 9/11 and following events like the MH17 Russian Plane crash and the mystery of 'missing flight MH370' even the most intrepid air-traveller would be forgiven for feeling anxious about flying. But best-selling author, consultant Psychologist and facilitator of the world renowned Fearless Flying Programme Dr Maeve Byrne Crangle reassures us in this life-changing book that although incidents, such as the attacks on the World Trade Centre in 2001, reinforce people's fears of flying we must focus on the fact that millions of flights take off and land safely all the time. Conquer Your Fear of Flying is a positive and empowering guide to help you overcome anxiety and panic attacks when travelling by plane. Based on The Fearless Flying Programme, successfully run by Consultant Psychologist Dr Maeve Byrne Crangle, and now updated with the latest information on security screening and safety procedures at airports, this well-established book examines the many types of anxiety involved with flying and sets out a workable plan to conquer these apprehensions. It offers a programme of self-management, showing the reader how to use proven stress management techniques to cope with and diffuse anxiety and panic before and during flights. Included in this third edition are sections on the power of the mind and the use of affirmations, as well as flight plans, frequently asked questions, and golden rules for fearless flying. For over twenty years Dr Maeve Byrne Crangle ran the Fearless Flying Programmes for Aer Lingus, Ireland's national airline. Over 96% of participants in these programmes now travel more comfortably by air – and enjoy the experience. Air travel remains statistically safer than crossing the road and flying has proved to be twenty-five times safer than driving your own car. Conquer Your Fear of Flying is the book to convince even the most faint-hearted flyers of these facts, and to help them towards a happy and fearless future with air travel.

Leseprobe

Conquer Your Fear of Flying

THIRDEDITION

MAEVE BYRNE CRANGLE

B.A., M.A., Ph.D.

Gill & Macmillan

Dedication

I wish to dedicate this book to my wonderful husband, John, who has made a tremendous contribution to aviation in general. In his capacity as Chief Flying Instructor, he has trained numerous student pilots to commercial airline level and many are now captains in their own right.

He has also made a significant contribution to the Fearless Flying Programmes with his lectures on the technical aspects of flying and aerodynamics. Many clients have remarked on his infectious enthusiasm and knowledge, which helps them better understand how aircraft fly.

My sincerest appreciation and love for his incisive editing of this third edition and his enlightening chapters contained within the book.

Contents

Cover

Title page

Dedication

Preface

Introduction

Part One

Chapter 1: How Common is the Fear of Flying?

Chapter 2: Causes of the Fear of Flying

Chapter 3: Personal and Flight-related Fears

Chapter 4: Flight Personnel

Chapter 5: They Really do Fly

Chapter 6: The Pilot’s Day

Chapter 7: The Aircraft Diagram and Flight Plan

Chapter 8: Into the Future, Looking Back

Part Two

Chapter 9: The Nature of Anxiety

Chapter 10: Conquer Your Fear of Flying

Chapter 11: Self-management Programme

Chapter 12: Security, Terrorism and Safety

Chapter 13: In-flight Health — Deep Vein Thrombosis

Chapter 14: Nutrition and Fear of Flying

Chapter 15: Frequently Asked Questions

Chapter 16: Personal Flight Plan

Chapter 17: Golden Rules for Fearless Flying

Chapter 18: Comments from Former Fearful Fliers

Conclusion

Copyright

About the Author

About Gill & Macmillan

Preface

Every second, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, an aeroplane is taking off or landing in some country somewhere in the world. Flying is 18 times safer than staying at home and 29 times safer than driving a car, yet despite these excellent safety statistics over 500 million people throughout the world are too terrified to fly, and millions more, while they will travel by air, do so in a state of severe anxiety and distress.

Let me assure you that fear of flying need not be a permanent affliction. It is possible to learn how to conquer this problem, as long as you are seriously committed to doing so. Over the past 25 years of working with fearful flyers I have been genuinely upset on many occasions by the number of people who have had to forgo ‘once in a lifetime’ career opportunities, not forgetting the hundreds who have missed out on amazing holidays abroad. On the other hand, I have been equally impressed by the number of courageous people who have successfully learned how to deal with this problem, and who can now enjoy experiences and lifestyles that would have been impossible without first overcoming the obstacle their fear placed in their way.

The Fearless Flying Programmes are conducted with groups and individuals, but many people who are affected by a fear of flying do not have access to these programmes, and the main purpose of this book is to reach this wider audience.

This third edition of the book includes technical information about how something as big as an aeroplane gets off the ground, and information to help you appreciate the functions of all the flight personnel who play a major role in ensuring the safe operation of your flight. It also looks at the nature of your personal fears in order to assist you to understand the nature of anxiety, the factors that maintain it and — most important of all — a step-by-step self-management programme on how to conquer your fear of flying.

The book is divided into two parts. In Part One, some chapters on technical issues have been enhanced and an aeroplane diagram, with full explanations, has been included, together with a pilot’s flight plan. These will give the reader a better understanding of the essential background procedures involved in flying.

In Part Two I have included additional skills, more up-to-date safety information, golden rules regarding fearless flying, comments from former clients and more Frequently Asked Questions. The feedback from people who have successfully completed my Fearless Flying Programmes has been very positive, and many have said how effective and beneficial the methods used in the programmes have been. These methods have enabled people to control their fear rather than being a victim of it. As one client described her feelings on completion of the course:

‘I have learned how to break free from the prison of my fear. I now have a wonderful feeling of independence and I can live my life more fully and achieve my dreams and goals with greater expectations.’

To sum up, this book includes a range of techniques, recommendations, aviation information and a self-management programme.

Overcoming any fear requires patience, persistence, determination and commitment, and each person’s fear is unique to that person. If you are sufficiently motivated you may wish to use this book as a basis for developing your own programme, drawing from any of the variety of skills outlined.

As can be seen from the comments of former clients in Chapter 18, the programmes outlined in the book have helped many people break the shackles of fear that have chained them to the ground; they are now free to travel in an aeroplane and live much more fulfilling and enriching lives. This third edition can only consolidate that process.

I wish you every success in your efforts in overcoming your fear of flying and exploring new horizons.

Introduction

Pioneers of the Sky — The History of Flight

‘The natural function of the wing is to soar upwards and carry that which is heavy up to the place where dwells the race of gods. More than any other thing that pertains to the body it partakes of the divine.’

Plato, Phaedres

Man’s dream of being able to fly was first conceived in his imagination and from time immemorial mankind has had a fascination with flight. Thanks to the ingenuity, Trojan work and determination of the early pioneers of flight, gigantic strides have been made in the field of aviation down through the years. The twentieth century saw unimaginable progress and development in aviation, especially with the invention of jet flight. Access to almost any country in the world is now possible. Magellan and his fleet took three years to circumnavigate the world. Nowadays air travellers can complete the same journey in less than two days. A transatlantic flight from Ireland takes approximately seven hours. A few years ago an Aer Lingus jet flew eastbound across the Atlantic in four and a half hours. This is an astonishing feat when you consider that it took Christopher Columbus 71 days to cross the same ocean. Air transport has undoubtedly revolutionised civilisation in ways that the early trail-blazers could not possibly have envisaged. Air travel, which is taken for granted today, owes its origins to man’s attempt to unravel the secrets of flight by observing the movements of birds through the air. From earliest times he had a vision of creatures other than birds being able to fly. Stories from the mythology of early civilisations frequently portrayed deities, monsters, animals and men as having wings, thereby being endowed with the gift of flight. As far back as 3000 BC Babylonian artists illustrated the story of Etana the flying shepherd, while the Egyptians had a winged god and the Assyrians a winged bull. One of the earliest stories of flight tells of Daedalus and his son Icarus who flew on feathered wings.

Most people associate the Wright brothers with the advent of flight; however, the early pioneers of flight go back much further. In fact it was in the thirteenth century that one of the earliest investigators of flight, Friar Roger Bacon, made proposals for a mechanical bird. Three hundred years later the Jesuit Francesco de Lana designed a brilliant but totally unworkable airship. Time moved on and in 1709 the Portuguese Father Gusmao is credited with having actually flown a model glider and also a model hot-air balloon.

The great Leonardo da Vinci was the first man to introduce scientific facts into dreams of flight. ‘A bird’, he said, ‘is an instrument working according to mathematical laws, which instrument is within the capacity of man to reproduce in all its movements.’ Leonardo designed various flying machines which depended upon considerable horsepower or muscle power for their successful operation. The concept of engine power had not been developed in that era; consequently it was impossible for him to adequately test his designs, given the amount of power available. Many centuries later IBM recreated some of Leonardo’s flying models, attached engines to them and proved that they do work.

Throughout the nineteenth century considerable aeronautical progress was forged by experiments with ‘lighter-than-air’ flight and ‘heavier-than-air’ machines. A lighter-than-air craft is one that rises by means of an agent, such as hot air or gas, whose density is lower than the atmosphere around it. Experiments led from balloons to airships and formed an exciting phase in flying history.

The balloon era was initiated in 1783 when the Montgolfier brothers built a small hot-air balloon and successfully flew it. The balloon was a spherical linen and paper bag, open at one end and mounted above a fire which heated the air within and caused the device to rise to a height of 6,000 feet. In the same year the first air travellers were a cock, a duck and a sheep, and they successfully ascended in a Montgolfier balloon from Versailles, outside Paris.

In that same year the first human passenger flight in history took place when Frenchman Pilatre de Rozier and a companion took off in a hot-air balloon from a garden in the Bois de Boulogne, outside Paris. They were cheered on by thousands of enthusiastic spectators as the balloon ascended to a height of approximately 300 feet and drifted five and a half miles across Paris in a timespan of 25 minutes.

Shortly after this exciting event, a second passenger flight was made by Professor Jacques Charles and a friend. Charles had made important progress by inventing the hydrogen balloon in which they ascended, and they stayed aloft longer and flew further, a distance of 27 miles from Paris to the village of Nesle. Two years later, in 1785, more aeronautical progress was made when Jean Blanchard and Dr John Jeffries crossed the English Channel in a gas-filled balloon. In Ireland there was great interest in this new venture of flight. This was the year that saw the first balloon ascent in Ireland, made by Wicklow man Richard Crosbie, who ascended from Ranelagh Gardens in Dublin and drifted as far as the North Strand. Several years later, in 1817, the Irish Sea was crossed by William Sadler, who ascended from Portobello Barracks in Dublin and safely landed on the Isle of Anglesey six hours later. In 1844 the American public’s imagination was whetted by a fictitious account of a balloon crossing of the Atlantic. This creative report was written by Edgar Allan Poe, published as fact on the front page of the New York Sun and studied avidly by its readers.

The nineteenth century marked a very important phase in aviation history when experiments conducted with balloons progressed to airships. In 1852 a steerable balloon — known as a dirigible — was developed by French engineer Henri Giffard. Instead of hot air or hydrogen gas, this craft was flown by Giffard, who continuously stoked its underslung steam engine to maintain its momentum. The turn of the twentieth century saw the invention of the first practical rigid dirigible, which was built by Count von Zeppelin, using an aluminium framework approximately 400 feet in length. He flew the giant aircraft from Lake Constance in Germany, ascending to a height of 1,300 feet at a speed of 8 miles per hour. Zeppelins remained the best of such large-scale aircraft until the 1930s, when production ceased following a series of tragic disasters.

In pursuit of making the vision of flight a reality, progress was achieved through a variety of inventions throughout the world. One of the most prominent pioneer inventors of these times was Sir George Cayley, who was responsible for laying the foundation of modern aerodynamics. Cayley constructed very effective model gliders. One day in 1853 he sent his coachman aloft in a full-sized machine across a valley in Brompton, and this is now marked as the first gliding flight in history. In England and France steam-powered aeroplanes were designed in the late 1800s which were completely successful. Between 1896 and 1901 Samuel Langley, an American scientist, flew some wonderful model tandem-wing aircraft. The development of aviation was also being pursued in Australia, when in 1893 the inventor Lawrence Hargrave designed the box-kite. Hargrave is attributed with other important work that proved vital in the development of some of Europe’s early aircraft.

It was in the latter part of the nineteenth century that a German designer successfully flew a steadily improving variety of air-worthy gliders, paving the way for man to conquer the air and fly. However, one of the major problems for aircraft designers still remained — the question of how to devise a lightweight power unit and steering device. The solution to the first part of this problem was eventually resolved by Gottlieb Daimler when he developed the four-cycle internal combustion engine, originally invented in 1876.

The first practical, powered aeroplane was designed not by aircraft designers or engineers or indeed scientists, but by two bicycle mechanics, Wilbur and Orville Wright, who lived in Dayton, Ohio. The Wright brothers made a meticulous and comprehensive study of all the available data. In 1900–2 they built three gliders and concentrated on becoming completely proficient at flying and control. Not until they were competent at flight control, in particular banked turns, did they endeavour to construct a powered machine. It is absolutely true to say that the Wright brothers were the first to build a practical, powered aeroplane. In 1903 they built a biplane powered by a 12 horsepower internal combustion engine with cambered wings spanning 40 feet and with two propellers.

History records 17 December 1903 as the dawn of aviation. On that great day, Orville took off in the little biplane from Kill Devil Hills, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. He flew a ground distance of 120 feet in 12 seconds. Later that morning Wilbur flew an air distance of half a mile in 59 seconds. At last the age-old question had been answered. It was now possible to steer an aircraft and man’s vision of flight had become a reality. An exhilarating new era opened and from that day forward the world has never been the same.

PART ONE

CHAPTER1

How Common is the Fear of Flying?

Down through the centuries, countless people have associated an aura of excitement, awe and romance with air travel. In the twenty-first century, air transport is seen as a means to an end rather than an end in itself. Man’s knowledge of the world has expanded and international aviation has contributed much more than a transport service for people and consumer goods. Air travel has become increasingly important from a broad range of perspectives, which include personal, business, humanitarian and political among others.

The inability to travel by air is perceived by numerous aerophobics and fearful fliers as a major handicap. As a result of this problem, many restrictions are imposed on the quality of their lives in terms of their ability to pursue business development, career promotions and personal relationships. Recreational pursuits such as holidays, cultural, scientific and other educational interests have also been seriously affected by sufferers of this problem.

Although aviation specialists estimate that increasing numbers of people are flying further afield more frequently than at any other time in our civilisation, the fear of flying is a very common problem which has long been a subject of popular and professional interest. It is a topic of fascination and is often a subject of discussion on television, radio shows and magazine articles.

Fear of Flying is Not a Modern Affliction

Fear of flying is not as modern a phenomenon as many believe. Anxiety associated with flying has been reported since man first flew. Early studies of the problem focused on military air crews. Psychological reactions to flying were initially studied during World War One when high psychiatric casualty rates were recorded among military air crews. After approximately 10 hours of flight training, these men became fighter pilots and immediately commenced combat in the air. In 1919 Dr H. E. Anderson investigated psychiatric problems among some military pilots and diagnosed their symptoms as a fear of flying. His observations and recommendations initiated much of what has been written since. According to Anderson, many experienced ‘unhappiness in the air and morbid thoughts’ which required prompt psychological attention. He coined the term ‘aeroneurosis’ for the range of symptoms resulting in a reluctance to fly. Other doctors at that time included the following among the symptoms related to a fear of flying:

•mental and physical exhaustion

•conduct disorders

•traumatic physical experiences.

As with many other areas of science, technology and human relations, World War Two was the watershed for understanding the psychological disorder of the fear of flying. During and after World War Two more in-depth studies on the nature of flight-related anxiety among military air crews appeared. Descriptions of men suffering psychic trauma during and after combat were similar but more intense than those noted in World War One. Sleeplessness, nervousness, agitation, physical complaints, nightmares and phobic responses to planes were noted. Treatment at that time consisted of counselling, convalescent leave and rest.

With the development and increasing importance of commercial aviation, the fear of flying as experienced by the airline passenger began to receive more attention. As larger air transport carriers emerged, air travel became accessible to more than an elite few. Increasing numbers of airlines offered competitive air fares, bonus points for frequent air travellers and package deals to attractive destinations. Travelling by air became an affordable option available to the majority. However, as the number of passengers travelling by air increased each year, more and more people began to find air travel a daunting and traumatic experience.

It was in the late 1960s and early 1970s that air travel anxiety among civilian passengers was first studied. Psychologists and psychiatrists devised successful treatment methods to help sufferers overcome the problem. The good news resulting from these studies and treatments was that irrespective of the length of time one had this problem or the severity of the condition, the fear of flying is definitely a reversible condition for the majority of sufferers.

In response to cries for help from the public, many major international airlines offer courses to enable anxious passengers to cope with their fear and travel more comfortably.

Prevalence of Fear of Flying

The fear of flying is a problem that can develop in anyone, irrespective of age, socio-economic status, career background or indeed air travel experience. Many regular passengers who fly frequently on short flights or long-haul trips are quite startled when they realise they are developing this fear. It is a problem that can affect young and old. The youngest client I worked with was seven years old, and the oldest client to date was a delightful 75-year-old lady who hadn’t flown for 40 years and has since travelled extensively throughout Europe.

Fearful fliers come from all walks of life and backgrounds. They can be found among home-makers, school teachers, solicitors, doctors, church ministers, business executives, bankers, politicians, artists, journalists and entertainers. It will come as no surprise that many people in the travel industry have suffered a problem with flying. On a worldwide basis, more women than men admit to being fearful of flying, but researchers generally believe that women are more willing to come forward for help. Certainly in Ireland marginally more women than men seem to suffer from the problem. Over the last decade the average age of those seeking help was in the mid-40s to 50s bracket, but this is now changing as increasing numbers of younger businessmen and women in their late 20s and early 30s seek help for what they describe as a crippling fear. Many are apprehensive that if they don’t overcome their fear of air travel, it will inevitably affect their career prospects.

According to aviation specialists who treat this problem, over 500 million people worldwide have a severe fear of flying. The Boeing Aircraft Corporation carried out a study on the subject 20 years ago and found that 25 million Americans were afraid to fly. More recent estimates suggest that this figure has now risen to over 30 million. The prevalence of this problem has been studied in other countries such as Australia, which showed that 20 per cent of the population are afraid to fly. Fifty per cent of the Dutch population have never flown and 28 per cent confess to being too frightened to fly. It is reckoned that in the United Kingdom one in every 15 adults experiences intense fear when flying, while the results of a study of 1,000 people in Iceland showed that 18 per cent were afraid of flying. The problem was also examined in the Scandinavian countries of Norway and Sweden. Of 1,000 Norwegians studied, 22 per cent reported acute anxiety when flying and 5 per cent refuse to fly. In Sweden a similar study showed that 36 per cent admitted to feeling very apprehensive when flying and 8 per cent admitted to a severe fear at the prospect of boarding an aeroplane.

In addition to having a fear of air travel, many fear admitting they have such a problem, which makes an already stress-loaded situation even worse. Some believe it is socially unacceptable to admit to a fear of flying; still more find it embarrassing and say they feel ashamed of their fear; many see the problem as a sign of personal weakness. Their usual method of masking it is to say they just don’t like it, or to make excuses: ‘It’s a better idea if we take the ferry. We can take the car and see more of the countryside.’

Lengths to which People Go to Avoid Flying

Business executives who are compelled to fly on company business are among those most seriously affected. One passenger described how he suffered so much before flying to important business meetings that by the time he arrived he could hardly function coherently. He was totally drained and couldn’t get the horror of making the return flight out of his mind for the duration of the meeting. Many businesspeople describe how they spent days, in some cases weeks, depending on the destination, travelling overland to attend business meetings or conferences rather than take a flight that would transport them to their destination in a matter of hours. An executive businessman related how he spent four days travelling to Paris and four days on the return journey, while his colleagues flew to the meeting in an hour and a half. Numerous people have either refused career promotions or resigned from jobs that would entail frequent air travel. Many now have a stipulation written into their contract that under no circumstances will they be obliged to fly.

There are many accounts of victims booking holidays and losing their deposits when they decided not to travel. Others have actually deserted family and friends just as they were about to board the aeroplane or just before the aircraft door closed. One Christmas Eve some years ago a young woman travelling to Switzerland with her family for the holiday jumped up and ran off the aircraft before the door closed. Her family flew on to Switzerland while she spent Christmas alone in a London hotel. One of the most extreme cases concerns a young man who spent two years flying to various destinations across Europe on a working holiday. His ambition was to travel to the Far East, which he successfully achieved. Unfortunately, when he was there he developed a severe fear of flying and spent months travelling overland on his return journey home. A fear of flying can strike at any time, but help is now available.

Among fearful fliers it is interesting to note that slightly over 50 per cent of them believe that flying is not dangerous. Only a very small percentage worry about their nearest and dearest travelling by air; the majority have no such problem. They only worry about themselves flying and that the aeroplane they are travelling on will develop a serious problem. Many who are fearful will continue to travel uncomfortably by air, but the course of action for many others who are terrified is to avoid the situation. Undoubtedly avoidance gives relief from the fear, but unfortunately avoidance only strengthens the fear.

An Irrational Fear

In general, aerophobics agree that their fear is totally irrational, illogical and unreasonable. An example of this irrationality was given by one client who plucked up the courage to fly from Dublin to Tenerife with his family. For the entire duration of the four-hour flight he was terrified, while the others were quite comfortable and enjoyed the flight. On arrival at their destination, they took a taxi to their hotel. Despite the fact that the driver seemed to be under the influence of alcohol and drove dangerously at high speed, this man relaxed completely, delighted that he wasn’t flying, while the others were quite realistically terrified they were going to have a serious accident at any moment. He said that he didn’t care if the driver did somersaults with the car as long as he was back on the ground.

Another example of the irrationality of this problem was related by a journalist who was sent by his editor to report on events unfolding in a country where there was tremendous political unrest. When asked by concerned family and friends if he was fearful of taking on this assignment, he admitted that he was far more fearful of flying overseas than actually working in a dangerous war-torn country.

Some have admitted they were unable to enjoy the excitement of their wedding preparations because they were so worried about their honeymoon flight. They went through the trauma of the flight as they did not want to disappoint their new spouse by cancelling the trip. On the other hand, it is not unknown for honeymoon trips to locations such as Hawaii, Bali, Australia and, even closer to home, the romantic city of Paris to have been cancelled due to a fear of air travel. Family members have missed special family celebrations such as weddings in beautiful countries like the Seychelles and Barbados due to the same problem.

For some, the duration of the flight is more important than the destination. One person said, ‘It doesn’t matter where I’m going, it’s the length of the flight.’ Another said, ‘When my husband brings home the travel brochures for our annual holiday, I immediately become despondent and I browse through them looking for destinations that involve the least amount of flying time.’ Yet another stated, ‘I don’t care where we go. My husband accuses me of being totally unenthusiastic and we inevitably end up having a dramatic row and I am in bad humour for days.’

A trip that millions could only dream about was refused by Grainne following her graduation from university when her favourite Australian aunt offered her a present of a round-the-world trip with all expenses paid. Her aunt wrote to her saying that she couldn’t understand how a young woman could refuse such a wonderful opportunity, but Grainne insisted that she didn’t mind not going because of her fear of flying. She really didn’t want the gift and felt that she wasn’t missing out on anything. In fact it was a relief for her not to have to put herself through such a horrendous ordeal.

‘No one really understands how I feel’ is a remark heard frequently. ‘When we are out with friends my problem becomes a topic of conversation, with one friend trying to outdo the other with stories of outrageous incidents on flights. They don’t seem to realise how this is affecting me.’ Other sufferers resent how ‘everyone seems to be an authority on my fear of flying. Even though flying doesn’t bother them, I’m forever being advised to pull myself together or take a few brandies or tranquillisers or, better still, a sleeping pill, but this advice doesn’t work.’

It is clear from the above examples that the experience is seen as a major ordeal and can have serious repercussions on the lifestyle of the individual.

Personality Traits of the Fearful Flier

People frequently ask, ‘My parents were terrified of flying. Have I inherited their fear?’ or ‘I’ve always been afraid of flying ever since I was a child. I’ve no recollection of ever hearing anything bad about flying, but the fear has been there for as long as I can remember. Is it possible I’m born with this fear?’ Others state, ‘I just don’t understand why I’m afraid of flying. I have never had a bad experience on a flight, everyone in our family flies quite happily except me and I feel so stupid and inadequate. Is this a flaw in my personality?’ Aerophobics, along with those who are prone to anxiety disorders and phobias, tend to share certain personality traits, including positive traits such as intelligence and creativity. Other qualities that tend to intensify anxiety and interfere with self-esteem and confidence include perfectionism, the need to have things under control and an overly cautious attitude in general. Others describe themselves as being of an easy-going disposition while also admitting to being of a nervous disposition or a worrier, which is a complete contradiction.

Hereditary Components of Fear

Based on evidence to date, it appears that you do not inherit irrational fears such as claustrophobia, agoraphobia or panic attacks from your parents. What is inherited seems to be a personality type that makes you more inclined to be overly anxious. However, it is important to be aware of the fact that many who have a hereditary tendency to develop one of these problems do not do so. The generally accepted conclusion is that most human behaviour develops as a result of a combination of childhood experiences, environmental factors and parental/family influences.

Childhood and Family Influences

Childhood experiences and family influences can also be relevant factors, in certain cases, to predisposing many individuals to anxiety disorders. Well-meaning parents, who are possibly more nervous than the average and who are loving and caring in every possible way towards their children, frequently admonish them to be careful when riding their bicycles or climbing trees or not to sit at the back of the bus for fear of an accident. As a result of such warnings from overprotective parents, what is communicated to the child is to be ultra careful and not to trust anybody. Children may therefore grow up with a tendency to be over-cautious in situations and places where danger is unlikely to exist.

The Role of Perfectionism