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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
This handbook is derived from the online reference "Corrosion Handbook", bringing together the relevant information about corrosion protection and prevention for steels, one of the most widely used materials. It provides comprehensive information, including tabulated data and references, on the corrosion properties of the following materials:
Unalloyed steels and cast steel, unalloyed cast iron, high-alloy cast iron, high-silicon cast iron, structural steels with up to 12% chromium, ferritic chromium steels with more than 12% chromium, ferritic-austenitic steels with more than 12% chromium, high-alloy multiphase steels, ferritic/perlitic-martensitic steels, ferritic-austenitic steels/duplex steels, austenitic chromium-nickel steels, austenitic chromium-nickel-molybdenum steels, austenitic chromium-nickel steels with special alloying additions, special iron-based alloys, and zinc.
The following corrosive media are considered: Seawater, brackish water, industrial waste water, municipal waste water, drinking water, high-purity water.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Editors
Copyright
Preface
How to use the Handbook
Warranty disclaimer
High Purity Water
Introduction
Physical and chemical properties
Unalloyed and low alloyed steels/Cast steel
Non-alloyed cast iron
High-alloyed cast iron
Ferritic chromium steels with < 13% Cr
Ferritic chromium steels with ≥ 13% Cr
High-alloyed multiphase steels
Austenitic CrNi steels
Austenitic CrNiMo(N)steels
Nickel
Nickel-chromium alloys
Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (without Mo)
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys
Nickel-copper alloys
Nickel-molybdenum alloys
Zinc
Bibliography
Drinking Water
Drinking Water – Survey Table
Introduction
Unalloyed steels and cast steel
Unalloyed cast iron
Structural steels with up to 12% chromium
Ferritic chromium steels with more than 12% chromium
Ferritic-austenitic steels with more than 12% chromium
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels
Austenitic chromium-nickel-molybdenum steels
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels with special alloying additions
Zinc
Bibliography
Seawater
Introduction
V 1 Marine atmosphere, splash, tidal and immersion zones
V 2 Seawater corrosion parameters
V 3 Corrosion types
Unalloyed and low-alloyed steels/cast steel
Unalloyed cast iron and low-alloy cast iron
High-alloy cast iron
Ferritic chromium steels with < 13% Cr
Ferritic chromium steels with ≥ 13% Cr
High-alloy multiphase steels
Ferritic/pearlitic-martensitic steels
Ferritic-austenitic steels/duplex steels
Austenitic CrNi steels
Austenitic CrNiMo(N) steels
Austenitic CrNiMoCu(N) steels
Nickel
Nickel-chromium alloys
Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (without Mo)
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys
Nickel-copper alloys
Nickel-molybdenum alloys
Other nickel alloys
Zinc
Bibliography
Waste Water (Municipal)
Waste Water (Municipal) – Survey Table
Introduction
Unalloyed steels and cast steel
Unalloyed cast iron
Ferritic chromium steels with more than 12% chromium
Ferritic austenitic steels with more than 12% chromium
Austenitic CrNi steels
Austenitic CrNiMo(N) steels
Austenitic CrNiMoCu(N)-steels
Zinc
Bibliography
Waste Water (Industrial)
Introduction
Unalloyed steels and low-alloy steels/cast steel
Unalloyed cast iron and low-alloy cast iron
High-alloy cast iron
Silicon cast iron
Ferritic chromium steels with < 13 % Cr
Ferritic chromium steels with ≥ 13 % Cr
High-alloy multiphase steels
Ferritic/pearlitic-martensitic steels
Ferritic-austenitic steels/duplex steels
Austenitic CrNi steels
Austenitic CrNiMo(N) steels
Austenitic CrNiMoCu(N) steels
Nickel-chromium alloys
Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (without Mo)
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys
Nickel-copper alloys
Zinc
Bibliography
Key to materials compositions
Index of materials
Subject index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
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Corrosion Resistance of Steels, Nickel Alloys and Zinc in Aqueous Media
Editors
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael SchützeDECHEMA-ForschungsinstitutChairman of the Executive BoardTheodor-Heuss-Allee 2560486 Frankfurt am MainGermany
Marcel RochePresident of CEFRACORFrench Corrosion Society28 rue Saint Dominique75007 ParisFrance
Dr. rer. nat. Roman BenderChief Executive of GfKORR e. V.Society for Corrosion ProtectionTheodor-Heuss-Allee 2560486 Frankfurt am MainGermany
Cover IllustrationSource: DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut,Frankfurt (Main), Germany
Warranty Disclaimer
This book has been compiled from literature data with the greatest possible care and attention. The statements made only provide general descriptions and information.
Even for the correct selection of materials and correct processing, corrosive attack cannot be excluded in a corrosion system as it may be caused by previously unknown critical conditions and influencing factors or subsequently modified operating conditions.
No guarantee can be given for the chemical stability of the plant or equipment. Therefore, the given information and recommendations do not include any statements, from which warranty claims can be derived with respect to DECHEMA e.V. or its employees or the authors.
The DECHEMA e.V. is liable to the customer, irrespective of the legal grounds, for intentional or grossly negligent damage caused by their legal representatives or vicarious agents.
For a case of slight negligence, liability is limited to the infringement of essential contractual obligations (cardinal obligations). DECHEMA e.V. is not liable in the case of slight negligence for collateral damage or consequential damage as well as for damage that results frominterruptions in the operations or delays whichmay arise fromthe deployment of this book.
This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, editors, authors and publisher do not warrant the information contained therein to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Library of Congress Card No.: Applied for.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Bibliographic information published by
Die Deutsche BibliothekDie Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de>.
© 2016 DECHEMA e.V., Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, 60486 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – nor transmitted or translated into machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
ISBN: 978-3-527-34069-9
Preface
Practically all industries face the problem of corrosion – from the micro-scale of components for the electronics industries to the macro-scale of those for the chemical and construction industries. This explains why the overall costs of corrosion still amount to about 2 to 4% of the gross national product of industrialised countries despite the fact that billions of dollars have been spent on corrosion research during the last few decades.
Much of this research was necessary due to the development of new technologies, materials and products, but it is no secret that a considerable number of failures in technology nowadays could, to a significant extent, be avoided if existing knowledge were used properly. This fact is particularly true in the field of corrosion and corrosion protection. Here, a wealth of information exists, but unfortunately in most cases it is scattered over many different information sources. However, as far back as 1953, an initiative was launched in Germany to compile an information system from the existing knowledge of corrosion and to complement this information with commentaries and interpretations by corrosion experts. The information system, entitled “DECHEMA-WERKSTOFF-TABELLE” (DECHEMA Corrosion Data Sheets), grew rapidly in size and content during the following years and soon became an indispensable tool for all engineers and scientists dealing with corrosion problems. This tool is still a living system today: it is continuously revised and updated by corrosion experts and thus represents a unique source of information. Currently, it comprises more than 12,000 pages with approximately 110,000 corrosion systems (i.e., all relevant commercial materials and media), based on the evaluation of over 100,000 scientific and technical articles which are referenced in the database.
Increasing demand for an English version of the DECHEMA WERKSTOFFTABELLE arose in the 1980’s; accordingly the first volume of the DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook was published in 1987. This was a slightly condensed version of the German edition and comprised 12 volumes. Before long, this handbook had spread all over the world and become a standard tool in countless laboratories outside Germany. The second edition of the DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook was published in 2004. Together the two editions covered 24 volumes.
Water is commonly described either in terms of its nature, usage, or origin. The implications in these descriptions range from being highly specific to very general. The present handbook compiles new and updated information on the corrosion behaviour of iron, nickel, zinc and their alloys in contact with the following water grades: drinking water, sea water, industrial and municipal waste water and high purity water.
All water contains some dissolved oxygen and is therefore somewhat corrosive. The rate of corrosion depends on many factors including the water’s pH, electrical conductivity, oxygen concentration, and temperature. In addition to corrosion, metals dissolve when the water is extremely low in dissolved salts and in the presence of certain water-borne ions.
Understanding how to improve the corrosion resistance of iron, nickel, zinc and their alloys used in construction, transport and storage vessels and structures against this omnipresent chemical is crucial for all industries involved. This book is therefore an indispensable tool for all mechanical, civil and chemical engineers, material scientists and chemists working with these materials.
This handbook highlights the limitations of iron, nickel, zinc and their alloys in various water grades and provides vital information on corrosion protection measures. The chapters are arranged by the media leading to individual corrosion reactions, and a vast number of alloys are presented in terms of their behaviour in these media. The key information consists of quantitative data on corrosion rates coupled with commentaries on the background and mechanisms of corrosion behind these data, together with the dependencies on secondary parameters, such as flow-rate, pH, temperature, etc. Where necessary this information is complemented by more detailed annotations and by an immense number of references listed at the end of each chapter.
An important feature of this handbook is that the data was compiled for industrial use. Therefore, particularly for those working in industrial laboratories or for industrial clients, the book will be an invaluable source of rapid information for day to day problem solving. The handbook will have fulfilled its task if it helps to avoid the failures and problems caused by corrosion simply by providing a comprehensive source of information summarising the present state of the art. Last but not least, in cases where this knowledge is applied, there is a good chance of decreasing the costs of corrosion significantly.
Finally the editors would like to express their appreciation to Dr. Rick Durham and Dr. Horst Massong for their admirable commitment and meticulous editing of a work that is encyclopaedic in scope.
Michael Schütze, Marcel Roche and Roman Bender
Warranty disclaimer
This book has been compiled from literature data with the greatest possible care and attention. The statements made in this book only provide general descriptions and information.
Even for the correct selection of materials and correct processing, corrosive attack cannot be excluded in a corrosion system as it may be caused by previously unknown critical conditions and influencing factors or subsequently modified operating conditions.
No guarantee can be given for the chemical stability of the plant or equipment. Therefore, the given information and recommendations do not include any statements, from which warranty claims can be derived with respect to DECHEMA e.V. or its employees or the authors.
The DECHEMA e.V. is liable to the customer, irrespective of the legal grounds, for intentional or grossly negligent damage caused by their legal representatives or vicarious agents.
For a case of slight negligence, liability is limited to the infringement of essential contractual obligations (cardinal obligations). DECHEMA e.V. is not liable in the case of slight negligence for collateral damage or consequential damage as well as for damage that results from interruptions in the operations or delays which may arise from the deployment of this book.
High Purity Water
Authors: M. B. Rockel, D. Schedlitzki, R. Durham / Editor: R. Bender
Introduction
High purity water is completely demineralised water, which through additional purification processes leads to the removal of remaining electrolytes, organic substances, particles, colloidal components, microbiological impurities and dissolved gases to a very low content. Typical residual contents of electrolytes in high purity water are a few ppt, for microorganisms < 1 CFU/ml and for organic components (TOC) < 10 ppb. Until now there is no generally valid definition for the classification of high purity water, however in various applications guidelines and standards exist in which specifications for high purity water are contained [1–3]. A selection of these guidelines and standards are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Guidelines and standards concerning specifcations for high purity water
Guideline / Standard
Application
Literature
DIN ISO 3696
Analytical chemistry
[4]
ASTM D1193
Analytical chemistry
[5]
DAB 10 (German Pharmacopoeia)
Pharmaceuticals, medical products
[6]
EUAB (European Pharmacopoeia)
Pharmaceuticals, medical products, injections
[7]
NCCLS approved guideline C3–A3
Clinical laboratories
[8]
USP 27
Pharmaceuticals
[9]
VDI 2083 Sheet 9 (Draft)
Clean room technology, electronics- and pharmaceuticals industries
[10]
To assess the quality of high purity water various parameters for the particular application are used, e.g.:
Electrical resistance or electrical conductivity
Cation- and anion content, salt content, silicate content (SiO
2
)
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), oxidisable substances
microbial impurities, germ number, bacteria (living, total), bacteria endotoxins
Particles (number, size)
Dry residue
pH value
Dissolved gas content (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide)
The corrosive attack on materials by high purity water differs far more greatly from that of potable, spring or sea water, whereupon – dependent upon the type of material – both strong attack (e.g. in plastics) and also lighter corrosion attack (e.g. in some metals) by high purity water can be observed.
Physical and chemical properties
High purity water (molar mass 18.015 g/mol) is a clear, odourless and tasteless, colourless liquid, which in thick layers appears blue. Some of the physical properties are listed in Table 2.
Table 2: Physical properties of high purity water [2, 11]
Property
Melting point (at 1013 hPa)
°C
0
K
273.15
Enthalpy of fusion (at 0 °C)
kJ/mol
6.010
Boiling point(at 1013 hPa)
°C
100
K
373.15
Enthalpy of evaporation (at 100 °C)
kJ/mol
40.651
Enthalpy of sublimation (at 0 °C)
kJ/mol
51.13
Surface tension (at 25 °C/1013 hPa)
N/m
71.96 × 10
−3
Viscosity (at 25 °C/1013 hPa)
MPa s
0.8937
Specific heat capacity
J/g K
4.1855
Dielectric constant (at 25 °C/1013 hPa)
80.18
Electrical conductivity
μS/cm
0.0555–0.0635
Electrical resistance
MΩ · cm
18
The temperature dependence of density and vapour pressure on high purity water in the temperature range 0–100 °C is reported in Table 3. The sharp rise in vapour pressure above around 50 °C is of particular importance for organic materials, especially for coatings and linings, since increased permeation rates are to be expected above this temperature.
Table 3: Temperature dependence of water vapour pressure and density [12]
Temperature °C
Vapour pressure bar
Density
1)
kg/m
3
0
0.00611
999.84
10
0.01228
999.70
20
0.02338
998.20
30
0.04245
995.65
40
0.07382
992.23
50
0.12346
988.03
60
0.19936
983.19
70
0.31181
977.76
80
0.47379
971.79
90
0.70123
965.31
100
1.01325
958.36
1)
at 1 atm
Unalloyed and low alloyed steels/Cast steel
Unalloyed and low alloyed steels are significantly attacked in high purity water at room temperature up to 100 °C, so long as the water is oxygen-rich. The maximum oxygen solubility occurs at 60 °C and this is also associated with the maximum in corrosion attack. At extreme temperatures the formation of a magnetite layer acts as a protective layer. Therefore boiler steels in steam boilers are resistant up to 570 °C, as long as pulsed operation with strongly changing pressure and temperature loads (damage to the protective scale) are avoided. Also, the pH value should be neutral or slightly alkaline and the start up and shut downs should proceed with caution.
Stress corrosion cracking can be avoided is the mechanical stresses of the components remains under the yield strength (σ< Rp0,2) and no large compensation (yield strength too high) exists and the purity of the water is < 0.2 μS/cm and gaseous impurities are not present. Inhibitors such as hydrazine also greatly improve the behaviour.
Carbon steels or boiler steels are only slightly attacked by distilled or deionised, oxygen free water at room temperature. On the other hand steel in oxygen containing water or at 100 °C has only limited resistance. The corrosion values reach a maximum at about 60 °C in distilled water and are practically the same at room temperature and 100 °C [13]. When iron is exposed to high purity water oxides are produced, which tend to be partly dissolved or can remain on the metal surface, whereby hydrogen will be released:
However, in boiling water Fe(II) hydroxide will be transformed to magnetite:
At higher temperatures this reaction occurs instantaneously [14]. The extensively adherent magnetite film inhibits the further attack by water. The prerequisite for good adhesion is a clean and blank metal surface, on which the Fe3O4 can grow. However, if the film is formed at a small distance from the metal surface, e.g. in the presence of metallic copper, then it offers no protection [15].
The oxygen content of the water plays a very large role. Thus, one finds the following corrosion rates in distilled water at 25 °C after 9 days duration [16]:
