Demystifying COVID-19: Understanding the Disease, Its Diagnosis. and Treatment E-Book
Ozgur Karcioglu
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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
The management of COVID-19 is challenging due to the lack of clear information about the Sars-Cov2 and recommendations for specific treatment regimens. The scale of the pandemic has also exacerbated the situation, with health care systems under stress from the high volume of COVID-19 patients.In Demystifying COVID-19: Understanding the Disease, Its Diagnosis, and Treatment, medical experts explain many aspects about the COVID-19 pandemic, including guidelines to minimize risk of infection, diagnostic methods, treatment, real scenarios in the course of the disease and issues that need attention in specific patient groups. The book equips both general readers and healthcare professionals with key information required to understand COVID-19 and navigate a situation typical to a pandemic. Public health officials who wish to mobilize awareness campaigns for the benefit of the general public can also find value in the comprehensive information presented in this reference. Key Features:- 16 chapters covering several aspects of COVID-19 including risk management, clinical diagnosis and treatment, public health issues and vaccines- Unique Q&A format which presents easy-to-understand information for all types of readers- Presents basic clinical information- Provides information for the management of COVID-19 in special patients (patients with comorbidities, the elderly, newborns, children, and pregnant women)- Bibliographic References for further reading
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
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PREFACE
For nearly a year, our lives have changed like never before. After attacking Iran and Italy, the center of the pandemic that started in China moved to Europe and the Americas. This pandemic, which healthcare professionals and other organizations all over the world have tried to overcome, will be on our agenda in the coming months and maybe years.
In order to overcome the pandemic with minimal losses, the scientific community, healthcare facilities, professional organizations, chambers, and state institutions should work in coordination and unison. The healthcare system of some countries has passed the exam since the beginning of the epidemic and has tried to do its best to mitigate the catastrophe in a very efficient organization with all medical branches, nurses, and adjunctive health services.
Herein, we have written a book to provide scientific support to these efforts as a whole, to help the public, our patients, and their relatives, and to shed light on future strategies in this manner. In this book, we tried to explain many basic points from case examples to the main principles we follow in diagnosis and treatment, real scenarios in the course of the disease, issues that need attention in specific groups, i.e., those with comorbidities, the elderly, newborns, children, and pregnant women. The spread of the disease in the world and its future predictions also found a place. We also welcome your criticism.
We should all realize that COVID-19 is not the last pandemic. It is obvious that there will be new generations and our long years to spend with masks, sanitizers, and hand disinfectants. It is important in the long run to encourage selective admissions to health institutions and not let the hospitals be overwhelmed by the disastrous situation.
The education of pre-school and school children and women plays a key role in increasing family awareness. Concretizing the virus infection, which is an abstract danger, at a level that will change the lives of people will require serious pedagogical effort and organizational skills. Non-governmental organizations should try to plan in the long term in cooperation with the government and professional chambers.
Our wish is that this book will help both our patients and their relatives, as well as healthcare professionals, who sustain health with their efforts day and night.
Wishing a healthy society and a healthy global future.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Declared none.
Contagion of the Pandemics: The Situation in the World
Ozgur KARCIOGLU,Selman YENIOCAK,Mandana HOSSEINZADEHAbstract
There are nearly 30 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in almost all countries and regions worldwide, and more than 900,000 deaths as of September 2020. Almost all of the cases are over 30 years old, and deaths are mostly over 50 years old. The rate of fatality varies greatly by population and geography. Males are represented slightly more than females in confirmed patients in many series, but male predominance is more remarkable in deaths. While there is an increasing trend in deaths since the beginning of March, there is a plateau and a slight downslope after mid-April.
Provided with the progress of the disease in the world, it is seen that the number of cases continues to rise and break records, but deaths do not increase in the same way. Although many countries have a drive for a premature ‘normalization’, an immature decision of normalization has caused a surge of newly diagnosed cases and deaths in many countries.
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Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak in china: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the chinese center for disease control and prevention., JAMA.2020; 323(13): 1239-1242. [CrossRef] [PubMed]How Can a Country Defeat COVID-19? Value of R0, Rt and Re
Ozgur KARCIOGLUAbstract
Eradication of a disease is a very difficult and multi-factorial, multi-faceted question. The prevalence of COVID-19 in the regions around the country, the intensity of the population’s relationship with other countries, age distribution, and other demographic factors affect the magnitude of the impact of the disease on a population. In addition, the virulence of the virus, the immunity level of the population, measures taken for immunization, availability of necessary drugs, the capacity of the health sector to mitigate the pandemic will affect the damage on the society as a whole. The tests applied to identify the cases, filing, and surveillance are effective factors in the response of the state's health organization to this disease.
Eradication of disease in such a large population is a very difficult multi-factorial and multi-faceted question. The prevalence of COVID-19 in the regions around the country, the intensity of the population’s relationship with other countries (with commerce, tourism, etc.), age, and other demographic factors affect the magnitude of the impact of the disease on a population. For example, the rapid increase in the number of cases in February and March in Iran and Italy is considered to affect the number of cases in Turkey at the end of March. However , this is not the only factor. Many factors such as the virulence of the virus, the immunity level of the population in general, organization of immunization efforts, and ability to minimize the damage through drugs, the capacity of the health sector to mitigate the tsunami of patients will definitely impact how much the community is damaged by the disease. The tests applied to identify the cases, filing, and surveillance are effective factors in the response of the state's health organization to this disease (Table 1).
All these concepts are collected in the term of surveillance. Surveillance is the process of timely and systematic collection and processing of data and the evaluation of the findings obtained to provide rapid feedback to the units in need. Technological advances, the magnitude of the population, and the disease itself
will directly affect the success of these efforts. For example, Taiwan, South Korea, Israel, and New Zealand achieved great jobs in this manner, with their smaller populations and technologically advanced industries.
1. Virulence: The degree of damage caused by a microbe to the host tissues or the severity of the disease it inflicts. Virulence may also be defined as the measurable value of the agent’s ability to cause disease. The pathogenicity of an organism – which is defined as the ability to cause disease - is determined by its virulence factors.
2. Detection of the cases: Recognition of the patients by applying tests to people as indicated, including asymptomatic ones in some situations.
3. Isolation: Isolating diagnosed and suspicious cases from disease-naive people.
4. Filing/Filiation: In medicine, it refers to the connection of things resulting from one another or contact tracing. To open a file for the case whose diagnosis has been confirmed, to examine the case in detail with all his/her contacts, to monitor their condition by phone or home visits, to ensure that they take their medications, to ensure rapid intervention in the development of complications. Filing is a prerequisite for revealing the contacts described in the next item.
5. Person with a contact: An individual who has had an epidemiological relationship with an infected person, animal, or environment leading to the possibility of acquiring and spreading that infection.
6. Contact tracing/ follow-up: Efforts to identify individuals who have somehow contacted diagnosed and suspicious cases, monitor them with certain rules, and provide testing. In this way, contacts can be recognized and become aware of their situation. Asymptomatic contacts are also tested and diagnosed. Those determined to be in contact are either quarantined or isolated themselves.
7. Preventing arrivals from abroad: Either completely stopping the arrivals to the country by sea, land, and air or allowing them to enter after certain procedures (such as quarantine or testing).
What are R0, Rt, and Re?
R0: “R0” or “R zero” represents the startout time of the infection or epidemics. These numbers are derived from the term “basic reproductive number” which describes the average number of people infected by a single infected person. Therefore, if R0 <1, an epidemic will not occur at all. The number R0 is not a universal absolute number (constant). It will vary from region to region and over time. Screening and quarantine measures directly affect R0 (Table 2).
When it comes to change over time, effective numbers, “Re” or “Rt” come to the fore. This means the actual transmission or spreading rate of the virus per time unit. For example, while Rt was above 2 in Wuhan in December 2019 and January 2020, closure and contact tracing decreased to below 1 and around 0.3 in March 2020 and after, with the strict implementation of measures such as quarantine. It is up for debate what will happen to Rt as the restrictions have been removed.
As can be understood from here, Rt allows us to track which effective measures are taken in a country, community, or group and which direction the disease evolves.
Number of tests done in a country directly affects the number of cases diagnoses and isolated, For example, South Korea has achieved great success by performing tests to many people, including asymptomatic ones, from the outbreak of the pandemics, isolation of suspicious cases while monitoring contacts.
